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==Introduction==
=Introduction=


It has long been assumed that Minhay had been settled during nomadic tribes during the Ice Ages, part of the general migrations that eventually peopled Siberia, the Americas, and Ainushir.  Traditional accounts claim that three ethnic groups, the Golahats, the Peshpegs, and the Minhast came to Minhay at around the same time, but eventually the Minhast eventually dominated the island.  During the mid 1950's, foreign archaeologists from the West were finally allowed to enter Minhay, and their preliminary excavations came up with puzzling results.  The closest relatives of the Minhast are believed to be the Ainu of neighboring Kar-put-ya-Moshir (Sakhalin), Hokkay and Honesh-Pet (formerly known as Honshu before the partition of the Japanese Empire by the Kingdom of Koguryeo and the Ainu Federation).  But the Ainu, or their putative ancestors, the Jōmon, are known to have occupied the region as early 14,500 BCE.  The earliest artifacts found in Minhay that could be definitively attributed to the Minhast are flint arrows and iron swords dated as recent as 300 CE.  Golahat and Peshpeg artifacts are far rarer, but the earliest of those artifacts date to circa 130 CE.  This indicates that the Minhast, Golahats, and Peshpegs came much later, several millenia after the great Paleosiberian migrations that led to the peopling of northeast Siberia and the Americas.
It has long been assumed that Minhay had been settled during nomadic tribes during the Ice Ages, part of the general migrations that eventually peopled Siberia, the Americas, and Ainushir.  Traditional accounts claim that three ethnic groups, the Golahats, the Peshpegs, and the Minhast came to Minhay at around the same time, but eventually the Minhast eventually dominated the island.  During the mid 1950's, foreign archaeologists from the West were finally allowed to enter Minhay, and their preliminary excavations came up with puzzling results.  The closest relatives of the Minhast are believed to be the Ainu of neighboring Kar-put-ya-Moshir (Sakhalin), Hokkay and Honesh-Pet (formerly known as Honshu before the partition of the Japanese Empire by the Kingdom of Koguryeo and the Ainu Federation).  But the Ainu, or their putative ancestors, the Jōmon, are known to have occupied the region as early 14,500 BCE.  The earliest artifacts found in Minhay that could be definitively attributed to the Minhast are flint arrows and iron swords dated as recent as 300 CE.  Golahat and Peshpeg artifacts are far rarer, but the earliest of those artifacts date to circa 130 CE.  This indicates that the Minhast, Golahats, and Peshpegs came much later, several millenia after the great Paleosiberian migrations that led to the peopling of northeast Siberia and the Americas.


So it was a groundbreaking discovery, and shock to many, when in the late 70's the Kūtan excavations in south-central Minhay uncovered artifacts from an unknown civilization that dated around 1500 BCE.  These artifacts included bronze tools and weapons, glazed pottery, lifelike statues and figurines, and the remnants of large stone buildings suggestive of palaces or temples.  Moreover, the remnants of several parchment scrolls written in an unknown script and language were found.  Less than a decade later, in March 12, 1985, several scrolls, in the same script as the ones found in Kūtan, were discovered in an inconspicuous cave in Mt. Irraħma.  Unlike the scrolls discovered in Kūtan, the ones found in Mt. Irraħma were dated as late as the 1700's.  These scrolls were written in the same language as Kūtan , but also included transcripts in the Minhast script, along with a dictionary and grammar, providing the Rosetta Stone to the Corrádi language.
So it was a groundbreaking discovery, and shock to many, when in the late 70's the Kūtan excavations in south-central Minhay uncovered artifacts from an unknown civilization that dated around 1500 BCE.  These artifacts included bronze tools and weapons, glazed pottery, lifelike statues and figurines, and the remnants of large stone buildings suggestive of palaces or temples.  Moreover, the remnants of several parchment scrolls written in an unknown script and language were found.  Less than a decade later, in March 12, 1985, several scrolls, in the same script as the ones found in Kūtan, were discovered in an inconspicuous cave in Mt. Irraħma.  Unlike the scrolls discovered in Kūtan, the ones found in Mt. Irraħma were dated as late as the 1700's.  These scrolls were written in the same language as Kūtan , but also included transcripts in the Minhast script, along with a dictionary and grammar, providing the Rosetta Stone to the Corrádi language<ref>The anonymous author explicitly stated in the introduction of both the dictionary and the grammar that it was his intention to "...perfectly preserve [my people's] language, that it shall not be destroyed by the Minhast barbarians, nor forgotten by the generations."</ref>.


The texts mentioned a city called Vórina which lay 50km south of the capital, Aškuan. In fact, the author had written precise directions where to find the lost city. Archaeologists went to where the purported Vórina was located, in an extensive hardwood forest that reached the edge of Minhay's southern coast. A few days before the archaeologists arrived, lidar imagery was taken of the area and revealed several large mounds underneath the canopy. Excavations began, and soon a treasure trove of artifacts were unearthed. Pillars and the remnants of buildings were found bearing a script very similar to the Irraħma scrolls engraved into the stone. Another surprise: in the lower strata were sedimentary deposits clearly indicating the city at one time was on the coastline. It was in this same strata that there were indications that a major earthquake had struck the area, and a thin layer of what could only be marine sediment - which could have been deposited there by a tsunami.  And one more disturbing discovery. Flint arrowheads and signs of fire damage abound in this layer. The flint arrowheads were the hattīya, bearing the same design used by the Horse Speakers of the Central Plateau.
The texts mentioned a city called Vórina which lay 50km south of the capital, Aškuan. In fact, the author had written precise directions where to find the lost city. Archaeologists went to where the purported Vórina was located, in an extensive hardwood forest that reached the edge of Minhay's southern coast. A few days before the archaeologists arrived, lidar imagery was taken of the area and revealed several large mounds underneath the canopy. Excavations began, and soon a treasure trove of artifacts were unearthed. Pillars and the remnants of buildings were found bearing a script very similar to the Irraħma scrolls engraved into the stone. Another surprise: in the lower strata were sedimentary deposits clearly indicating the city at one time was on the coastline. It was in this same strata that there were indications that a major earthquake had struck the area, and a thin layer of what could only be marine sediment - which could have been deposited there by a tsunami.  And one more disturbing discovery. Flint arrowheads and signs of fire damage abound in this layer. The flint arrowheads were the ''hattīya'', bearing the same design used by the Horse Speakers of the Central Plateau.


The scrolls reveal that the Corrádi language is unrelated to any northeastern Asian language.  Possible relationships with Austronesian and other southeast Asian languages have been conclusively ruled out.  Other hypotheses have been presented, but none have succeeded in establishing a relationship with other language families.  Therefore, Corrádi has been classified as a language isolate.
The scrolls reveal that the Corrádi language is unrelated to any northeastern Asian language.  Possible relationships with Austronesian and other southeast Asian languages have been conclusively ruled out.  Other hypotheses have been presented, but none have succeeded in establishing a relationship with other language families.  Therefore, Corrádi has been classified as a language isolate.
== Toponyms ==
Even before the discovery of the Irraħma Manuscripts, various Corrádi words survived as toponyms in Ín Duári and Peshpeg.  In certain cases, it is unknown whether some of the names were originally Corrádi, or if they were adopted from Ín Duári or Peshpeg into the Corrádi language.  After the Wolf Speaker invasions, these toponyms were absorbed into their dialect , with some alteration to fit the dialect's phonology, replaced with a calque or translation of the Ín Duári or Peshpeg variant, or an outright replacement based on the topographical features of the location.<ref>The Corrádi language had long since disappeared by the time the Wolf Speakers had entered the Kilmay Ri, so all borrowings were through Ín Duári or Peshpeg sources.</ref>
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible"
|+ '''Corrádi Place Names'''
|-
! Corradi !! Meaning !! Ín Duári !! Peshpeg !! Minhast (Wolf Speaker Dialect)
|-
| Kanzorél || Fresh Water || Gaenðyl || Kenzor || Kuznur
|-
| Azator || Orchard || Azdor || Ezdür || Qayqarayumbāt ("A Great Stand of Trees")
|-
| Aeredon || Overlook  || Aerðyn || Erdün || Siħyanki ("Advantageous view from a higher elevation for the purpose of attack")
|-
| Nemkil || Corner || Naengileð || Kotash ("Meeting Place") || Xunnaš ("Rough Ground")
|-
| Ketra || Split || Girédra || Ketra || Qirāt
|-
| Karhō || Crossroads || Karhon || Oyür ("Ridgeline") || Qarħaq ("Sinew, thread")
|-
| Nargoi || Rivers Bend || Nergoïs || Nargoy || Narrūy
|-
| Verhális || West Wind || Verhális || Okyur ("Windy") ||  Uqqūr
|-
| Anthō/Aenthō || Fortress || Aeyaţin || Ansha || Nināha
|-
| Kalrō || Skull || Gaelron || Kolrün || Qarrū
|-
| Íkava || Narrow River || Íkava || Yikve || Zeydek ("Little River")
|}


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==Phonology==
=Phonology=
===Orthography===
==Orthography==
===Consonants===
The orthography the Mount Irraħma author used was a modified version of the Minhast ''Širkattarnaft'', an abugida ultimately derived from the Baybayin script of the principal Philippine kingdoms, the Rajahnate of Kirmai, and the Sultunate of Daligan.  The author invented special characters and diacritics to indicate sounds not represented in the original ''Širkattarnaft'', accompanied with a full description in the Minhast Stone Speaker dialect on their pronunciation and usage.  Thus, an accurate representation of Corrádi phonology can be confidently reconstructed.<ref>This is unlike the extinct Vadi language, which contains numerous spelling irregularities and/or mistakes observed in the litigants' correspondence.  For more information, see [[Vadi#Orthographic_Systems|Vadi Orthography]].</ref>
 
Early work on the Corrádi language after its discovery saw the creation of two competing Romanization systems by Edward Johnson and Eric Weiss, two rivals from the University of Kentucky and Howard University, respectively.  Johnson's system was influenced by his training as a Latinist, whereas Weiss adopted the Americanist system, a common system used for Minhast and other Paleosiberian languages, the majority of Native American languages, the Afroasiatic languages, and others.  The two systems eventually led to confusion as later linguists used one system versus the other or sometimes even both.  To solve this problem, a third, compromise orthography was developed by Joshua Leonard of Yale University.  This third system combined both systems, each often serving as a subsystem assigned to a given word class, e.g. to represent  the phoneme /k/, the grapheme <c> was used for WH-words while <k> was utilized for place names.  Other times the choice on whether to use <c> or <k> would be dictated on the basis of which group's dictionary was the first to document a given word, and if that determination could not be made, a simple coin toss would determine which grapheme would be used. <ref>Virtually all Corrádists were unhappy with this compromise, which Leonard himself knew would be the result.  His response to critics: "A good compromise is when both parties are dissatisfied."</ref>.  A comparison of each system is summarized in the following table:
 
 
[TBD]
 
==Consonants==
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+ '''Corrádi Consonantal Inventory'''
|-
! colspan="2" |
! Bilabial  ||  Alveolar || Palatal || Velar || Glottal || Laryngeal
|-
! colspan="2" | Nasal
|  m
|  n
| 
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Plosive
| p b
| t d
| 
| k g
| ʔ
|
|-
! rowspan="2"| Fricative
! Non-Sibilant
| v
| θ
|
|
|
| h
|-
! Sibiliant
|
| s z
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Affricates
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Approximants
| w
|
| j
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Trill
|
| r
| 
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Lateral
|
| l
|
|
|
|
|}


===Vowels===
==Vowels==
===Prosody===
<!--
====Stress====
==Prosody==
===Stress===
====Intonation====
====Intonation====
-->


===Phonotactics===
==Phonotactics==
<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
===Morphophonology===
===Morphophonology===
==Morphology==
 
=Morphology=
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. -->
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===Nouns===
Core: varso, varso-n
Genitive: varso-s, varso-nis
Obl: varso-n, varso-ne
It looks simple, but the rules for its usage is complicated when it's integrated into a long NP chain. Here's a quote of some of the rules of its usage:
--
"Varsoncáris" ("In the village")
--> "Varso-n=cár-(i)s"
--> village-OBL=LOC-GEN
At one time the LOC "=car=" was once a relational noun, "*ocarei" (cf "ocairth" = "place"), which degraded to a clitic (so it was originally something like this: "*varso-n ocarei-s" i.e. "the place's village"). Heads are followed by their modifiers in Old and Late Corradi, so "=car=" followed the NP it modified. Modifiers typically take the GEN, which is why you see the "-(i)s" form as seen in the previous two examples ("riélinacár-is" and "varsoncár-is"). Moreover, it is the Genitive of the **head** noun's declension class that is attached to the final element.
The Oblique case is descended from the Construct State affix, which explains the reconstruction, "*varso-n ocarei-s".
The reconstructed relational nouns acted as attributes (i.e. adjectively), so their case inflections mirrored that of the declension class its noun head belonged to, c.f. "varsoncáris" vs "thaenroncáros" (in the hero's person/hand/possession/etc). The clitics retained the GEN affix, a historical reminder that the clitics were once full-fledged nouns.
Note that the noun head must be in the Oblique case before the adpositional clitics can be added.
Things can get complicated if the head is followed by several adjectives, e.g. "varson novroth revu nistralcárins" < "varso-n novroth revu nistral-car-n-s" = "village busy beautiful large-in.the-of"("in the large, beautiful, bustling village"). Notice that the Suffixaufnahme-like process occurs only in the last element of the NP. I.e. it is the last element of the NP that receives adpositional and genitive case marking.
Each element in the NP typically has scope over all elements to its left, up to the head noun. However, if an adjective or other modifier in the NP (e.g. adverbs, comparison particles, etc) has narrow scope (i.e. governs only the element to its immediate left), both elements receive Oblique marking (e.g. "varso-n revu caenridae-an thenoloc-on nistral-car-n-s" = "in the large, dark green, beautiful village" (village beautiful green dark large-in.the-of). To confuse things further, the Oblique endings are the ones that belong to the base form's declension - they do NOT take the Oblique endings of the head noun (varso-n), which is also inflected in the Oblique case.
Here, the elements "caenridae-an thenoloc-on" are two adjectives, with "thenoloc-on" (dark-OBL.5DECL) having narrow scope over "caenridae-an" (green-OBL.1DECL); note that "caenridae-an" has scope over all the other elements to its left in the NP; had the element to its immediate left, "revu", been in the OBL.2DECL case, "caenridae-an" would have scope only over "revu".


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==Syntax==
==Interrogatives==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===
<!-- etc. etc. -->


==Example texts==
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
==Other resources==
!  Type
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. -->
!  Form
|-
!  Polar - Active
|  iiosi
|-
!  Polar - Stative
|  ilia
|-
!  Who
|  cuen cora <!-- cuen cora "what man/person" -->
|-
!  What/Which
|  cueìn <!-- cuen ina "what thing" -->
|- 
!  When
|  cuensa <!-- cuen sai "what time"-->
|- 
!  Why
|  cuenat <!-- cuen nata "what reason" -->
|-
!  How
|  cuelni <!-- cuen leni "what means" -->
|- 
!  Where
|  cuerin <!-- cuen riana "what place"-->
|-
!  How many/how much
|  cuen talmi <!-- cuen talmi "what cups" (ancient unit of measurement) -->
|}


Old Corrádi:
==Quantifiers==
""Rer-sem Nen-um-Thiyatsa orhad-a nen co ravín virél comái navúl."
Quantifiers in Corrádi take two forms, a substantive form, and an attributive form. As substantives, they syntactically behave like nouns, capable of assuming agent, patient, and oblique roles.  However, they fall under the class of invariable nouns and take no case or number marking. The attributive form is etymologically derived from the construct case, although some irregularities, principally in the vowel preceding the ''-n'' component of the construct affix, appear (e.g. ''contor<u>i</u>n'' vs. expected *''contoron''). An intrusive ''-d-'' appears in ''coro<u>d</u>in'' "both".
Come-[PST] Minhast burn.pillage-[3P.NOM] all thing allow stand NEG.EVID.VISUAL
"I witnessed the Minhast (as they) began to burn and destroy everything, leaving nothing standing."


"Come" here is better translated as "to begin", because it's an auxiliary to the verb "orhad" (to burn, pillage, destroy, ruin).
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
It turns out that the auxiliary verb take tense marking, and the main verb takes person marking, with the Agent argument obligatorily separating both verbs. I think either Nivkh or Chutchki (both are polysynthetic languages) does something like this, but they don't insert the Agent NP inside the verb complex between the auxiliary verb affix and the root.
! Quantifier
It'd be like saying "Want-ed John he-pet my dog". Is there an Indo-European language that marks tense in one verb and person in another verb in auxiliary_verb-to-dependent_verb structures and allows/requires the Agent to separate the two verbs? I don't know of any, but my knowledge of Indo-European morphosyntactic structures is limited to English and Spanish."
! Substantive
---
! Attributive
Sketchlang of an extinct language, from a bilingual scroll in the Mount Irraħma archaeological excavations:
|-
Rer sem Minhasta orhada nen co ravín virél comái navúl.
! All
Come [pst] Minhast burn.pillage [pl] all thing allow stand not.at.all.
| ae
"The Minhast came and burned everything down and left nothing standing."
| aeian
---
|-
NOM: (zero)
! Most
ACC: -ir
| aeira
GEN.ALIEN: -(e)ren
| aeiran
GEN.INALIEN: -aptis, -apti, -atis, -ati
|-
DAT: -arha
! Some
BEN: -iron
| gaentor
ABL: -(i)c
| gaentorin
ALL: -lia
|-
LOC: -eth
! Many
COM: -nor
| bel
INS: -thore(n)
| belin
For the Plural:
|-
NOM: -rosi
! Both
ACC: -(h)aethis
| coron
GEN.ALIEN: -orien
| corodin
GEN.INAL: -veris
|-
DAT: -canae
! Few
BEN: -canae
| oroz
ABL: -ilar
| orozin
ALL: -stra
|}
LOC: -veth
COM: -nor
INS: -nor


I'm thinking of reducing these to three cases, NOM, ACC, and OBL, with the Oblique form used with adpositions. Also, I'll just use agglugination by tacking on "-si" before the case ending to indicate plurality, and if there are any other additional distinctions that need to be made on the noun, just add an additional suffix before or after the "-si-" affix.
==Determiners==
Determiners perform several functions in Corrádi.  Before NPs, they mark the subject argument of a copula before its complement. The principal determiner is ''im'', although another particle ''zan'', appears in rare occurrences.  There is no apparent difference between the particles, though some scholars speculate that ''zan'' may be an archaism.  


========================
{{Gloss
Classical Corrádi
|phrase = Yel avía im reni tohar.
========================
| IPA = /jɛl a'vija ɪm 'rɛni 'tohar/
| morphemes = yel aví-a im reni tohar 
| gloss = NEG be.NEG-1S DET woman bad
| translation = I am not an evil woman.
}}


Rer-sem Nen-um-Thiyatsa orhad-a nen co ravín virél comái navúl."
They nominalize clauses when placed immediately before the verb in the embedded clause:
Come-[PST] Minhast burn.pillage-[3P.NOM] all thing allow stand NEG.EVID.VISUAL


{{Gloss
|phrase = Ancaza <u>im</u> ieronz im reni im valak.
| IPA = /an'kaza ɪm jɛ'ronza ɪm 'rɛni ɪm valak/
| morphemes = ancaz-a im iero-nz im reni im valak
| gloss = know-1S DET steal-3S.PST DET woman DET money
| translation = I know the woman who stole the money.
}}


==========================================================================================================================
They are used before proper nouns:
Nouns
==========================================================================================================================


[
{{Gloss
  NOTES:
|phrase = Gorsenanz <u>im</u> Marvan, kortél.
  1) "-i-" is the usual epenthentic vowel
| IPA =
  2) The Oblique case, when paired with the Allative affix, can be fronted. When done so it serves as a Partitive-Accusative
| morphemes = gorsen-anza im Marvan kortél
]
| gloss = hit-1S.PST DET PN because
| translation = I hit Marvan for that reason.
}}


---------- 1st Declension  "mard-" ("iron") --------------- "Anisan(u)nan(u)nesne"
==Demonstratives==
Sg Pl
Corrádi shows a three-way distinction in its demonstrative pronouns, namely a proximal, medio-distal, and distal opposition.
--------------------------------------------
Core: mard-an mard-na
Genitive:  mard-is mard-nes
Obl: mard-an mard-ne


Core: -an, -na
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
Genitive: -is, -nes
|-
Obl: -an, -ne
! &nbsp;
! colspan="2"|Proximal
! colspan="2"|Medio-distal
! colspan="2"|Distal
|-
! &nbsp;
! Sg !! Pl !! Sg !! Pl !! Sg !! Pl
|-
! Direct
| style="text-align:center"| don
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center"| doien
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| zari
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| vana
|-
!  Construct
| style="text-align:center"| doion
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| terien
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center"| varis
| style="text-align:center" | varien
|-
!  Oblique
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| doies
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| tesa
| style="text-align:center"| vas
|}


---------- 2nd Declension "sirthe-" ("flower") --------------- "Sin(u)nans(u)ne Declension"
==Nouns==
Sg Pl
Nouns are for the most part divided into two categories, based on whether the stem ends in a consonant or vowel.  This affects the form of their case endings, as well as adjectives, which must agree with the case and number of their noun head. 
--------------------------------------------
Core: sirthe-0 sirthe-na
Genitive: sirthe-s sirthe-ns
Obl: sirth-in sirth-ne


Core: -0, -na
===Case and Number===
Genitive: -s, -ns
Corrádi nouns fall under two classes, declinable and indeclinable.  Declinable nouns form the majority of nouns.
Obl: -n, -ne
Indeclinable nouns tend to be mass and abstract nouns.


---------- 3rd Declension "varso-" ("village") -------- "S(u)n(u)n(u)nisne Declension"
Among the declinable class, three basic noun cases and two numbers are observed.  Number manifests a singular-plural distinction, although there is also a separate system for singulative forms for collective nouns marked with the suffixes ''-ina'' (for consonant-final nouns), and ''-iena'' (for vowel-final nouns), take plural marking.  Irregular paradigms, which appear to derive from a gender-based system, do appear; nouns that follow these paradigms are unpredictable and their forms must be memorized.
Sg Pl
--------------------------------------------
Core: varso-0 varso-n
Genitive: varso-s varso-nis
Obl: varso-n varso-ne


Core: -0, -n
The following table illustrates the regular case-number paradigm:
Genitive: -(i)s, -nis
Obl: -(i)n, -ne


(Simple possessive phrases)
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
"Thaenr-on varso-s" (The hero of the village)
|-
"Varso-n thaenr-os" (The village of the hero)
! &nbsp;
! colspan="2"|Consonant-Final Stems
! colspan="2"|Vowel-Final Stems
|-
! &nbsp;
! Sg
! Pl
! Sg
! Pl
|-
! Direct
| style="text-align:center"| -∅
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center"|-ien
| style="text-align:center"| -∅
| style="text-align:center"| -n
|-
!  Construct
| style="text-align:center"|-ion
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"|-n
|-
!  Oblique
| style="text-align:center"| -ios
| style="text-align:center"| -ies
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"|-s
|}
<br/>
The declension of the consonant-final noun ''reihar'' "wall", and the vowel-final noun ''andra'' "sword", is illustrated below:


(Example of something like "Suffixaufnahme"; occurs in "riél-")
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
(Note: "riél-" is 4th Decl, but notice it takes the 3rd Declension Genitive ending, which matches that of "varso")
|-
"Várasem rion ceilára varso thaenron vístelos riélinacáris."  
! &nbsp;  
--> "He killed the great (mighty) hero of the village in a wood."
! colspan="2"|Consonant-Final
--> "Vára-sem rion ceilár-a varso-n thaenr-on vistel-os riél-in=a(r)=car-s"  
! colspan="2"|Vowel-Final
|-
** Note: NPs bracket-delineated **
! &nbsp;
--> "Vára-sem [rion] ceilár-a [varso-n [thaenr-on vistel-os]] [riél-n=a(r)=car-s]"  
! Sg
--> do-PST 3S kill-3S village strength-CORE mighty-GEN wood-EPEN-OBL=INDEF=LOC-EPEN-GEN
! Pl
! Sg
"Varsoncáris" ("In the village")
! Pl
--> "Varso-n=cár-(i)s"
|-
--> village-OBL=LOC-GEN
! Direct
| style="text-align:center"| reihar
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center"|reihar<u>ien</u>
| style="text-align:center"| andra
| style="text-align:center"| andra<u>n</u>
|-
!  Construct
| style="text-align:center"|reihar<u>ion</u>
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"|andra<u>n</u>
|-
!  Oblique
| style="text-align:center"| reihar<u>ios</u>
| style="text-align:center"| reihar<u>ies</u>
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"|andra<u>s</u>
|}


-- Discussion --
The direct case is used for nouns in both agent and patient roles.  The construct case principally marks the possessum of a possessive noun phrase, although certain prepositions that can be etymologically traced to body part and location nouns also require the construct case. The oblique case appears in nouns preceded by prepositions, although the oblique case also marks subjects of a closed set of verbs indicating cognition, emotion, and perception.
At one time the LOC "=car=" was once a relational noun, "*ocarei" (cf "ocairth" = "place"), which degraded to a clitic (so it was originally something like this: "*varso-n ocarei-s" i.e. "the place's village").  Heads are followed by their modifiers in Old and Late Corrádi, so "=car=" followed the NP it modified.  Modifiers typically take the GEN, which is why you see the "-(i)s" form as seen in the previous two examples ("riélinacár-is" and "varsoncár-is").  Moreover, it is the Genitive of the **head** noun's declension class that is attached to the final element.
The Oblique case is descended from the Construct State affix, which explains the reconstruction, "*varso-n ocarei-s".


The relational nouns acted as attributes (i.e. adjectively), so their case inflections mirrored that of the declension class its noun head belonged to, c.f. "varsoncáris" vs "thaenroncáros" (in the hero's person/hand/possession/etc).  The clitics retained the GEN affix, a historical reminder that the clitics were once full-fledged nouns.
Indeclinable nouns make a number distinction only.  Number marking can be either a singular-plural distinction, as in ''caris'' "idea", or a singulative-collective one, as in ''rena'' "grain".
Note that the noun head must be in the Oblique case before the adpositional clitics can be added.
Things can get complicated if the head is followed by several adjectives, e.g. "varson novroth revu nistralcárins" < "varso-n novroth revu nistral-car-n-s" = "village busy beautiful large-in.the-of"("in the large, beautiful, bustling village").  Notice that the Suffixaufnahme-like process occurs only in the last element of the NP.  I.e. it is the last element of the NP that receives adpositional and genitive case marking. 
Each element in the NP typically has scope over all elements to its left, up to the head noun.  However, if an adjective or other modifier in the NP (e.g. adverbs, comparison particles, etc) has narrow scope (i.e. governs only the element to its immediate left), both elements receive Oblique marking (e.g. "varso-n revu caenridae-an thenoloc-on nistral-car-n-s" = "in the large, dark green, beautiful village" (village beautiful green dark large-in.the-of).  To confuse things further, the Oblique endings are the ones that belong to the base form's declension - they do NOT take the Oblique endings of the head noun (varso-n), which is also inflected in the Oblique case.
Here, the elements "caenridae-an thenoloc-on" are two adjectives, with "thenoloc-on" (dark-OBL.5DECL) having narrow scope over "caenridae-an" (green-OBL.1DECL); note that "caenridae-an" has scope over all the other elements to its left in the NP; had the element to its immediate left, "revu", been in the OBL.2DECL case, "caenridae-an" would have scope only over "revu".  
---------- 4th Declension "rion-" ("mountain") --------------- "Sise Declension"
Sg Pl
--------------------------------------------


Core: rion-0 rion-0
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
Genitive: rion-s rion-is
|-
Obl: rion-0 rion-e
! &nbsp;
! Consonant-Final
! Vowel-Final
|-
! Default
| caris  (sg)
| rena (collective)
|-
! Marked
| caris<u>a</u> (pl)
| rena<u>ia</u> (singulative)
|}


Core: -0, -0
A final class of nouns are invariable, i.e. they take neither case nor number marking.  These nouns make a small percentage of the total noun inventory, and are usually restricted to abstract nouns, as in the following examples:
Genitive: -s, -is
Obl: -0, -e


------ 5th Declension "thaenr-" ("strength", "hero") ---"O-epenthentic declension", "Onosononensen Declension"
*''baris'' "timelessness.
Sg Pl
*''eren'' "rationalism, logic"
--------------------------------------------
*''birion'' "friendship"
Core: thaenr-on thaenor-on
Genitive:  thaenr-os thaenor-ens
Obl: thaenr-on thaenor-en


Core: -on,  [Root+epenthentic "-o-" +Root.final.consonant] -on
== Pronouns ==
Genitive: -os, [Root+epenthentic "-o-" +Root.final.consonant] -ens
=== Personal Pronouns ===
Obl: -on, [Root+epenthentic "-o-" +Root.final.consonant] -en
The personal pronouns are unmarked for gender and case, but do mark number with the prefix ''ai-'' accompanied with stem changes in all paradigms except the first person:


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! &nbsp;
! colspan="2"|Number
|-
! Person
! Sg
! Pl
|-
! 1st
| style="text-align:center"| na
| style="text-align:center"| <u>ai</u>na
|-
! 2nd
| style="text-align:center"| ron
| style="text-align:center"| <u>ai</u>re
|-
! 3rd
| style="text-align:center"| hedi
| style="text-align:center"| <u>ai</u>di
|}


---------- 6th Declension "co" ("all") --------------- "Se Declension"
=== Indefinite Pronouns ===
Sg Pl
The indefinite pronouns mark for polarity, with positive forms null-marked, and negative forms marked with the affixes  ''-ava-/-aví'', which is derived from the same etymological source as the negative verb ''aví''. Two cases are realised, direct and oblique, the latter consistently marked with the suffix ''-si''. 
--------------------------------------------


Core: co-0 co-s
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
Genitive: co-0 co-s
|-
Obl: co-0 co-e
! &nbsp;
! Direct
! Oblique
|-
! both; each
| style="text-align:center"| mili
| style="text-align:center"| mílesi
|-
! other/another
| style="text-align:center"| atra
| style="text-align:center"| atrasi
|-
! everyone
| style="text-align:center"| oran
| style="text-align:center"| orasi
|-
! someone
| style="text-align:center"| nevra
| style="text-align:center"| nevrasi
|-
! no one
| style="text-align:center"| nevrataví
| style="text-align:center"| nevratavasí <!-- No etymological data for why this word as intrusive "-t-" -->
|-
! everything
| style="text-align:center"| taila
| style="text-align:center"| tailasi
|-
! something
| style="text-align:center"| vórida
| style="text-align:center"| vorídasi
|-
! nothing
| style="text-align:center"| voridaví
| style="text-align:center"| voridavasí
|}


Core: -0, -0
== Verbs ==
Genitive: -0, -0
=== Types ===
Obl: -0, -e
==== Phenomonological ====
==== Motion Verbs ====
Corrádi utilize verb framing to indicate directionality.  Directionality is embedded within the semantics of the verb.  For example the verb ''narin'' means "to go to/towards, to approach", whereas ''andrin'' means "to return":


{{Gloss
|phrase = Narina ron Érovin, levá temi Roìdon
| IPA =
| morphemes = narin-a ron érovin levá temi Roìdon
| gloss = go.to.TRS-IMP 2S place_name.DIR find.CONJ there Roìdon.
| translation = Go down to Érovin, and you will find Roìdon there.
}}


------ Pronouns ------
{{Gloss
|phrase = Andrina ron Érovin, alanti terzien ni rom zidrá.
| IPA =
| morphemes = andrin-a ron Érovin, alan-ti terz-ien ni rom zidrá.
| gloss = return.from.TRS-IMP 2S place_name.DIR finish-PST business-CSTR CONN 2S.GEN CAUS
| translation = (Now) Return from Érovin, for you (will have?) finished your business.
}} 


3rd Person:
Depending on the semantics of a motion verb, the argument structure of its clause may manifest either as transitive, or intransitive:


Core: roan roi-na
1) Transitive Marking
Genitive: roan-s roi-ens
{{Gloss
Obl: roan roi-an
|phrase = Maza ron aina!
| IPA =
| morphemes = maz-a ron aina
| gloss = come-TRS-IMP 2S 1P
| translation = You come to us!
}}


2) Intransitive Marking
{{Gloss
|phrase = Maia tirena ron!
| IPA =
| morphemes = mai-a tiren-a ron
| gloss = come-IMP be.fast-IMP 2S
| translation = Come quickly!
}}


Many motion verbs demonstrate a shared etymology, such as ''maza'' and ''maia'', from an underlying ''ma-'' in the previous examples.  However, arguments that the ''-z-'' and ''-i-'' segments denote the transitivity of the verb is not supported by the data, as several counterexamples occur, and segments other than a ''z/i'' opposition are also found in the Irraħma author's writings.  Counter examples include the verbs ''ioris'' "to approach" and ''iosin'' "to walk away", containing a shared underlying root ''io-'', and submorphemes ''-ris'' and ''-sin'' respectively, with no known shared etymology.


=== Conjugations ===
Present/Imperative: -a
Past: -nz-
Future: auxiliary ''mar'' + null-marked 3S verb


================================================================================================================
==== Present Tense ====
Verbs
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
================================================================================================================
|-
! &nbsp;
! colspan="2"|Indicative
! colspan="2"|Imperative
! colspan="2"|Conjunctive
|-
! Person<ref>With the exception of the 3rd Formal form, pro-drop occurs frequently regardless of whether the verb form receives person marking or not. In fact it is obligatory when an embedded clause is coreferential with the subject of the prior clause.  Pivot is S/A.</ref>
! Sg
! Pl
! Sg
! Pl
! Sg
! Pl
|-
! 1st
| style="text-align:center"| dor<u>a</u>
| style="text-align:center"| dor<u>asi</u>, dor<u>as</u><ref>Second form used if followed by noun with initial ''i/e''.</ref>
| colspan="2" style="background-color:black"| dark
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"|dor<u>á</u>
|-
! 2nd
| style="text-align:center"| dor ron
| style="text-align:center"| dor aire
| style="text-align:center"| dor<u>a</u>
| style="text-align:center"| dor<u>i</u>
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="text-align:center"| dor<u>í</u>
|-
! 3rd
| style="text-align:center"| dor<ref>Null marking preferred if recoverable from context.</ref>, dor aia, dor neida<ref>Second form seems to be preferred when ''aia'' occurs in the same or preceding clause.</ref>
| style="text-align:center"| dor<u>i<u>
| colspan="2" style="background-color:black"| dark
|-
! 3rd Indefinite/Formal<ref>When used to refer to an indefinite subject, ''nani'' may be dropped.  As a deferential form, however, its use is obligatory.</ref>
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| dor nani
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| dor nan<u>í</u>
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| dor<u>á</u> nan<u>í</u>
|}


Two "dummy" auxiliaries to host the TA markers if no other auxiliaries are available:
==== Past Perfective Tense ====
1) vara - for transitives
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
2) seda - for intransitives
|-
! &nbsp;
! colspan="2"|Indicative
! colspan="2"|Imperative
! colspan="2"|Conjunctive
|-
! Person<ref>With the exception of the 3rd Formal form, pro-drop occurs frequently regardless of whether the verb form receives person marking or not. In fact it is obligatory when an embedded clause is coreferential with the subject of the prior clause.  Pivot is S/A.</ref>
! Sg
! Pl
! Sg
! Pl
! Sg
! Pl
|-
! 1st
| style="text-align:center"| dor<u>anza</u>, dor<u>anz</u> <ref>Second form used if followed by noun with initial vowel.</ref>
| style="text-align:center"| dor<u>anzi</u>, dor<u>anz</u>
| colspan="2" style="background-color:black"| dark
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"|dor<u>anzata</u>
|-
! 2nd
| style="text-align:center"| doranza ron
| style="text-align:center"| doranz aire
| style="text-align:center"| doranza, doranz
| style="text-align:center"| dor<u>anzi</u>
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="text-align:center"| dor<u>anzí</u>
|-
! 3rd
| style="text-align:center"| doranz aia, doranza neida<ref>Second form seems to be preferred when ''aia'' occurs in the same or preceding clause.</ref>
| style="text-align:center"| dor<u>anzi<u>
| colspan="2" style="background-color:black"| dark
|-
! 3rd Indefinite/Formal<ref>When used to refer to an indefinite subject, ''nani'' may be dropped.  As a deferential form, however, its use is obligatory.</ref>
| colspan="2" rowspan="3" style="text-align:center"| doranza nani
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center"| doranza naní
|-
|}


==== Past Imperfective Tense ====
The past imperfective tense, based on the perfective, is formed by appending the clitic ''-ata'' or one of its other allomorphs to the last term of the verb phrase:


AUX-TENSE Subj VERB-(Voice+GEN)-PERSON.MARKER (Obj)
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! &nbsp;
! colspan="2"|Indicative
! colspan="2"|Imperative
! colspan="2"|Conjunctive
|-
! Person<ref>With the exception of the 3rd Formal form, pro-drop occurs frequently regardless of whether the verb form receives person marking or not. In fact it is obligatory when an embedded clause is coreferential with the subject of the prior clause.  Pivot is S/A.</ref>
! Sg
! Pl
! Sg
! Pl
! Sg
! Pl
|-
! 1st
| style="text-align:center"| doranza<u>ta</u>
| style="text-align:center"| doranzi<u>ata</u>, doranz<u>ata</u>
| colspan="2" style="background-color:black"| dark
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"|doranz<u>ata</u><ref>Notice that both the past perfective and past imperfective forms are the same for the first person conjunctive forms.</ref>
|-
! 2nd
| style="text-align:center"| doranza ron<u>ta</u>
| style="text-align:center"| doranz aire<u>ta</u>
| style="text-align:center"| doranza<u>ta</u>
| style="text-align:center"| doranzi<u>ta</u>
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="text-align:center"| doranzi<u>ta</u>
|-
! 3rd
| style="text-align:center"| doranz ai<u>ta</u>, doranza neida<u>ta</u>
| style="text-align:center"| doranzi<u>ta</u>
| colspan="2" style="background-color:black"| dark
|-
! 3rd Indefinite/Formal<ref>When used to refer to an indefinite subject, ''nani'' may be dropped.  As a deferential form, however, its use is obligatory.</ref>
| colspan="2" rowspan="3" style="text-align:center"| doranza náni<u>ta</u>
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center"| doranza naní<u>ta</u>
|-
|}


Imperfect Aspect signaled by CV(C)-redup of 1st syllable of the Auxiliary verb
== Particles ==
=== Prepositions ===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Case Role
! Preposition
|-
! Dative
| style="text-align:center"| mara
|-
! Benefactive
| style="text-align:center"| corí
|-
! Adversive
| style="text-align:center"| doran
|-
! Allative
| style="text-align:center"| muoira
|-
! Ablative
| style="text-align:center"| ria
|-
! Commitative
| style="text-align:center"| senuai
|-
! Locative
| style="text-align:center"| anri
|}


Passive Voice marker is descended from (passive) participle + GEN (CONN) affix.
=== Miscellaneous ===


"Rerersem Thaenron roan cavaitas" (Thaenron began to be tortured by them)
* ''yel'' "no, not"
re-rer-sem Thaenr-on roan cavai-at-a-s
REDUP-begin-PST Thaenr-CORE 3P torture-PASS-3S.NOM-GEN
(Lit: Thaenron became their tortured one)


=Syntax=
==Constituent order==
Corradi is a VSO language, although the position of the verb can vary, yielding SVO and SOV orders.  The relative  position of the subject to the object is stricter: the object may precede the subject only if topicalized by the particle ''na''.  Possessums precede their possessor, whilst adjectives follow their noun heads.


=======================================================================================================
==Noun phrase==
Syntax
==Verb phrase==
=======================================================================================================
==Sentence phrase==
 
==Dependent clauses==
------
<!-- etc. etc. -->
NPs
------
 
N + Adj.GEN + Adv.GEN
 
----------------
Word Order
----------------
AuxV.SVO
 
 
 
 
 
 
##################################################################################################################
 
========================
Old Corrádi
========================
1) Actual Text:
"Rersem Nen-um-Thiyatsa orhada nen co ravín virél comái navúl."
 
2) Brackets indicate clausal/phrasal boundaries:
"[[Rersem Nen-um-Thiyatsa orhada nen co] [ravín virél comái navúl]]"
3) Brackets indicate morphemes replaced by Gaps.
"Rer-sem Nen-um-Thiyatsa orhad-a nen=co ravín virél-[sem] [roina] comái-[a] navúl."
4) Gloss:
Come-[PST] Minhast burn.pillage-[3P.NOM] thing=all not.PST allow stand NEG.EVID.VISUAL
 
5) Translation:
"I witnessed the Minhast (as they) began to burn and destroy everything, leaving nothing standing."


-- Discussion --
=Example texts=
a) Why is 3P.SUBJ "roina" subjected to PRO in the second clause?
{{Gloss
- Answer: Corrádi uses a S/A Pivot.  In the first clause, "Nen-um-Thiyatsa" (the Minhast) is the subject.  "Roina" is dropped in the second clause because the S/A Pivot makes the Subject/Agent of the prior clause coreferent with that of the second clause. There is no danger of ambiguity, so "roina" can be dropped.
|phrase = Doranz Amzig Míoren danta konzi Regumon Perda mos
| IPA =
b) Why don't the verbs "virél-" and "comái-" take their usual marking (TA in the auxiliary, and person-number in the main verb)?
| morphemes = dor-anz-a amzig míoren danta ko-nz-i regum-on perda mos.
- Answer: Unmarked auxiliaries and main verbs take TA and person-number marking from the previous clause, unless the verbs in the second clause differ from the first in the TA, person-number marking, or both.  In this case, the TA and person-number marking of both clauses are identical, so only the first clause needs to be explicitly marked.
| gloss = flee-PST-1P place.name place.name after destroy-PST-3PL people-CNSTR spear city
| translation = We fled to Amzig from Miyoren after the People of the Spear sacked the city.
}}


//Other Sentences
"Yel nevratavi intuora, cintra ae”. Nothing is forever, all things end.
"Seda-sem vriath comian-a nardel-in-vel-s." (INTRANS-PST turtle.CORE.3DECL swim-3S ice-OBL.3DECL-under-GEN.3DECL)
= "The turtle swam underneath the ice.
========================
Late Corrádi
========================
"Yel nevratavi intuora, cintra ae”. Nothing is forever, all things end.


= Footnotes =
{{reflist}}


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