Chlouvānem: Difference between revisions

* ''lili yąlenu ulgutaṃnilь'' - I have bought food. (<small>1SG.DIR</small>. food-<small>ACC.SG</small>. buy.<small>PERF</small>-<small>1SG.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>.)

** ''rūdakis mæn tadadrā sama lili yąlunilь'' "[my] husband has cooked, and I eat" - unlike in the sentence where "lili" is the topic, here it's explicit that the husband cooked for the speaker. The sentence ''lili mæn rūdakei tadadrā sama yąlunilь'' may be interpreted with the same meaning, but the topics are different: with the previous one, the conversation is supposed to continue about the husband; in the second one, it's all about the speaker. Note that the agent-trigger voice in the second verb is of vital importance: the sentence ''lili mæn rūdakei tadadrā sama yąlu'' means "it is me my husband has cooked, and [now] he eats me".

*** Another possible interpretation of ''lili mæn rūdakei tadadrā sama yąlunilь'' is "[my] husband has cooked for me, and now I eat", which is the same as ''lili rūdakei takædadrā sama yąlunilь'', but the latter is a plain neutral statement.

Topics also mark context: as a good example, the Chlouvānem translation of Schleicher's fable begins as: ''yanekai mæn bhadvęs udvī leilam voltām mišonilь, ūtarnu cūllu khulьsusu, spragnyu ūtrau dumbhasusu no, lilu kimęe dumbhasusu no''. Here "horses" is the topic and has no syntactical role in the sentence, as the subject is the agent ''voltām'' (sheep) and the three objects are the patients ''khulьsusah'' (the pulling one) and two different ''dumbhasusah'' (the carrying one). The topic makes it clear that these latter are nouns referring to horses - it would still be grammatical to use [...] ''khulьsusu yaneku, spragnyu ūtrau dumbhasusu yaneku no, lilu kimęe dumbhasusu yaneku no'', but the sentence would sound strange to Chlouvānem ears - compare the possible English translation "[...] a sheep saw one horse that was pulling a heavy wagon, one horse that was carrying a big load, and one horse that was carrying a man quickly".

* ''lili lunāyu tanilьdaru'' "I'm preparing tea" answers ''yavita lunāyu tanilьdarė?'' "who is preparing tea?", with the meaning of "no one but me is preparing tea".

* With a question like ''yananū sąi darė?'' "what are you doing?", both become synonyms as they introduce the new topic ''lili'' (due to the previous one being ''yananū?'' because of patient-trigger voice); the same question in agent-trigger voice, ''sāmi yananūyu darinilь?'', would be answered with the non-topicalized form.

* ''bunān samin pa maišildennilь'' — as he's going to be a father <small>(lit. "as a will-be-father")</small>, he's learning about children.

: ''tammikeika flære lį yųlaunilь.''

: ''tammikeika flære lį yųlaunilь væse, nanā tammi tadāmo.''

: ''tammikeika flære lį yųlasusąnilь mos.''

: ''tammikeika flære lį uyųlaṃnilь, utiya nanā tammi tadāmo''.

: ''tammikeika lį uyųlaṃnilь, utiya nanā tammi tafluniṣya.''

: ''marte mīšimīšveya kite ilįna no'' - "(s)he has kept being seen in the city, and [therefore] she has remained at home" (actual meaning dependent on a broader context, e.g. ''āñjulā tatadnilьpepeithnaiṣyes'' "you can find him/her there" (potential agent-trigger future of ''tatāpeithake'' (''ta-tad-peith-'') "to find (frequentative)")).

: ''yąlenų ānat kārvātiu valtfårsadreininilь.'' "after a meal you ought to burn <small>(lit. "to turn on")</small> incense<ref>Burning incense after meals is a common tradition across most of the Chlouvānem world.</ref>."

: ''šunilitieldā, yaivei tamišīti.'' "it has been put there for everybody to look at it."

: ''luvāmom dāmo yambrānu lgutītinilь.'' "(s)he went to the market to buy pears."

: ''nīnilьdhyuʔo karthāgo bīdrīti.'' "(s)he called for Carthage to be destroyed."

: ''tami šubīdṛke lenanājanilь.'' "we decided to tear it down."

| Facing inside; near the center; <small>''mot.:'' convergent</small> ('''nilь-''') || nilьtiāke || nilьmirte || niliukte

: ''lilea domane nanilьyašu'' "I read in my room".

: ''lilea domane nanilьkillieh'' "we talk in my room".

: ''lilea domane nañollie yašunilь'' "I read while laying in my room" (note that "to lay in one's room" idiomatically means "to lay on the bed").

: ''lilea domane namerlie killięnilь'' "we talk while sitting in my room".

: ''liliai domani nañutie yašunilь'' "I read while laying in my room" (lit. "in a sitting position in the inside of my room").

: ''liliai domani namirte killięnilь'' "we talk while sitting in my room".

:: ''spragnyæh lalāruṇai pāmveh lilu en nanū dårbhīrannilь'' - large lalāruṇai can carry more than three people.

: ''liliā buneya galiākinom mugdhyąnilь moe'' - my older sister was flying to Galiākina.

Note that the sense of "to wear" is most usually translated with patient-trigger voice - e.g. ''pāṇḍah jūnekah tę kamikyāyė'' "(s)he wears white robes" - while "to put on" with agent-trigger voice ''pāṇḍu jūneku kaminilьkyāyė'' "(s)he puts/is putting on white robes".

: ''fluta '''priniliemęlьcāh''' lila'' - the person who has given back the bag

: ''ālīce '''guṃslūte''' liliā pamih uyūṭarau rileyonilь.'' - my finger, having been cut that way, needed an operation.

: ''tejāmiau mešunilь nanāt gu tarliru ša''.

: ''tami tėmena tū kulonilь ātmena gu tarliru ša''.

: ''pū nāmvinilь (mārim) tåh ryukaši.'' "if you hit him/her/it, you hurt him/her/it."

: ''pū yañšu udhyuʔesnilь tafluniṣya.'' "if you have called her [honorific], she will come."

: ''lili mæn pū nanū nūlastān gīti samvaru kitu lgutevitaṃnilь.'' "if I had more of money, I'd buy (perf. aspect) a bigger house."

: ''mei tati pū kulevitaṃnilь yaiva gātarah gīti.'' "if I had said 'yes', everything would be different (now)."

: ''mei tati pū kulevitaṃnilь tami gu nagyevite ša.'' "if I had said 'yes', that wouldn't have happened."