Haoli/Nouns

Gender

Gender in Haoli pertains to how nouns are declined and gender agreement for articles.

Neuter Endings

• Words ending in i, o, þ, and c are always neuter.
• Words ending in gh, n, r, j, l, lh, v, s, g, h, f, and ð are neuter when preceded by i or o.

Feminine Endings

• Words ending in e, p, k, m, mh, and rh are always feminine.
• Words ending in gh, n, r, j, l, lh, v, s, g, h, f, and ð are feminine when preceded by e.

Masculine Endings

• Words ending in a, u, and nh are always masculine.
• Words ending in gh, n, r, j, l, lh, v, s, g, h, f, and ð are masculine when preceded by a or u.

Root Form

The definition of the Haoli "root form" is the nominative singular form.

Plural Forms

Regular Plurals

Regular plural formation is used for the majority of words in Haoli and is used for all words who have multiple syllables in their root form. The -c suffix is used for nouns ending in vowels and the -Vc suffix is used for nouns ending in consonants. For the -Vc suffix, the vowel depends on the gender of the noun.

-Vc Vowels:

• Neuter "i"
• Feminine "e"
• Masculine "a"

Examples:
fujak "animal" > fujakec "animals"
arin "star" > arinic "stars"
anat "gift" > anatac "gifts"
aga "eye" > agac "eyes"
eski "cube" > eskic "cubes"

Ablaut Plurals

Ablaut plurals are a much smaller subset of nouns. All ablaut plurals have a single syllable in their root form but not all single syllable root nouns are ablaut plurals.

• o > e
• a > i
• e > ej
• u > aj

Examples:
sar "island" > sir "islands"
ðeg "book" > ðejg "books"
ghoþ "scripture" > gheþ "scriptures"
kuk "place" > kajk "places"

Article Agreement
Note that the gender of the plural form is the same as the root form.

Mass Plurals

Mass plurals are formed by adding the -fen suffix to the root form of the noun.

Examples:
vatas "body of water" -> vatasfen "waters"
tul "wind gust" -> tulfen "wind"

Pronouns

Pronouns
Person	Neuter	Feminine	Masculine
First Person	iani	iane	iana
Second Person	kasi	kase	kasa
Third Person	edi	ede	eda

Cases

Basic Cases

Class of Case	Case	English Approximation	Neuter	Feminine	Masculine
Grammatical	Nominative	cat	hao	kes	eldu
	Accusative	cat	haōr	keser	eldūr
Non-Grammatical	Dative	for/because of the cat	haōs	keses	eldūs
	Malefactive	against/opposed to the cat	haomo	kesme	eldumu
	Adverbial	cattily	haoko	keske	elduku
	Vocative	O Cat	haogho	kesghe	eldughu
	Contrastive	as compared to the cat	haoto	keste	eldutu
	Genitive	of cat/about cat/cat's	haōð	keseð	eldūð

Oblique

Class of Case	Case	English Approximation	Neuter	Feminine	Masculine
Oblique	Translative	to being a cat	haotos	kestes	eldutus
	Exessive	from being a cat	haotoso	kestese	eldutusu
	Essive	as being a cat/like a cat	haotosso	kestesse	eldutussu
	Instrumental	by use of the cat/with cat	haogho	kesghe	eldughu
	Prolative	by way of the cat	haolog	kesleg	eldulug

Locative

Class of Case	Case	English Approximation	Neuter	Feminine	Masculine
Internal Locative	Inessive	inside the cat	haōlo	kesele	eldūlu
	Hyperessive	deep inside the cat	haōllo	keselle	eldūllu
	Illative	into the cat	haōno	kesene	eldūnu
	Hyperlative	deep into the cat	haōnno	kesenne	eldūnnu
	Elative	from inside the cat	haōlon	keselen	eldūlun
	Hyper-elative	from deep inside the cat	haōllon	kesellen	eldūllun
	Supraperlative	throughout the cat	haōpo	kesepe	eldūpu
	Hyperlative	all throughout the cat	haōppo	keseppe	eldūppu
	Perlative	through the cat	haopo	kespe	eldupu
Traversal Locative	Lative	towards the cat, catbound	haofon	kesfen	eldufun
	Superlative	onto the cat	haojo	kesje	elduju
	Prosecutive	along the cat	haovon	kesven	elduvun
	Terminative	until the cat (is reached)	haoþo	kesþe	elduþu
Exodal Locative	Ablative	away from the cat	haodoþ	kesdeþ	elduduþ
	Antessive	far from the cat	haonho	kesnhe	eldunhu
	Delative	off/down from the cat	haolho	keslhe	eldulhu
	Eblative	(sourced) from the cat	haovot	kesvet	elduvut
Relational Locative	Superessive	on (top of) the cat	haoho	keshe	elduhu
	Supraessive	above/over the cat	haonot	kesnet	eldunut
	Comitative	(together) with the cat	haosot	kesset	eldusut
	Pertingent	touching/adjacent to the cat	haomho	kesmhe	eldumhu
	Apudessive	next to/beside the cat	haoðod	kesðed	elduðud
	Enclosive	on either side of the cat	haoþor	kesþer	elduþur
	Forbative	in front of the cat	haoþo	kesþe	elduþu
	Locative	nearby/not far from the cat	haonoþ	kesneþ	eldunuþ
	Bative	behind the cat	haovon	kesven	elduvun
	Transversive	beyond the cat	haovoj	kesvej	elduvuj
	Circumfrentive	surrounded by cat	haojor	kesjer	eldujur
	Situative	wrapped in cat	haorok	kesrek	elduruk
	Abessive	without the cat	haolor	kesler	eldulur
	Intrative	between the cat	haocok	kescek	elducuk
	Subessive	under the cat	haolom	keslem	eldulum

Temporal

Class of Case	Case	English Approximation	Neuter	Feminine	Masculine
Temporal	Temporal	at the time of the cat	haobo	kesbe	eldubu
	Temporal-Lative	since the time of the cat	haobon	kesben	eldubun
	Temporal-Hyper-Transversive	long after the time of the cat	haoboj	kesbej	eldubuj
	Temporal-Terminative	up until the time of the cat	haobot	kesbet	eldubut
	Temporal-Hyperbative	long before the time of the cat	haobor	kesber	eldubur