West Carpathian grammar

In this article various aspects of West Carpathian grammar are discussed. Unlike the neighbouring languages, such as Slovak and Polish, which are the Slavic languages, West Carpathian belongs to the Oronaic language family, and is typologically between fusional and agglutinative languages.

Nouns

The West Carpathian language has gender category in nouns or even in personal pronouns, similarly to neighbouring Hungarian: sun is "he", "she", or "it", depending on the referent. There are no articles, meaning the definiteness is not distinguished.

Cases

West Carpathian has eleven cases: six grammatical cases, three locative cases, three directional cases. The most typical case endings for singular (sg) and plural (pl) numbers are shown in the table below:

Case	Ending		Example		Translation
	sg	pl	sg	pl
Grammatical
nominative	–	-k	oiva	oivak	(a) head
accusative	different	-mma	oivā	oivamma	head (as an object)
genitive	-ui/-ū/-ju	-dū	oivū	oivadū	of (a) head
dative	-id/-cid	-īd/-ecid	oivid	oivīd	head (as an indirect object)
instrumental	-inä'/-ina	-kīn/-kain	oivina	oivakain	by means of (a) head
essive	-pä/-pa	-ipä/-upa	oivapa	oivaupa	as (a) head
Locative
inessive	-utu	-eutui/-autui	oivautu	oivautui	in (a) head
adessive	-ie/-uo	-kke/-kko	oivuo	oivakko	on (a) head
apudessive	-ve/-vo	-uhe/-uho	oivavo	oivauho	at/near (a) head
Directional
illative	-ēn/-oan	-kēn/-kōn	oivoan	oivakōn	into (a) head
lative	-ivä/-iva	-kua	oivaiva	oivakua	to (a) head
allative	-hei/-hō	-kei/-kō	oivahō	oivakō	onto (a) head