Eighth edition lekma
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Phonology
- graphs are listed below.
| Bilabial | Labio-dental | Dental | Alveolar | Post-alveolar | Retroflex | Alveolo-palatal | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyngeal | Epiglottal | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m m |
n n |
ɳ nr |
ɲ nh |
ŋ un,-nn |
||||||||
| Plosive | p b ff,b rb |
t d t,d rd |
k g k-,c rc |
ʔ kk | |||||||||
| Affricate | t͡s tz |
ʈ͡ʂ tr |
t͡ɕ th |
||||||||||
| Fricative | f f |
θ cz |
s s |
ʂ sr |
ɕ sh |
χ -k |
ɦ hh | ||||||
| Approximant | ʋ v |
j i- |
|||||||||||
| Trill | ʀ hr |
||||||||||||
| Flap or tap | ɾ -r,-rr- |
||||||||||||
| Lateral app. | l l |
ʎ lh |
Vowels
| Front | Near-front | Central | Near-back | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i y i ü |
ɯ u û u | |||
| Close-mid | e ø e ö |
o o | |||
| Open-mid | ʌ ô | ||||
| Near-open | ɐ â |
||||
| Open | ä a |
Morpheme/Particle of nouns
| like the agent of a transitive verb | like the subject of an intransitive verb | direct/indirect object of a verb | possessive | plural | plural genetive | Word | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *ac/ɐk/ | nac | sac | ac | acs | acen/äːgen/ | acens/äːgens/ | I |
| *üe/yː/ | nü | sü | ü | üâs | üen | üens | You |
| *hhan/ɦɐn/ | hhannaé | hhansaé | hhan | hhans | hhanen/ɦɐnen/ | hhanens/ɦɐnens/ | S/he |
| - |
- hhan takes the normal noun decension.
Morpheme/Particle of verbs
| present predicational form of verb | processing predicational adjective form | incomplete predicational adjective form | compelete predicational adjective form | Word | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *sel | ser | seinde | set | seint | be |
| *bal | bar | balinde | bat | baint | have |
| - |