Atlantic

Lingua Sine Nomine
TBD
Pronunciation	[TBD]
Created by	Lili21
Date	Jan 2019
Setting	TBD
Ethnicity	TBD
Native speakers	TBD (TBD)
Language family	Indo-European Italic Romance Lingua Sine Nomine
Official status
Official language in	TBD

A Romance conlang, so far without a name, aesthetically inspired by selected sound changes in various other Romance languages, most notably Sicilian, Romansh, French, and various dialects of Lombard, especially Alpine ones^(LMO). It also includes some features taken by my now-abandoned former romlang projects, Wendlandish and Atlantic, as well as some unique features, such as intervocalic voiceless stops leniting to voiceless fricatives instead of voiced stops.

It aims to be an extremely conservative Romance language in its morphology, with many irregularities directly deriving from Latin, and with little analogical levelling; for example, the different ways to build the perfect are maintained almost without change for nearly every inherited verb except for those in the productive first conjugation. The development of the various synthetic tenses is however almost identical to that of Portuguese, except for the innovative future and conditional which are respectively different and non-existant in the Unnamed Romlang. It also maintains neuter nouns as distinct from the other two genders.

Phonology

TBA

In standard Lingua Sine Nomine, voiced stops are allophonically geminated after a stressed vowel, e.g. in pubric "public" /ˈpubrik/ [ˈpubːrik] or abidihu "I decline" /ˈabidiχu/ [ˈabːidiχu].

Orthography

TBA

Epenthesis

Epenthetic unwritten vowels are found in most dialects in virtually every word-final written cluster, except for nasal+stop ones, where only the nasal is pronounced. The epenthetic vowel is always unstressed and of the same quality of the preceding vowel. They are not analyzed as phonemic.

Examples:

• olt "high, tall" (m./n. sg.) /ɔlt/ [ˈɔlɔt] (cf. olta "high, tall" (f. sg./n. pl.) /ˈɔlta/ [ˈɔɬta])
• vestr "your(s)" (m./n. sg.) /vɛstr/ [ˈvɛstɛr] (cf. vestra "your(s)" (f. sg./n. pl.) /ˈvɛstra/ [ˈvɛstra])
• agr "field"/aɡr/ [ˈaɡːar] (cf. agrus "fields" /ˈaɡrus/ [ˈaɡːrus])
• spuns "declared" (m./n. sg.) /spuns/ [ˈspunus] (cf. spunsa "declared" (f. sg./n. pl.) /ˈspunsa/ [ˈspunsa])
• punyt "point" /puɲt/ [puɲ] (cf. punytus "points" /ˈpuɲtus/ [ˈpunʲtʲʉs])
• voḍunt "they go" /ˈvɔðun/ [ˈvɔðun]

=Nouns

Nouns do not inflect for case, just for number, and have different pluralization patterns inherited by the Latin declensions and their various subtypes, including those for Greek nouns. Gender is not marked on the nouns themselves, but on accompanying adjectives and articles.

Singular marker	Plural marker	Gender	Notes	Origin
-a	-os	mostly feminine a few masculine ones	productive for feminine nouns	1st declension; some masculine nouns were originally Greek.
-i	-is	masculine, feminine		3rd declension (m./f. nouns)
	-a	neuter		3rd declension (n. nouns) with reanalyzed stems
	-inya	neuter	movable -n in the singular	3rd declension (n. nouns)
	-os	feminine		1st declension for Greek nouns
-∅	-us	masculine	productive	2nd and 4th declension (m. nouns)
	-a	neuter	the last consonant may be modified	2nd declension (n. nouns), a few 3rd declension ones
-o	-us	masculine	movable -n in the singular	2nd declension for Greek nouns (m./n. nouns)
-u	-a	neuter		4th declension (n. nouns)

Examples:

• afa → afos "water(s)" f
• poïṭa. → poïṭos "poet(s)" m
• duxi → duxis "landlord(s)" m
• parti → partis "part(s)" f
• cordi → corda "heart(s)" n
• numi → numinya "name(s)" n
• ninfi → ninfos "nymph(s)" f
• agr → agrus "field(s)" m
• oixily → oixilya "aid(s)" n
• nimal → nimalya "animal(s)" n
• finomino → finominus "phaenomenon/a" m
• cornu → corna "horn(s)" n

Adjectives

Adjectives follow two different declensions, one with four distinct forms and another with three. Neuter nouns take masculine singular agreement when singular, and feminine singular when plural.

Declension	Masculine sg. Neuter sg.	Feminine sg. Neuter pl.	Masculine pl.	Feminine pl.
First	-∅	-a	-us	-os
Second	-i		-is

First declension

Singular ex.: nind puir, ninda pelya, nind cordi = "handsome boy", "beautiful girl", "kind heart"

Plural ex.: nindus puirus, nindos pelyos, ninda corda = "handsome boys", "beautiful girls", "kind hearts"

Second declension

Singular ex.: puir viruci, pelya virucha, nimal viruci = "quick boy", "quick girl", "quick animal"

Plural ex.: puirus virucis, pelyos virucis, nimalya virucha = "quick boys", "quick girls", "quick animals"

Articles and possessives

The indefinite article and the possessives are inflected like first declension adjectives; the definite article, however, has a distinct form for the neuter singular.

Type	Masculine sg.	Neuter sg.	Feminine sg. Neuter pl.	Masculine pl.	Feminine pl.
Definite article	il	lu	la	lus	los
Indefinite article	nu		una	unus	unos
meu, teu, seu	meu		ma	meus	mos
nostr, vestr	nostr		nostra	nostrus	nostros

Verbs

Verbs generally have six moods: three finite (indicative, subjunctive, imperative) and three non-finite ones (infinitive, participle, gerundive). Unlike other Romance languages, the Unnamed Romlang did not develop a conditional mood.

The indicative and subjunctive are composed of various simple tenses plus other compound ones, while the other moods only have a few forms (the imperative) in a single tense, or have a simple tense and a compound one. The indicative simple tenses are present, imperfect, past (from the Latin perfect), and past perfect. The subjunctive only has three: present, imperfect (from the Latin past perfect subj.), and future (from Latin future perfect ind.) - the origin of the various tenses is therefore the same as in other languages like Portuguese.

Verbs in the Unnamed Romlang are typically cited with three or four principal parts: the infinitive, the 1sg present indicative, the 1sg past indicative, and the past participle; unlike Latin, but like other Romance languages, the infinitive and not the 1sg present indicative is used as citation form. The 1sg present indicative is mostly needed in cases where the root had a short E in Latin which is stressed (and kept) in the 1sg present indicative form, but unstressed in the infinitive (where it therefore became /i/). An example is the verb apilyori "to call, to be called" ← APPELLĀRE, whose 1sg present indicative form is apelyu ← APPELLŌ (cf. cinsiri "to think" (← CĒNSĒRE) and cinsi "I think" (← CĒNSEŌ), where this does not happen due to the different original vowel).

Only the first conjugation is still productive, and it is also the one with the fewest irregular verbs (most verbs in it have the same root in all principal parts).

First conjugation

The first conjugation includes verbs whose infinitive ends in -ori (← -ĀRE).

First conjugation, simple tenses: amori, amu, amovi, amoṭ "to love"

Person	Indicative				Subjunctive			Imperative
	Present	Imperfect	Perfect	Pluperfect	Present	Imperfect	Future
1SG	amu	amova	amovi	amera	ami	amoissi	ameru	—
2SG	amos	amovos	amoisti	ameros	amis	amoissis	ameris	amo
3SG	amal	amoval	amovil	ameral	amil	amoissil	ameril	amil
1PL	amomu	amovomu	amoimu	ameromu	amimu	amoissimu	amerimu	amimu
2PL	amoṭi	amovoṭi	amoisti	ameroṭi	amiṭi	amoissiṭi	ameriṭi	amoṭi
3PL	amant	amovant	amoirunt	amerant	amint	amoissint	amerint	amint
	Pres. participle	Past participle	Future participle	Gerundive	Infinitive
	amanti	amoṭ	amoṭur	amann	amori

Second conjugation

The second conjugation includes three slightly different patterns, as sound changes coalesced the latter three conjugations of Latin mostly into similar forms. The infinitive for all second conjugation verbs ends in -iri, stressed for those that continue the 2nd and 4th Latin conjugations (← -ĒRE, -IRE) and unstressed for the others, continuing the 3rd conjugation of Latin (← -ERE).

1. The first pattern continues the second conjugation, and has -e- as the thematic vowel in the participles and -i- in the 1SG and 3PL present indicative inflections;
2. The second pattern continues the third conjugation, and also has -e- as thematic vowel for the participles, but -u- in the 1SG and 3PL present indicative inflections;
3. The third pattern, continuing the fourth conjugation, always has -i- as thematic vowel in both participles and 1SG/3PL present indicative.

Few second conjugation verbs are completely regular, and some of them have a fifth principal part, namely the subjunctive present, whose stem has often being modified by diachronically regular palatalization of the last consonant in many verbs (as in sponxa (← SPONDEAM) for the verb spondiri) or sporadic metaphony in a few others (as in cemba (← CAMBIAM) for the verb chambiri). Most second conjugation verbs, furthermore, have a different stem in the perfect, usually inherited from Latin (cf. for the two verbs above spondi "I declare", spofondi "I declared" (← SPONDEŌ, SPOPONDĪ) and chambi "I change", chansi "I changed" (← CAMBIŌ, CAMPSĪ)). There are therefore two different possible exits for the 1SG and 3SG in the perfect, usually depending on how it was conjugated in Latin:

1. Latin perfects in -ĒVĪ, -VĪ, -ĪVĪ: -ei, -isti, -eil, -imu, -isti, -irunt
2. All other verbs: -i, -isti, -il, -imu, -isti, -irunt

The regular past participle for all second conjugation verbs is -iṭ (← -ITUM, -ĪTUM), but many verbs have irregular forms. The future participle for all verbs is formed by adding -ur to the past participle.

Second conjugation (pattern 1), simple tenses: spondiri, spondi, spofondi, spuns(, sponxa) "to declare"

Person	Indicative				Subjunctive			Imperative
	Present	Imperfect	Perfect	Pluperfect	Present	Imperfect	Future
1SG	spondi	spondiva	spofondi	spofondera	sponxa	spofondissi	spofonderu	—
2SG	spondis	spondivos	spofondisti	spofonderos	sponxos	spofondissis	spofonderis	spondi
3SG	spondil	spondival	spofondil	spofonderal	sponxal	spofondissil	spofonderil	sponxal
1PL	spondimu	spondivomu	spofondimu	spofonderomu	sponxomu	spofondissimu	spofonderimu	sponxomu
2PL	spondiṭi	spondivoṭi	spofondisti	spofonderoṭi	sponxoṭi	spofondissiṭi	spofonderiṭi	spondiṭi
3PL	spondint	spondivant	spofondirunt	spofonderant	sponxant	spofondissint	spofonderint	sponxant
	Pres. participle	Past participle	Future participle	Gerundive	Infinitive
	spondenti	spuns	spunsur	spondenn	spondiri

Second conjugation (pattern 2), simple tenses: tangiri, tangu, tiṭigi, toit "to touch"

Person	Indicative				Subjunctive			Imperative
	Present	Imperfect	Perfect	Pluperfect	Present	Imperfect	Future
1SG	tangu	tangiva	tiṭigi	tiṭigera	tanga	tiṭigissi	tiṭigeru	—
2SG	tangis	tangivos	tiṭigisti	tiṭigeros	tangos	tiṭigissis	tiṭigeris	tangi
3SG	tangil	tangival	tiṭigil	tiṭigeral	tangal	tiṭigissil	spofonderil	tangal
1PL	tangimu	tangivomu	tiṭigimu	tiṭigeromu	tangomu	tiṭigissimu	tiṭigerimu	tangomu
2PL	tangiṭi	tangivoṭi	tiṭigisti	tiṭigeroṭi	tangoṭi	tiṭigissiṭi	tiṭigeriṭi	tangiṭi
3PL	tangunt	tangivant	tiṭigirunt	tiṭigerant	tangant	tiṭigissint	tiṭigerint	tangant
	Pres. participle	Past participle	Future participle	Gerundive	Infinitive
	tangenti	toit	toitur	tangenn	tangiri

Second conjugation (pattern 3), simple tenses: chambiri, chambi, chansi, chambiṭ(, cemba) "to touch"

Person	Indicative				Subjunctive			Imperative
	Present	Imperfect	Perfect	Pluperfect	Present	Imperfect	Future
1SG	chambi	chambiva	chansi	chansera	cemba	chansissi	chanseru	—
2SG	chambis	chambivos	chansisti	chanseros	cembos	chansissis	chanseris	chambi
3SG	chambil	chambival	chansil	chanseral	cembal	chansissil	spofonderil	cembal
1PL	chambimu	chambivomu	chansimu	chanseromu	cembomu	chansissimu	chanserimu	cembomu
2PL	chambiṭi	chambivoṭi	chansisti	chanseroṭi	cemboṭi	chansissiṭi	chanseriṭi	chambiṭi
3PL	chambint	chambivant	chansirunt	chanserant	cembant	chansissint	chanserint	cembant
	Pres. participle	Past participle	Future participle	Gerundive	Infinitive
	chambinti	chambiṭ	chambiṭur	chambinn	chambiri

The verb fairi (← FACERE), faxu, fixi, fait "to do, make" is a regular pattern 2 second conjugation verb, except for it having contracted forms in the infinitive and in the 2SG and 3SG indicative present; all other forms are regular. The same principle extends to the same forms of the verb voiri (← VĀDERE) "to go", however, it is irregular due to suppletion in other moods and tenses.

To be (siḍiri), to have (haviri)

The verbs "to be" (siḍiri ← ASSIDĒRE, most of the conjugation from SUM) and "to have" (haviri ← HABĒRE) are irregular. The former is deeply suppletive (inheriting many irregularities from Latin); the latter is functionally a pattern 1 second conjugation verb with widespread irregularities due to contraction and analogy.

"To be", simple tenses: siḍiri, sun, fui, sis

Person	Indicative				Subjunctive			Imperative
	Present	Imperfect	Perfect	Pluperfect	Present	Imperfect	Future
1SG	sun	era	fui	fera	sin	fussi	feru	—
2SG	eris	eros	fusti	feros	sis	fussis	feris	es
3SG	e	eral	fuch	feral	sil	fussil	feril	sil
1PL	erin	eromu	fuimu	firomu	simu	fussimu	firimu	simu
2PL	eriṭ	eroṭi	fusti	firoṭi	siṭi	fussiṭi	firiṭi	esti
3PL	erunt	erant	ferunt	ferant	sint	fussint	ferint	sint
	Pres. participle	Past participle	Future participle	Gerundive	Infinitive
	siḍenti	sis	sissur	siḍenn	siḍiri

"To have", simple tenses: haviri, hoi, hoibi, haiṭ

Person	Indicative				Subjunctive			Imperative
	Present	Imperfect	Perfect	Pluperfect	Present	Imperfect	Future
1SG	hoi	hiva	hoibi	havera	heia	hoibissi	haveru	—
2SG	hais	hivos	hoibisti	haveros	heios	hoibissis	haveris	hai
3SG	hal	hival	hoibil	haveral	heial	hoibissil	haveril	heial
1PL	havimu	hivomu	hoibimu	haveromu	heiomu	hoibissimu	haverimu	heiomu
2PL	haviṭi	hivoṭi	hoibisti	haveroṭi	heioṭi	hoibissiṭi	haveriṭi	haviṭi
3PL	hant	hivant	hoibirunt	haverant	heiant	hoibissint	haverint	heiant
	Pres. participle	Past participle	Future participle	Gerundive	Infinitive
	haventi	haiṭ	haiṭur	havenn	haviri