User:Chrysophylax/Sketches

Proto-Celtic per Hispaniam

1. Monophthongisation (~Late Latin)

   *oi̯, ,*ou̯, *ei̯ > ū, ū, ī

   ūnos < *oinos, tūtā < *toutā, sūlīs < *sūleis

2. Loss of final *m

   *m > 0 / _#

   ɸatera < *ɸateram

3. Simplifcation of /ns/ to /s/

   *ns > s

   asis < *ansis

4. Loss of *g between vowels

   *g > 0 / V_V

   rīam < *rīgam

5. Short vowels change in quality

   • a, *e, *i, *o, *u > a, ɛ, e, ɔ, o

6. Long vowels shorten

   • ā, *ē, *ī, *ō, *ū > a, e, i, o, u

7. End result: 7-vowel inventory

   a ɛ e ɔ o i u

8. Monopththongisation (Romance)

   *oi̯ , *au̯, *ai̯ > e, ɔ, ɛ~e

   makʷe < *makʷoi, tɔsɔ < *tausom, kɛkɔ < *kaikom

9. Word-initial anaptyxis for /s/ + consonant

   *s > es / #_C

   estrɛna < *strīnām

10. Syncope of unstressed syllables near *r and *l

    sulbɔs < *sūlibos, ɸatra < *ɸateram

11. Voicing of plosives between vowels and before sonorant consonant

    *p, *t, *k > b, d, g / V_V && _{l r}

    kɛgɔ < *kaikom, madra < *materam

12. Debuccalisation of *ɸ

    *ɸ > h / #_ && V_V

    hadra < *ɸateram, nɛhuts < *neɸūts

1. Only allow *a, *e, *o as word-final (Proto-Western-Romance?)
2. Syncretism: Replacement of hadrɛbɔs by hadrɛbes in the dat. pl.

r-stem example

hader, hadrɔs (father)
Number	Singular		Plural
Nominative	hader		hadras
Genitive	hadrɔs		hadrɔ
Accusative	hadra		hadras
Dative	hadre		hadrɛbes
Ablative	hadre		hadrɛbes
Instrumental	hadre		hadrɛbes
Locative	hadre		hadrɛbes