User:Chrysophylax/Sketches

yašur ḇa aškilun

IPA: /ˈjaˌʃur p’ˈaʔʃkʰəˌlun/

Phonology

Has three distinctive vowels: i /i/, u /u/,a /a/, which all reduce to ə in a 'weak' position.

Three consonant series: unaspirated b /p/, d /t/, g /k/, aspirated p /pʰ/, t /tʰ/, k /kʰ/, ejective ḇ /p’/, ḏ /t’/, ḡ /k’/ These series of stops have traditionally been termed the tenuis, the fortis, and the lenis series.

The language has regressive (leftward) preglottalization before the fortis and lenis stops, thus yataḏa /jəˈʔtʰaʔt’a/ 'he collects' but gaduš /katuʃ/ 'knife'

Proto-Celtic per Hispaniam

1. Monophthongisation (~Late Latin)

   *oi̯, ,*ou̯, *ei̯ > ū, ū, ī

   ūnos < *oinos, tūtā < *toutā, sūlīs < *sūleis

2. Loss of final *m

   *m > 0 / _#

   ɸatera < *ɸateram

3. Simplifcation of /ns/ to /s/

   *ns > s

   asis < *ansis

4. Loss of *g between vowels

   *g > 0 / V_V

   rīam < *rīgam

5. Short vowels change in quality

   • a, *e, *i, *o, *u > a, ɛ, e, ɔ, o

6. Long vowels shorten

   • ā, *ē, *ī, *ō, *ū > a, e, i, o, u

7. End result: 7-vowel inventory

   a ɛ e ɔ o i u

8. Monopththongisation (Romance)

   *oi̯ , *au̯, *ai̯ > e, ɔ, ɛ~e

   makʷe < *makʷoi, tɔsɔ < *tausom, kɛkɔ < *kaikom

9. Word-initial anaptyxis for /s/ + consonant

   *s > es / #_C

   estrɛna < *strīnām

10. Voicing of plosives between vowels

    *p, *t, *k > b, d, g / V_V

    kɛgɔ < *kaikom

11. Syncope of unstressed syllables near *r and *l

    sulbɔs < *sūlibos, ɸadra < *ɸateram

12. Debuccalisation of *ɸ

    *ɸ > h / #_ && V_V

    hadra < *ɸateram, nɛhuts < *neɸūts

1. Only allow *a, *e, *o as word-final (Proto-Western-Romance?)
2. Syncretism: Replacement of hadrɛbɔs by hadrɛbes in the dat. pl.

r-stem example

hader, hadrɔs (father)
Number	Singular		Plural
Nominative	hader		hadras
Genitive	hadrɔs		hadrɔ
Accusative	hadra		hadras
Dative	hadre		hadrɛbes
Ablative	hadre		hadrɛbes
Instrumental	hadre		hadrɛbes
Locative	hadre		hadrɛbes

NB. ”There also seems to be a marked tendency to confuse different forms even when they have not become homophonous (like in the generally more distinct plurals), which indicates the nominal deflexion was not only caused by phonetic mergers, but also by structural factors.[22] As a result of the untenability of the noun case system after these phonetic changes, vulgar Latin moved from being a markedly synthetic language to a more analytic language.” — Vulgar Latin

> hader, hadra | hadras, hadras