Umbrean

Umbrean
Ömjytsia

Progress: 55%

Type

Fusional

Alignment

Tripartite

Head direction

Initial

Mixed

Final

Primary word order

Subject-object-verb

Tonal

No

Declensions

Yes

Conjugations

Yes

Genders

4

Nouns decline according to...

Case

Number

Definiteness

Gender

Verbs conjugate according to...

Voice

Mood

Person

Number

Tense

Aspect

History

Fantasy History

Acctual history

Phonology

Consonants

			Bilabial		Labiode.		Dental		Alveol.		Postalve.		Retrofl.		Palatal		Velar		Uvular		Pharyn.		Epiglot.		Glottal
			S.	L.	S.	L.	S.	L.	S.	L.	S.	L.	S.	L.	S.	L.	S.	L.	S.	L.	S.	L.	S.	L.	S.	L.
Plosve	Unvoiced	Plain	p (p)	p: (pp)			t (t)			t: (tt)							k (k)	k: (kk)
		Lab.					t^w (tw)			t^w: (ttw)							k^w (kw)	k^w: (kkw)
		Plat.	p^j (pj)				t^j (tj)			t^j: (ttj)							k^j (kj)	k^j: (kkj)
		Lab-Pal					t^ɥ (tjw,twj)			t^ɥ: (ttjw,ttwj)							k^ɥ (kj)	k^ɥ: (kkj)
	Voiced	Plain	b (b)	b: (bb)			d (d)			d: (dd)							g (g)	g: (gg)
		Lab.	b^w (bw)				d^w (dw)			d^w: (ddw)							g^w (gw)	g^w: (ggw)
		Plat.					d^j (dj)			d^j: (ddj)							g^j (gg)	g^j: (ggj)
		Lab-Pal					d^ɥ (dwj, djw)			d^ɥ: (ddwj, ddjw)							g^ɥ (gwj,gjw)	g^ɥ: (ggwj,ggjw)
Affricative	Unvoiced	Plain							t͡s (ts)		t͡ʃ (tš)
		Lab.							t͡s^w (tsw)		t͡ʃ^w (tšw)
		Plat.							t͡s^j (tsj)
		Lab-Pal							t͡s^ɥ (tsjw,tswj)
	Voiced	Plain							d͡z (dz)		d͡ʒ (dž)
		Lab.							d͡z ^w (dzw)		d͡ʒ ^w (džw)
		Plat.							d͡z^j (dzj)
		Lab-Pal							d͡z^ɥ (dzjw,dzwj)
Fricative	Unvoiced	Plain	f (f)	f: (ff)					s (s)	s: (ss)	ʃ (š)	ʃ: (šš)					x (ǧ)	x: (ǧǧ)
		Lab.							s^w (sw)	s^w: (ssw)	ʃ^w (šw)	ʃ^w: (ššw)					x^w (ǧw)
		Plat.	f^j (fj)	f^j: (ffj)					s^j (sj)	s^j: (ssj)
		Lab-Pal							s^ɥ (swj,sjw)	s^ɥ: (ssjw,sswj)
	Voiced	Plain	v (v)	v: (vv)					z (z)	z: (zz)	ʒ (žž)	ʒ: (žž)					ɣ (ǧ)	ɣ: (ǧǧ)
		Lab.							z^w (zw)	z^w: (zw)	ʒ^w (žw)	ʒ^w: (žžw)					ɣ^w (ǧw)
		Plat.	v^j (vj)	v^j: (vvj)					z^j (zj)	z^j: (zzj)
		Lab-Pal							z^ɥ (zwj,zjw)	z^ɥ: (zzjw,zzwj)
Nasal		Plain	m (m)	m: (mm)			n (n)			n: (nn)							ŋ (ŋ)	ŋ: (ŋŋ)
		Lab.					n^w (n)										ŋ^w (ŋw)
		Plat.	m^j (mj)														ŋ^j (ŋj)	ŋ^j: (ŋŋj)
Glides	Lateral Appr.	Plain							l (l)			l: (ll)
		Lab.							l^w (lw)
		Plat.							l^j (lj)
		Lab-Pal							l^ɥ (lwj,ljw)

Vowels

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	Front		Central		Back
Close	i (i)	y (y)	ɨ (i)	ʉ (u)		u (ü)
Near-close	e (e)
Close-mid			ɛ (ë)	ɵ (ö)		o (o)
Mid
Open-mid	ɛ (ë)	œ (ö)				o (ɔ)
Near-open
Open	a (a)				ɑ (a)	ɒ(a)

Pitch-Accent

Primary stress^[*] is realised with an increase in the pitch^[*], while secondary stress has a decrease in the pitch.

Primary and secondary stress are both predictable accoridng to these rules and Primary stress always goes before secondary, that is if primary stress and secondary stress were to overlap the primary stress will be the one that is realised.

Primary

Monosyllabic
Ultima - Consonant ending
- Penult - Vowel Ending

Secondary

First - Consonant begining
- Second - Vowel begining
Ultima - Vowel Ending

1 Syllable
Pitch	High
	Normal
	Low
Syllable		1

2 Syllables C- -C
Pitch	High
	Normal
	Low
Syllable		1	2

2 Syllables V- -C
Pitch	High
	Normal
	Low
Syllable		1	2

2 Syllables C- -V
Pitch	High
	Normal
	Low
Syllable		1	2

2 Syllables V- -V
Pitch	High
	Normal
	Low
Syllable		1	2

3 Syllables C- -C
Pitch	High
	Normal
	Low
Syllable		1	2	3

3 Syllables V- -C
Pitch	High
	Normal
	Low
Syllable		1	2	3

3 Syllables C- -V
Pitch	High
	Normal
	Low
Syllable		1	2	3

3 Syllables V- -V
Pitch	High
	Normal
	Low
Syllable		1	2	3

4 Syllables C- -C
Pitch	High
	Normal
	Low
Syllable		1	2	3	4

4 Syllables V- -C
Pitch	High
	Normal
	Low
Syllable		1	2	3	4

4 Syllables C- -V
Pitch	High
	Normal
	Low
Syllable		1	2	3	4

4 Syllables V- -V
Pitch	High
	Normal
	Low
Syllable		1	2	3	4

n>4 Syllables C- -C
Pitch	High
	Normal
	Low
Syllable		1	2	3->n-2	n-1	n

n>4 Syllables V- -C
Pitch	High
	Normal
	Low
Syllable		1	2	3->n-2	n-1	n

n>4 Syllables C- -V
Pitch	High
	Normal
	Low
Syllable		1	2	3->n-2	n-1	n

n>4 Syllables V- -V
Pitch	High
	Normal
	Low
Syllable		1	2	3->n-2	n-1	n

Phonotactics

The syllable structure is decently complex where the onset^[*], the consonants prior to the vowel, and the coda^[*], consonants after the vowel, both can take two consonants. The onset and coda acts both independed of each other and can take the following forms.

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Syllable Structure
General
C	C	V	C	C
Possible
Onset		Core	Coda
Initial		Vowel	Final
	Consonant	Vowel	Consonant
Nasal	Affricative	Vowel	Nasal	Nasal
Nasal	Fricative	Vowel	Affricative	Nasal - n
Nasal	Nasal	Vowel	Plosive	Fricative
Nasal	Plosive	Vowel	Plosive	Plosive
Affricative	Nasal	Vowel	Fricative	Fricative
Plosive	Nasal	Vowel	Fricative	Nasal
Plosive	Fricative	Vowel	Fricative	Lateral
Plosive	Plosive	Vowel	Lateral	Fricative
Fricative	Fricative	Vowel	Latera	Affricative
Fricative	Plosive	Vowel	Affricative	Lateral
Plosive	Lateral	Vowel	Nasal	Lateral
Fricative	Lateral	Vowel	Plosive	Lateral
Affricative	Lateral	Vowel	Affricative	Fricative
Nasal	Lateral	Vowel	Affricative	Plosive
Lateral	Nasal	Vowel
Affricative	Fricative	Vowel

Verbs

For more information on Verbs see Umbrean/Verbs

Conjugation

	Perfective	Retrospective	Prospective	Inceptive	Continuative	Pausative	Terminative	Genericative
Past	Aortis	Historal Causum	Consequentum	Past Initio	Ingressus		Finitum	Plerum
Present	—	Causum	Consequentum	Initio	Present	Pausa	Finitum
Future	Futurum	Causum	Futurum Consequenta	Futurum Initio	Initio	Futurum Termius

The umbrean verbs are conjugated for tense, aspect, mood and voice mainly. There is a residual conjugation for person and the grammatical gender of items but much of it has been lost. The conjugation is done by a primary vowel first followed by some sounds. The primary vowel is depended on which tense, mood and which gender and or person of the subject, agent or object noun is, which of the three depends on the verb.. The vowel comes in three classes, First, Second and Third kind. The vowel table tells which vowel is used while the Voice-Aspect-Tense, VAT, table tells which set to use on which VAT combination along with the remaining sounds around.

Circumstantial Voice:

An important differens for the Circumstantial voice is that it requires a particle infront of the verb. The postposition that it is meant to replace is used as a particle in its naked form, no addition of affixes due to gender or person.

Negation:

Negation is done though the VAT vowel, it changes from the +, positive or affirmative coloumn, to the -, negative or negation coloumn of the same sort along with agreeing like the vowel normally is.

Vowels
		Indicative						Optative						Subjunctive
		V₁		V₂		V₃		V₁		V₂		V₃		V₁		V₂		V₃
Person		+	-	+	-	+	-	+	-	+	-	+	-	+	-	+	-	+	-
First		-ë	-ö	-oo	-e	-u	-ö	-yy	-ë	-e	-ö	-e	-u	-i	-u	-aa	-u	-i	-öö
Second				-oo	-e	-ëë			-ë	-ii	-ö	-uu	-u	-a				-ë
Third	Liv			-üü	-ö				-e	-ii	-y		-ö	-i
	Art	-ii		-e			-ii	-üü	-e	-e					-üü		-öö
	Non	-o				-a			-aa						-ö
	Mag	-u	-aa		-ëë	-a			-aa			-aa		-ëë	-ö	-ë

		Perfective	Prospective	Retrospective	Inceptive	Continuative	Pausative	Terminative	Genericative
Active	Past	-V₁ssw (Aortis)	-V₂v (Historal Causum)	-V₁mjël (Consequentum)	-V₃b (Past Initio)	-V₁tsjm (Ingressus)		-V₁kws (Finitum)	-V₂lwm (Plerum)
	Present	—	-V₁zw (Causum)	-V₁mjël (Consequentum)	-V₂ll (Initio)	-V₁ (Present)	-V₂s (Pausa)	-V₁kws (Finitum)
	Future	-V₂ŋŋl (Futurum)	-V₁zw (Causum)	-V₃tswf (Futurum Consequenta)	-V₁sn (Futurum Initio)	-V₂ll (Initio)	V₃tj (Futurum Termius)
		Perfective	Retrospective	Prospective	Inceptive	Continuative	Pausative	Terminative	Genericative
Anti- Passive	Past	-V₁zvj (Aortis)	-V₁vv (Historal Causum)	-V₂muf (Consequentum)	-V₁tff (Past Initio)	-V₁ffm (Ingressus)		-V₃kwf (Finitum)	-V₂lm (Plerum)
	Present	—	-V₃ssf (Causum)	-V₂muf (Consequentum)	-V₂llf (Initio)	-V₂ts (Present)	-V₁f (Pausa)	-V₃kwf (Finitum)
	Future	-V₁fŋ (Futurum)	-V₃ssf (Causum)	-V₃tsfj (Futurum Consequenta)	-V₁fn (Futurum Initio)	-V₂llf (Initio)	-V₂twf (Futurum Termius)
		Perfective	Retrospective	Prospective	Inceptive	Continuative	Pausative	Terminative	Genericative
Passive	Past	-V₁ššw (Aortis)	-V₂vž (Historal Causum)	-V₂müš (Consequentum)	-V₁tš (Past Initio)	-V₃tšm (Ingressus)		-V₃kwš (Finitum)	-V₂leeš (Plerum)
	Present	—	-V₃žž (Causum)	-V₂müš (Consequentum)	-V₂šl (Initio)	-V₁šš (Present)	-V₂š (Pausa)	-V₃kwš (Finitum)
	Future	-V₂šŋ (Futurum)	-V₃žž (Causum)	-V₃tšf (Futurum Consequenta)	-V₁šn (Futurum Initio)	-V₂šl (Initio)	-V₂džw (Futurum Termius)
		Perfective	Retrospective	Prospective	Inceptive	Continuative	Pausative	Terminative	Genericative
Circumstantial	Past	-V₃ǧw (Aortis)	-V₁ vvn (Historal Causum)	-V₁dwamj (Consequentum)	-V₂tǧ (Past Initio)	-V₂tff (Ingressus)		-V₃tswëm (Finitum)	-V₁ljë (Plerum)
	Present	—	-V₁ssǧ (Causum)	-V₁dwamj (Consequentum)	-V₂ǧl (Initio)	-V₁m (Present)	-V₂nn (Pausa)	-V₃tswëm (Finitum)
	Future	-V₂ǧm (Futurum)	-V₁ssǧ (Causum)	-V₃tšǧ (Futurum Consequenta)	-V₂šn (Futurum Initio)	-V₂ǧl (Initio)	-V₁džm (Futurum Termius)

Mood

The mood is conjugated on the polarity vowel and the consonant prior.

F: Any Fricative

A: Any Affricative

P: Any plosive

N: Any nasal

	Indicative	Optative	Subjunctive	Imperative
1	-F	-Fm	-Fmj	-Fp / Fb
2	-A	-All	-Af / -Av	-Ap / Ab
3	-P	-Pff / -Pvvj	-Plw	-PP^L
4	-N	-Nlw	-Nll	-NN^L
5	-l	-lts	-lǧw	-lv

^L:These forms the sound is geminized.

Participle

In umbrean participles serves two purposes, the first one is similar to english where it takes on an adjective characteristic describing a noun, "The walking man", but with the differens of having one for every tense.

The second is for relative clauses, "The man whom I like" where the verb is turned into a participle but the sentence itself remains otherwise the same, and is like unlike english placed infront of the noun it describes.

To get the subject or object back into the clause one uses the Postpositions Kë and Pjë, both highly irregular, before the participle with the noun in their proper case.

Active voice cannot be used in participles.

To form a participle the conjugated verb is taken with the addition of a vowel which is depended on the tense in question and a consonant which depends on the gender of the subject that is being relativized, doesn't matter which of the two uses, and the voice in question.

Participle Tense Vowels
Positive / Negative Affirmative / Negation
	Perfective	Retrospective	Prospective	Inceptive	Continuative	Pausative	Terminative	Genericative
Past	-e / -üü (Aortis)	-a / -ii (Historal Causum)	-ë / -ö (Consequentum)	-a / -ii (Past Initio)	-e / -üü (Ingressus)		-e / -üü (Finitum)	-ë / -ö (Plerum)
Present	—	-e / -üü (Causum)	-ë / -ö (Consequentum)	-oo / -e (Initio)	-ë / -ö (Present)	-e / -üü (Pausa)	-e / -üü (Finitum)
Future	-oo / -e (Futurum)	-e / -üü (Causum)	-a / -ii (Futurum Consequenta)	-ë / -ö (Futurum Initio)	-oo / -e (Initio)	-ë / -ö (Futurum Termius)

Gender	Voice
Gender	Anti-Passive	Passive	Circumstantial
Liv	-lj	-t	gj
Mag	-lj	-ǧw	gj
Art	-mm		-tšw
Non	-mm		-tšw

	Base	Passive Present 1p/2p Liv	Anti-Passive Present 3p Mag
Conjugation	Ödz	Ödzešš	Ödzots
Participle	Ödz	Ödzeššët	Ödzetsëlj

Gerund

The gerund form of the verbs are used to create noun clauses similar to english "That" clauses. "I know that he is a nice guy"

The gerund is formed by adding these endings to the conjugated form and is depended on case and the polarity of the verb.

Case	Suffix
Case	+	-
Int	-ël	-öl
Erg	-ëssl	-ösl
Acc	-ëmjl	-öml
Pst	-ëtšwl	-ötšwl

	Base	Passive Present 1p/2p	Anti-Passive Present 1p/2p
Conjugation	Ödz	Ödzešš	Ödzots
Noun Clause	Ödz	Ödzeššël	Ödzotsël

Supine

The supine describes actions done for the purpose of something. In english it is often the infitive form of the verb, "We walked over to Ronald To help him".

Supines don't take conjugational affixation but rather these to mark positive or negative, to do or not to do it.

Positive	Negative
-lii	-lüü

Modal Forms

Umbrean verbs can take on 4 modal forms which is used for both modality purposes as a verb but can also function as adjectives on their own.

Verb form

The verb form is used along as any normal verb, the positive form and negative form refers to the polarity of the modality. While there is general derivation of each of the three forms some verbs do not follow it and have other forms in the quadrouplet.

Adjectival form

The adjectival form works as the name itself suggests like an adjective, the suffixes are put onto the verb and then treated like a normal adjective that has to take on adjectival affixes. The anti-passive form focuses on the subject while the passive one focuses on the object.

Adjectival Modality
	Verb form		Adjective Form
	Positive	Negative	Passive	Anti-passive
Base	-Ø	-yǧ	-	-
Gerundive	-ot	-oss	-ošt	-off
Abilitative	-idw	-izw	-imj	-imml
Hypothetical	-ëpj	-ëvj	-eešf	-ešš

Gerundive: Marks that the noun it modifies is needs or ought to be the object or subject of the verb
Abilative: Marks that the noun it modifies is can or is able to be the object or subject of the verb
Hypothetical: Marks that the noun it modifies could be the object or subject of the verb

Nominalization

Ditransitive Verbs

Nouns

For more information on nouns see Umbrean/Nouns

Declension

Possession

Adjective

Declension

Predicate

Postposition

For more information on Postpositions see Umbrean/Postpositions

Being a head final language the Umbrean language utilizes postpositions rather than prepositions and adpositional phrases would come before the noun. "On the table" would be said as"The table on" and a noun phrase like "The cat on the table" is said "The table on the cat", in an essence the opposite of english. Similar to greek and other languages the case of the noun that is within its phrase affects often the acctual meaning of the postposition.

Postpositions are inflected according to Gender and Case of the noun within its phrase, if it is first or second person it is inflected according to the living gender.

If the postposition does not get an inflection on it, it is a particle used for the circumtational voice for verbs.

Inflection

	Pst	Int	Erg	Acc
3rd	-Ø or -(ë)	-e	-o	-y
2nd	-ug	-ëtt	-ekk
1st	-aaf	-ëtt	-oss	-yy

Pro-Forms

As a highly fusional and inflectional language the umbrean language is rich in its morphology of pro-forms. The pro-forms retain some ancient cases which is used as nouns and it has no adverbial pro-forms like english "here" or "There" which is replaced with nouns. Quite a few things can be confusing for an english speaker as Umbrean makes distinctions that english does not.

Determiner^[*]: They occure before the noun and refers to the noun somehow. "This hat" "That hat" "Some hats"

Demonstratives: These are diectic in their nature, refers to a noun by context. "This hat" "That hat" "yon hat" "This is fun" "That was fun"

Quantifiers: These refer to most often an unfixed quantity, with the exception of "All" or "no", "All men" "no men" "Some men" "few men"

Quantifiers
Quantifier	English
Elective	Any Whichever
Existensial	Some
Universal	All Every
Most	Most
Negative	No None
Collective	as a group Togather
Distrubutive	Each individually Each Each on their own

Case		Desription	Exampel
Vialis	Via	Through or by	by the way of the house Through the house
Lative	Lat	motion to location	To the house
Ablative	Abl	motion away from location	away from the house
Locative	Loc	Location of	at the house
Temporative	Tmp	At the time of	at the time of now
Antessative	Ant	Before	before now
Postive	Psv	After	after now/Later
Casual	Csl	Due to, because of, by method of, by manner of	How
Quantive	Qvt	The quantity of	How many
Instrumental	Ins	By means of	With a hammer

				Interrogative			Demonstrative									Quantifier
				Interrogative			Proximal			Semi-distal			Distal			Existential			Elective			Universal			Most			Negative			Collective			Distributive
				sg.	pc.	pl.	sg.	pc.	pl.	sg.	pc.	pl.	sg.	pc.	pl.	sg.	pc.	pl.	sg.	pc.	pl.	sg.	pc.	pl.	sg.	pc.	pl.	sg.	pc.	pl.	sg.	pc.	pl.	sg.	pc.	pl.
Discourse				Ø			Gwook (This)			Gwookt (That)			Gwooǧ (That)			Ø			Ø			Ø			Ø			Ø			Ø			Ø
Determiner		Mag	Int	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
			Erg	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
			Acc	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
			Pst	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
			Ref	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
		Liv	Int	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
			Erg	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
			Acc	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
			Pst	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
			Ref	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
		Art	Int	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
			Erg	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
			Acc	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
			Pst	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
			Ref	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
		Non	Int	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
			Erg	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
			Acc	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
			Pst	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
			Ref	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Pro-noun	One of	Sapient	Int	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
			Erg	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
			Acc	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
			Pst	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
			Ref	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
		Mag	Int	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
			Erg	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
			Acc	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
			Pst	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
			Ref	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
		Liv	Int	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
			Erg	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
			Acc	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
			Pst	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
			Ref	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
		Art	Int	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
			Erg	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
			Acc	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
			Pst	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
			Ref	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
		Non	Int	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
			Erg	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
			Acc	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
			Pst	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
			Ref	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
	Out of few		Int	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
			Erg	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
			Acc	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
			Pst	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
			Ref	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
	Out of many		Int	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
			Erg	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
			Acc	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
			Pst	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
			Ref	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
	Info		Lat	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
			Abl	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
			Loc	Tak	Taaktw	Takffj	-	-	-	-	-	-	Ükwaa	Ükwaat	Ükwafj	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
			Tmp	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
			Ant	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
			Psv	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
			Csl	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
			Ins	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
			Qvt	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-

Personal Pronouns

Umbrean pronouns makes distinctions according to the 5 cases, 3 numbers, 4 genders, T-V^[*], Collective vs Distributive and Inclusive vs exclusive.

Cases: Intransitive, Ergative, Accusative, Postpositional and Reflexive

Numbers: Singular, Paucal and Plural, Same number must be used as the noun that it replaces.

Genders: The genders are noticible only in third person where the pronoun with a gender matching the noun it replaces must be used.

T-V: This distinction is a politeness distinction that only occures in second person, One is polite that is used to be polite or people of higher rank while the other is impolite, lower ranking or someone you are close to.

Coll vs Distr: This distinction only occures in Paucal and Plural and tells if the group did it individually (Distributive) or as a group (Collective). "The five of us ate 3 kg of apples togather" (No more than 3 kg was used, Collective) vs "The five of us ate 3 kg of apples each" (A grand total of 15 kg of apples were eaten then, Distributive)

Inclusive vs Exclusive: Occures only in first person paucal and plural where it distinguisher if the one spoken to, second person, is included (Inclusive) or not (Eclusive)

Case			Intransitive					Ergative					Accusative					Postpositional					Reflexive
			sg.	pc.		pl.		sg.	pc.		pl.		sg.	pc.		pl.		sg.	pc.		pl.		sg.	pc.		pl.
			sg.	coll.	distr.	coll.	distr.	sg.	coll.	distr.	coll.	distr.	sg.	coll.	distr.	coll.	distr.	sg.	coll.	distr.	coll.	distr.	sg.	coll.	distr.	coll.	distr.
1st		inc.	mtswë	slo		mlo		tšes	liss		mliis		Tsümj	lyym		mmlu		Tswutš	looš
1st		exc.	mtswë					tšes					Tsümj					Tswutš
2nd		Common	mǧö					ǧöss					uumj					gum
2nd		Respect
3rd	Object	Magical
		Living
		Artificial
		Non-Move
	Person	General
		Male
		Female
	General

abdefgǧhijklmnŋñoprsštstuvyzžüëö

Conditional Sentence

For more information on Conditional Sentence see Umbrean/Conditional sentence

Generalizations Conditional sentences expresses factual things that always occur, "If water is heated to 10 degrees it boils" and the If can be replaced with "when" or "whenever".

Hypothetical Conditional sentence expresses a hypothetical situation that could be possible

Factual Conditional sentence states it as factual that the result will occur if condition is meet. It may also be used to express that if the condition had been meet result should also have occurred but didn't.

Contra-factual sentence expresses a situation against known facts.

Kind		Condition			Result
Kind		Tempus	Mood	Modality	Tempus	Mood	Modality
Generalizations		Causum	Indicative	Base	Plerum	Indicative	Base
Hypothetical		Any but H.Causum, Causum Consequenta, F.Consequenta	Subjunctive	Base	Futurm Consequenta	Optative	Abilative
Factual	Likely	Past Initio	Indicative	Base	Futurm Consequenta	Optative	Gerundive
Factual	Unlikely	Causum	Indicative	Abilative	Initio	Subjunctive	Hypothetical
Contra-Factual		Historal Causum	Subjunctive	Base	Ingressus	Subjunctive	Hypothetical

Modality

Copula Usage

There exist technicly no copula in umbrean, they have other methods of achiving it.

Noun Predicate

Example: He is an idiot

This is achived by putting the noun into accusative construction state and then use it as an ordinary verb.

mǧö mtomöökwlë

mǧö mto>möökw<l-ë

2.sg <acc.const.sg>Idiot-1/2.sg.ind.prs.ctn

You're an idiot

Adpositional Predicate

Example: We are with him

Adpositional predicates are constructed by taking the adposition and add the proper prefix and then use it as a verb where the object that was being modified by it is the agent while the object in the adpositional phrase is treated as an ordinary object.

Case	Prefix
Int	dz(e)-
Erg	s(üü)-
Acc	mj(y)-
Pst	Ø-

mǧö mtomöökwlë

mǧö mto>möökw<l-ë

2.sg <acc.const.sg>Idiot-1/2.sg.ind.prs.ctn

You're an idiot

Locative Predicate

Example: We are at the store

See Adpositional Predicate

Adjectival Predicate

Example: We are blue

Adjectival predicates are achived through using the adjective as a verb all on its own.

Existential

Example: I am

tswümj: v.t.a

Question

Questions are formed by inverting the position of the Agent and the Object if its transitive, otherwise it remains the same with the Subject. The question word and particles does the rest to signify it is a question.

Yes or no question

A particle is placed before the part one desires to place emphesis on or behidn the verb if no emphesis is desired

Yes: Swom

No: Zy

General Question

General questions uses no particle and you simply uses the question word in their appropiate spot, no Fronting^[*]

Dictionary

See a verb list here

Open or Closed

Class	Open/Closed
Adjectives	Open
Nouns	Open
Pro-nouns	Closed
Postpositions	Open
Pro-Forms	Closed
Verbs	Open

Polarity

A common way to negate or inverse a words meaning is to change the polarity vowel within it to its opposite, though which vowel is the polarity vowel is individual to each word.

Short vowel		Long vowel
+ Positive	- Negative	+ Positive	- Negative
a	ii	aa	a
e	üü	ee	y
i	u	ii	uu
o	ë	oo	e
u	aa	uu	a
y	ëë	yy	ii
ü	i	üü	ee
ë	ö	ëë	u
ö	öö	öö	ë

Direction

Directions are divided on from whos perspective it is, first, second or third person.

Directions
	Person
	First	Second	Third
Right	Pjodwia	Amodwia	Migna
Left	Bjana	Bjuma	Bfignina
Up	[Term?]	[Term?]	[Term?]
Down	[Term?]	[Term?]	[Term?]
Forward	[Term?]	[Term?]	[Term?]
Backward	[Term?]	[Term?]	[Term?]

Verbs of motion

Motion
			By own means			By animal			By Machine	By Magic
			Slow	Medium	Fast	Slow	Medium	Fast	By Machine
Land	Travel	Toward	Ot (Walk toward)	(Jog toward)	(Run toward)	(Ride/Walk toward)	(Ride/Trott toward)	(Ride/Gallop toward)	Ëššw (Drive toward)
		Away From	Sitw (Walk away from)	(Jog away from)	(Run away from)	(Ride/Walk away from )	(Ride/Trott away from )	(Ride/Gallop away from )	(Drive away from)
		In	Mëǧ (Walk into)	(Jog into)	(Run into)	(Ride/Walk into)	(Ride/Trott into)	(Ride/Gallop into)	(Drive into )
		Out	(Walk out of)	(Jog out of)	(Run out of)	(Ride/Walk out of)	(Ride/Trott out of)	(Ride/Gallop out of)	(Drive out of )
		Across	(Walk across)	(Jog across)	(Run across)	(Ride/Walk across)	(Ride/Trott across)	(Ride/Gallop across)	(Drive across)
		Arrival	(Walk and arrive at)	(Jog and arrive at)	(Run and arrive at)	(Ride/Walk and arrive at)	(Ride/Trott and arrive at)	(Ride/Gallop and arrive at)	(Drive and arrive at)
		Multi Directional	(Walk around)	(Jog around)	(Run around)	(Ride/Walk around)	(Ride/Trott around)	(Ride/Gallop around)	(Drive around)
	Climb	Upward	(Climb upward)			(Climb upward while riding an animal)			(Climb upward while using a machine)
		Downward	(Climb down)			(Climb down while riding an animal)			(Climb down while using a machine)
		Along	(Climb along the side)			(Climb along the side while riding an animal)			(Climb along the side while using a machine)
Water	In water (Swim)	Toward	(Swim toward)	(Swim fast toward)		(Swim toward with an animal)	(Swim fast toward with an animal)		(Swim toward with an machine)
		Away from	(Swim away from)	(Swim fast away from)		(Swim away from with an animal)	(Swim fast away from with an animal)		(Swim away from with an machine)
		Upward	(Swim up)			(Swim up with an animal			(Swim up with an machine)
		Downward	(Dive)			(Dive with an animal)			(Dive with an machine)
	On water (Sail)	Toward	Ø
	On water (Sail)	Away from	Ø
	Float	Toward				(Float aimlessly)
	Float	Away from				(Float aimlessly)
Air		Fly
Air		Float

Kinship

Kinship
											Grandmother		Grandfather			Grandmother		Grandfather



Uncles Wife	Uncle	Uncles Wife	Uncle	Uncles Wife	Uncle	Aunts husband	Aunt	Aunts husband	Aunt	Aunts husband		Aunt		Kjymmösj (Father)	Kjynnösj (Mother)		Uncles Wife		Uncle	Uncles Wife	Uncle	Uncles Wife	Uncle	Aunts husband	Aunt	Aunts husband	Aunt	Aunts husband	Aunt



Male Cousin	Female Cousin	Male Cousin	Female Cousin	Male Cousin	Female Cousin	Male Cousin	Female Cousin	Male Cousin	Female Cousin	Male Cousin		Female Cousin					Male Cousin		Female Cousin	Male Cousin	Female Cousin	Male Cousin	Female Cousin	Male Cousin	Female Cousin	Male Cousin	Female Cousin	Male Cousin	Female Cousin


					Twin Sisters Husband	Twin Sister	Little Sisters Husband	Little Sister	Big Sisters Huband	Big Sister		Wife		Self			Husband		Big Brother	Big Brothers Wife	Little Brother	Little Brothers Wife	Twin Brother	Twin Brothers Wife



					Niece	Nephew	Niece	Nephew	Niece	Nephew		Son		Daughter	Son		Daughter		Niece	Nephew	Niece	Nephew	Niece	Nephew

Second Kinship
	SecondWife	Father		Mother		Second Husband



Half Brother	Half Sister	Big Sister Sister Twin Sister Little Sister	Self		Big Brother Brother Twin Brother Little Brother	Half Brother	Half Sister

Derivation

Umbrean

Contents

History

Fantasy History

Acctual history

Phonology

Consonants

Vowels

Pitch-Accent

Phonotactics

Verbs

Conjugation

Participle

Gerund

Supine

Modal Forms

Nominalization

Ditransitive Verbs

Nouns

Declension

Possession

Adjective

Declension

Predicate

Postposition

Inflection

Pro-Forms

Personal Pronouns

Conditional Sentence

Modality

Copula Usage

Question

Dictionary

Open or Closed

Polarity

Direction

Verbs of motion

Kinship

Derivation

Navigation menu

Umbrean

History

Fantasy History

Acctual history

Phonology

Consonants

Vowels

Pitch-Accent

Phonotactics

Verbs

Conjugation

Participle

Gerund

Supine

Modal Forms

Nominalization

Ditransitive Verbs

Nouns

Declension

Possession

Adjective

Declension

Predicate

Postposition

Inflection

Pro-Forms

Personal Pronouns

Conditional Sentence

Modality

Copula Usage

Question

Dictionary

Open or Closed

Polarity

Direction

Verbs of motion

Kinship

Derivation

Navigation menu

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