Ašča
Modern Attic (Ασκη γλασατι Ašča glasať /aʃtʃa glasac/ 'the Attic language' or Aščať 'the Attic one') is a Hellenic language aesthetically inspired by Slavic languages and Romani. It has been heavily influenced by Ilithian vernaculars.
It is spoken near the Black Sea in Verse:Unbegotten. It forms a continuum with Elicà which is spoken all over in Eastern Europe.
Todo
Ιατρέ, θεράπλευθι τσυχήσου Jatřè, ťheràpľuthi cičhàsu = Physician, heal thyself
Use a version of ruki (just "rui")
Homlia pi agapiať kie miesot. 'I speak of love and hate.'
Khierь! (2sg)/Khierieť! (2pl) = 'Hello!'
Jukharstia! = 'Thank you!'
Sioniamie = 'Sorry.'
Ar homlias in.../Ar homliať in... = 'Do you speak...'
Ukhomlia in atkat. = 'I don't speak Atkat.'
Agapawa sie. = 'I love you.'
Phonology (Φθογγολογια Phthongolodža)
Vowel reduction
Stress
Stress is free as in Modern Greek.
Intonation
Stolen from Russian
Morphology (Μορφολογια Morpholodža)
Different declensions from AG accent? -or < -òs, -0 < -os
Pronouns (Διαονυμε Žaonimie)
Personal (Προσαπκε διαονυμε Prosapče žaonimie)
| case | 1sg. | 2sg. | 3sg. | 1pl. | 2pl. | 3pl. | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| m. | f. | m. | f. | |||||
| nom. | γα ga | συ si | κειν čin | κείνη čìnia | ξαμ šam | ξατι šať | κείνοι čìny | κείναι čine |
| gen. | μου mu | σου su | κείνου čìnu | κείνηι čìnie | ξαμώ šamò | ξατιώ šaťò | κείνω čìno | κείνω čìno |
| acc. | με mie | σε sie | τουτ tut | τούτη tùtia | ξάμοτ šàmot | ξάτετ šaťet | τούτοι tùty | τούται tùte |
Nouns (Ουσιαστκοί Usiastký)
The definite suffixes come from a cliticized ἐκεῖνος 'that'.
Possessive suffixes are for the most part added directly to the noun. The resulting forms are implied to be definite.
- nom. sg.: μάχημου, μάχησου, μάχητου, μάχητει, μάχημω, μάχηξω, μάχητω màčhamu, màčhasu, màčhatu, màčhati, màčhamo, màčhašo, màčhato 'my war (nom), thy war (nom), ...'
- gen. sg.: màčhimu, màčhisu, etc.
- A -ρ -r on a stressed case ending is dropped, but turns to -σ -s before suffixes beginning with τ-. For example: ιατρόρ jatròr = a doctor; ιατρόμου jatròmu = my doctor; ιατρόστου jatròstu 'his doctor'.
Possession by nouns must be double-marked. The possessed noun must take the gender-appropriate possessive suffix. (This is a result of reanalysis of the older genitive definite article του, της, των between the noun and the possessor as a possessive affix.)
- ιατρόστου Ωάνιου jatròstu Waňu 'John's doctor'
- ιατρόστει Αγάθηι jatròsti Agàťhe 'Agatha's doctor'
- ιατρόστω αθλητώνω jatròsto athľatòno 'the athletes' doctor'
In case of third-from-last stress, the stress shifts to right before the possessive suffix when one is added:
- nom. sg.: ράλεγα ràľega 'throat' > ραλεγάμου raľegàmu 'my throat'
Feminine declension
| μάχη màčha - war | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | |||
| Indefinite | Definite | Indefinite | Definite | |
| Nominative | μάχη màčha | μάχηνι màčhaň | μάχηι màčhe | μάχηιν màčhen |
| Genitive | μάχει màčhi | μάχεινηι màčhiňe | μάχιω màčho | μάχιωνω màčhono |
| τσυχή cičhà - self | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | |||
| Indefinite | Definite | Indefinite | Definite | |
| Nominative | τσυχή cičhà | τσυχήνι cičhàň | τσυχηί cičhè | τσυχηίν cičhèn |
| Genitive | τσυχήρ cičhàr | τσυχήνηι cičhàňe | τσυχιώ cičhò | τσυχιώνω cičhòno |
| γλασα glasa - language | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | |||
| Indefinite | Definite | Indefinite | Definite | |
| Nominative | γλάσα glàsa | γλάσανι glàsaň | γλάσαι glàse | γλασαιν glàsen |
| Genitive | γλάσοι glàsy | γλάσοινηι glàsyňe | γλάσω glàso | γλάσωνω glàsono |
| πολιτεία poľtìja - state (polity) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | |||
| Indefinite | Definite | Indefinite | Definite | |
| Nominative | πολιτεία poľtìja | πολιτείανι poľtìjaň | πολιτείαι poľtìje | πολιτείαιν poľtìjen |
| Genitive | πολιτείοι poľtìji | πολιτείοινηι poľtìjiňe | πολιτείω poľtìjo | πολιτείωνω poľtìjono |
| τρυγα třiga - wing | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | |||
| Indefinite | Definite | Indefinite | Definite | |
| Nominative | τρυγα třìga | τρυγανι třìgaň | τρυγαι třìge | τρυγαιν třìgen |
| Genitive | τρυγοι třìgy | τρυγοινηι třìgyňe | τρυγω třìgo | τρυγωνω třìgono |
Masculine o-declension
Ancient Greek neuters have merged into the masculine gender and most of them take the masculine o-declension.
Masculines that come from AG unaccented -ος or -ον nouns have a zero-marked nominative indefinite:
| ώθραπ othrap - human | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | |||
| Indefinite | Definite | Indefinite | Definite | |
| Nominative | ώθραπ òthrap | ώθραπον òthrapon | ώθραποι òthrapy | ώθραποιν òthrapyn |
| Genitive | ωθράπου othràpu | ωθράπουνου othràpunu | ωθράπω othràpo | ωθράπωνω othràpono |
| Vocative | ώθραπε òthrapie | ώθραποι òthrapy | ||
| δαρ dar - gift | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | |||
| Indefinite | Definite | Indefinite | Definite | |
| Nominative | δαρ dar | δάρον dàron | δάροι dàry | δάροιν dàryn |
| Genitive | δάρου dàru | δάρουνου dàrunu | δάρω daro | δάρωνω dàrono |
| Vocative | δάρε dàře | δάροι dàry | ||
-ορ nouns come from Ancient Greek -ός (accented) nouns.
| ιατρόρ jatròr - doctor | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | |||
| Indefinite | Definite | Indefinite | Definite | |
| Nominative | ιατρόρ jatròr | ιατρόν jatròn | ιατροί jatrý | ιατροίν jatrýn |
| Genitive | ιατρού jatrù | ιατρούνου jatrùnu | ιατρώ jatrò | ιατρώνω jatròno |
| Vocative | ιατρέ jatřè | ιατροί jatrý | ||
Nouns in -ο come from AG second declension -όν:
| τσηνό cianò - bird | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | |||
| Indefinite | Definite | Indefinite | Definite | |
| Nominative | τσηνό cianò | τσηνόν cianòn | τσηνοί cianý | τσηνοίν cianýn |
| Genitive | τσηνού cianù | τσηνούνου cianùnu | τσηνώ cianò | τσηνώνω cianòno |
| Nominative | τσηνέ ciaňè | τσηνοί cianý | ||
Masculine consonant declension
| ωδρα odra - man | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | |||
| Indefinite | Definite | Indefinite | Definite | |
| Nominative | ώδρα òdra | ώδραν òdran | ώδορι òdoř | ώδρεν òdřen |
| Genitive | ώδορ òdor | ώδρονου òdronu | ώδρω òdro | ώδρωνω òdrono |
| Nominative | ώδρα òdra | ώδορι òdoř | ||
Adjectives (Επιθητοι Jepthiaty)
1st/2nd declension (-os/-ē)
| κοινόρ kynòr 'common' | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | |||
| Masculine | Feminine | Masculine | Feminine | |
| Nominative | κοινόρ kynòr | κοινή kynià | κοινοί kyný | κοινηί kyniè |
| Genitive | κοινού kynù | κοινήρ kyniàr | κοινώ kynò | κοινώ kynò |
| άγον àgon 'infertile' | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | |||
| Masculine | Feminine | Masculine | Feminine | |
| Nominative | àgon | àgonia | àgony | àgonie |
| Genitive | agònu | agòni | agòno | agòno |
-i adjectives
(adjectives from AG -ēs/-ēs/-es)
| αήθει ajàthi 'immoral' | ||
|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | |
| Common | Common | |
| Nominative | αήθει ajàthi | αήθει ajàthi |
| Genitive | αήθου ajàthu | αήθω ajàtho |
-iàr adjectives
(adjectives from AG -ḗs/-ḗs/-ès)
| ευγινήρ judžňàr 'polite' | ||
|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | |
| Common | Common | |
| Nominative | ευγινήρ judžňàr | ευγινείρ judžnìr |
| Genitive | ευγινού judžnù | ευγινώ judžnò |
Prepositions (Προθηισηι Proťhesie)
- na (gen.) = dative
- in (gen.) = in
- pro (acc.) = towards (a place)
Verbs (Ρήματοι Řàmaty)
Verbs have a 2x2x2 active, passive x present, past x indicative, subjunctive structure. They have two principal parts: the present stem and the past stem. Many verbs take the suffix -k- in the past active tense, but some verbs do not.
Negative prefix: ου- u- (before a consonant other than h); ουκ- uk- or uč- (otherwise)
- παιδεύει pežùji = 3sg teaches; ουπαιδεύει upežùji = 3sg does not teach
- αγαπάει agapàji = 3sg loves; ουκαγαπάει ukagapàji = 3sg does not love
- εισάγει isàdži = it imports; ουκειάγει učisàdži = it does not import
Weak vowel verbs
Weak vowel-stem verbs are the most regular classes of verbs and have several subclasses:
- -άναι -àne verbs (from -άειν contracting to -αν)
- -είναι -ìne verbs (from -έειν contracting to -ειν)
- -ùne verbs, with 2 subclasses:
- -εύναι -jùne verbs (from -εύειν)
- -ούναι -ùne verbs (from -όειν contracting to -ουν)
| voice | tense | ga | si | ot/otia | šam | šať | oty/ote |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| active | present indicative | pežùwa | pežùjir | pežùji | pežùm | pežùť | pežùš |
| present subjunctive | pežùjo | pežùjar | pežuja | pežujam | pežujať | pežujaš | |
| past indicative | pèžuka | pèžukar | pèžuč | pežùkam | pežùkať | pežùkaš | |
| past subjunctive | pežùkajo | pežùkajar | pežùkaja | pežùkajam | pežùkajať | pežùkajaš | |
| imperative | - | pèžuj! pežùthi! | - | - | pežùť! | - | |
| infinitive | pežùne | ||||||
| past infinitive | pežučène | ||||||
| participle | pežùwota, pežùra | ||||||
| passive | present indicative | pežùme | pežùre | pežùte | pežuwònta | pežùsť | pežùwote |
| present subjunctive | pežùwimo | pežùwiro | pežùwito | pežuwìntha | pežùwisť | pežuwìjoto | |
| past indicative | pèžuťha | pèžuťhast | pežùťhač | pežùťham | pežùťhať | pežùťhaš | |
| past subjunctive | pežùťhejo | pežùťhejast | pežùťheja | pežùťhejam | pežùťhejať | pežùťhejaš | |
| imperative | - | pežùre! | - | - | pežùsť! | - | |
| infinitive | pežùsthe | ||||||
| past infinitive | pežùťhane | ||||||
| participle | pežùmien, pežùmňa | ||||||
| voice | tense | ga | si | ot/otia | šam | šať | oty/ote |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| active | present indicative | agapawa | agapajir | agapaji | agapam | agapať | agapaš |
| present subjunctive | agapajo | agapajar | agapaja | agapajam | agapajať | agapajaš | |
| past indicative | agapiaka | agapiakast | agapiač | agapiakam | agapiakať | agapiakaš | |
| past subjunctive | agapiakajo | agapiakajast | agapiakaja | agapiakajam | agapiakajať | agapiakajaš | |
| imperative | - | agapaj! | - | - | agapať! | - | |
| infinitive | agapane | ||||||
| past infinitive | agapiačne | ||||||
| participle | agapawota, agapara | ||||||
| passive | present indicative | agapame | agapare | agapate | agapanta | agapasť | agapawote |
| present subjunctive | agapawime | agapawire | agapawite | agapawintha | agapawisť | agapawijote | |
| past indicative | agapieťha | agapieťhast | agapieťhač | agapieťham | agapieťhať | agapieťhaš | |
| past subjunctive | agapieťhejo | agapieťhejast | agapieťheja | agapieťhejam | agapieťhejať | agapieťhejaš | |
| imperative | - | agapare! | - | - | agapasť! | - | |
| infinitive | agapasthe | ||||||
| past infinitive | agapieťhane | ||||||
| participle | agapamien, agapamnia | ||||||
Weak consonant verbs
ξευρσκειναι šurščine 'to find'
- Pres. act. ind.: ξευρσκα, ξευρσκειρ, ξευρσκει, ξευρσκομ, ξευρσκετι, ξευρσκουξ šurška, šurščir, šuršči, šurškom, šurščeť, šurškuš
- Pres. act. subj.: ξευρσκιω, ξευρσκηρ, ξευρσκη, ξευρσκημ, ξευρσκητι, ξευρσκηξ šurščo, šurščar, šuršča, šurščam, šurščať, šurščaš
- Past act.: ξευρηκα, ξευρηκαστ, ξευρηικι, ξευρηκαμ, ξευρηκατι, ξευρηκαξ šuřaka, šuřakast, šuřeč, šuřakam, šuřakať, šuřakaš
- Past act. subj.: ξευρηκαϊω, ξευρηκαϊηστ, ξευρηκαϊη... šuřakajo, šuřakajast, šuřakaja, šuřakajam, šuřakajať, šuřakajaš
- Pres. pass. ind.: ξευρσκμαι, ξευρσκεραι, ξευρσκεται, ξευρσκονθα, ξευρσκεστι, ξευρσκωται šurškme, šurščere, šurščete, šurškontha, šurščesť, šurškote
- Pres. pass. subj.: ξευρσκοιμαι, ξευρσκοιραι, ξευρσκοιται, ξευρσκοινθα, ξευρσκοιστι, ξευρσκοιωται šurškyme, šurškyre, šurškyte, šurškyntha, šurškysť, šurškyjote
- Past pass. ind.: šuriaťho, šuriaťhast, šuriaťhač, šuriaťham, šuriaťhať, šuriaťhaš
- Past pass. subj.: šuriaťhajo, šuriaťhajast, šuriaťhaja, šuriaťhajam, šuriaťhajať, šuriaťhajaš
- Active participle: šurškota, šurškura (m/f)
- Passive participle: šurškomien, šurškomňa (m/f)
Strong verbs
Irregular verbs
είναι ine 'to be'
- Infinitive: είναι ine
- Present: ειμ, ειρ, εστι, σμε, στε, ειξ im, ir, jesť, smie, sťe, iš
- Negative forms: ούκειμ, ούκειρ, ούξτι, ουξμέ, ουξτέ, ούκειξ ùčim, ùčir, ùšť, ušmiè, ušťè, ùčiš
- Subjunctive: είω, είηρ, είη, είημ, είητι, είηξ ìjo, ìjar, ìja, ìjam, ìjať, ìjaš
- Past: ήκα, ήκαστ, ηκι, ήκαμ, ήκατι, ήκαξ jàka, jàkast, jač, jàkam, jàkať, jàkaš
- Participle: είωτα, είουρα ìjota, ìjura
Numerals (Αριθμοί Ařthmý)
- 1, ..., 10: šir/mňa/šen, žo, třir/třìja, ťèsier, pièťe, šeš, šèpta, òkta, jèňa, ďèka
- 11, ..., 19: šèdka, žòdka, třìdka, ťèsradka, piètadka, šèšadka, šèptadka, òktadka, jèňadka, ìkoř
- 21, ..., 29: ìkoř šen, ìkoř žo, ìkoř třìja, ... ìkoř jèňa
- 30, ..., 100: třàta, saròta, pieňèta, šešèta, šemièta, oktòta, jeňèta, šekatò
Syntax (Siotachia)
'To have'
- Jest na mu mial.
- be.3SG.PRES to/for 1SG.GEN apple
- I have an apple.
Conjunctions
- jo = if