User:Chrysophylax/Phonology
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Phonology
Vowels
Vocalisation of laryngeals
- ASSUME GREEK TRIPLE REFLEX
- Exceptions: -h₃w-, -gH- → -gw-, -gʰ-.
Short vowels
- The short vowel system inherited from Late Indo-European remained surprisingly stable with only a raising of IE *o to u and a diphthongisation of IE *e in some phonological contexts.
- IE *a was preserved as a
- IE *o was preserved as o except R_Cʷ where it was raised to u.
- bori ‘hill’ < IE *gʷor̥
- nyps ‘night’ < EPH *núpts < IE *nókʷts
- IE *e was preserved initially as e.
- thémmi ‘I say’ < IE *ḱéh₁mi
- EPH *e would later diphthongise into je between a resonant and a consonant.
- khirjéthōi ‘harder’ < LPH *χĭrjéθōi < EPH *χrétʲōi < IE *kret-yō-s
- IE *i yields i except after a labial and before a consonant where it becomes e.
- limpimos ‘we allow’ < EPH *linpimós < IE *linkʷm̥ós
- pes ‘who’ < IE *kʷis
- IE *u was preserved as u
Long vowels
- The IE long vowels are well preserved, if not always in the original form.
- IE *ā → ā
- IE *ē → ē
- IE *ī → EPH *ī → i
- IE *ō → ō
- IE *ū → EPH *u̯i → y
Diphthongs
- The IE system of diphthongs was fully preserved in the earliest stages of the language but would later be much simplified.
- IE *ai → ai
- IE *oi → ai
- IE *ei → ei
- IE *au → au
- IE *ou → au
- IE *eu → ū~eu
- IE *Vi̯ (where V is a long vowel) → V
Sonorants
- Both nasal *ṃ *ṇ become EPH *a.
- áphros ‘storm cloud’ < EPH aphrós < PIE *n̥bʰrós
- káton ‘a hundred’ < EPH katóm < PIE *ḱm̥tóm
- Syllabic liquid sonorants have multiple reflexes.
- *ri appears before *s *ʃ *tʲ
- *ir appears before all other consonants.
- *al appears before other sonorants.
- *la before all other stops.
- Asyllabic sonorants remain largely unchanged
- *y → EPA *j but *i̯- → *dj-
- drū́j ‘to the tree’ < EPA dreuej < *dr-éw-ey dat. sg. of *dóru
- thōránā ‘season’ < EPA djōranā́ < IE yōr-mṇ-ā̬́
- *y → EPA *j but *i̯- → *dj-
- Both nasal *ṃ *ṇ become EPH *a.