Verse:Lõis/Qivattutannguaq
Names
- ___ Råmånujan, mathematician
Phonology
Qivattutannguaq has a rather small phonology.
Vowels: i u a ii uu ee aa ai au iu ui
Consonants: p v t d s z k g h m n ng l r j w /p v t ð~d s z k ɣ~g χ m n ŋ l (uvular R) j w/
Voiceless stops are unaspirated.
i u are pronounced [e~ɛ o~ɔ] before q: ingníq [ɪ̀ŋnéχ] 'fire'; quunúq [huːnóχ] 'son'; wiqúq [wèχóχ] 'poison'.
Diachronics
o > u
RC > aRC
l before voiceless consonants = /ɬ/
nt nd > nt, ndʰ > nn
Pronouns
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Nominative | jaa | angmii |
Genitive | mini | angmaqun |
Dative | mai | angmavuq |
Accusative | mi | angmi |
Ablative | minit, miit | angmavuq |
Locative | minit, miit | angmavi |
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Nominative | tuu | juu |
Genitive | tivi | jungmaqun |
Dative | tai | jungmavuq |
Accusative | ti | jungmi |
Ablative | tivit, tiit | jungmavuq |
Locative | tivit, tiit | jungmavi |
(Number-neutral) | |
---|---|
Nominative | - |
Genitive | qivi |
Dative | qai |
Accusative | qi |
Ablative | qivit, qiit |
Locative | qivit, qiit |
Ancient Hivatish had no true 3rd person pronouns. Demonstrstives were used instead.
- siqu, siqaa, situt = this
- qu, qaa, tut = that
- ju, jaa, jut = which (relative pronoun)
- kiq? kia? kit? = who? what?
Nouns
Functions of the cases
Qivattutannguaq has 6 or 7 cases depending on register.
- The nominative is used for subjects and predicate objects. In Prisinitutannguaq, it is also used for direct objects, and the -q and -n endings are dropped.
- Dative objects and benefactives use the dative. It is also used for "have", as in Latin.
- The genitive is used for attributive possession and "belongs to" possession. Genitives come before nouns.
- The direct object of an affirmative verb takes the accusative, and the direct object of a negated verb takes the ablative:
- Suwaa walkum iwiti. = The dog saw a wolf.
- Suwaa walkiat nēm iwiti. = The dog did not see a wolf.
- Static locations take the locative. A preposition such as in or at can be used but is not necessary.
- Destinations for prepositions indicating destination like in 'into', at 'at' or ipi 'onto' take the accusative.
- "from a location" generally just takes the ablative, but some contexts require the preposition ut. (such as from a place that is city-sized or larger: ut vukaat 'from the city', but taamut 'from the house')
- For 'with' (instrumental) su + ablative is used. 'With' (comitative) requires the preposition san + ablative.
- Agents of passive verbs use the ablative.
Thematic
o-stem masculine
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Nominative | válkur | válkår |
Genitive | válkå | válkuų |
Dative | válkæ | válkavur |
Accusative | válkų | válkūr |
Ablative | válkiat | válkavur |
Locative | válkiat | válkavi |
Vocative | válki! | válkår! |
o-stem neuter
Qunngartutannguáq declension
|
Prisinitutannguáq declension
|
eh2-stems
Qunngartutannguáq declension
|
Prisinitutannguáq declension
|
u-stems
Masculine and feminine u-stems decline as follows:
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Nominative | quunúq | quunúwiq |
Genitive | quuníuq | quunúun |
Dative | quuníwi | quunúvuq |
Accusative | quunún | quunúuq |
Ablative | quunút | quunúvuq |
Locative | quunút | quunúvi |
Vocative | quunú! | quunúwiq! |
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Nominative | iglú | iglúa |
Genitive | iglíuq | iglúun |
Dative | iglíwi | iglúvuq |
Accusative | iglú | iglúa |
Ablative | iglút | iglúvuq |
Locative | iglút | iglúvi |
Vocative | iglú! | iglúa! |
i-stems
Masculine and feminine i-stems:
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Nominative | ingníq | ingníiq |
Genitive | ingníiq | ingnúun |
Dative | ingníi | ingnívuq |
Accusative | ingnín | ingníiq |
Ablative | ingnít | ingnívuq |
Locative | ingnít | ingnívi |
Vocative | ingní! | ingníiq! |
Also: teeppútiq 'master'.
Neuter i-stems:
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Nominative | anurí | anuría |
Genitive | anuríiq | anurúun |
Dative | anuríi | anurívuq |
Accusative | anurí | anuría |
Ablative | anurít | anurívuq |
Locative | anurít | anurívi |
Vocative | anurí! | anuría! |
h2-stems and thematized athematics
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Nominative | imáq | imáaq |
Genitive | imiáq | imúun |
Dative | imái | imávuq |
Accusative | imán | imáaq |
Ablative | imát | imávuq |
Locative | imát | imávi |
Vocative | imá! | imáaq! |
Nouns with a vowel before the -aq decline as follows:
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Nominative | tannguáq | tannguáaq |
Genitive | tanngujáq | tannguwúun |
Dative | tannguái | tannguávuq |
Accusative | tannguán | tannguáaq |
Ablative | tannguát | tannguávuq |
Locative | tannguát | tannguávi |
Vocative | tannguá! | tannguáaq! |
n-stems
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Nominative | zamaa | zamuniq |
Genitive | zamuuq | zamunuun |
Dative | zamunii | zamunavuq |
Accusative | zamunan | zamunaaq |
Ablative | zamunit | zamunavuq |
Locative | zamunit | zamunavi |
Vocative | zamuni! | zamuniq! |
-mn-nouns
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Nominative | numan | numanaa |
Genitive | numaaq | numanuun |
Dative | numanii | numanavuq |
Accusative | numan | numanaa |
Ablative | numanit | numanavuq |
Locative | numanit | numanavi |
Vocative | numan! | numanaa! |
Also: wírman 'time', wíngman 'clothes'
Athematic
Example nouns: qaullaq = sun; apalaq = apple
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Nominative | reezaq | reeziq |
Genitive | reeziaq | reezuun |
Dative | reezii | reezavuq |
Accusative | reezan | reezaaq |
Ablative | reezit | reezavuq |
Locative | reezit | reezavi |
Vocative | rees! | reeziq! |
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Nominative | iqalugaq | iqalugiq |
Genitive | iqalugiaq | iqaluguun |
Dative | iqalugii | iqalugavuq |
Accusative | iqalugan | iqalugaaq |
Ablative | iqalugit | iqalugavuq |
Locative | iqalugit | iqalugavi |
Vocative | iqaluk! | iqalugiq! |
Wútar 'water' is still a heteroclitic in Qunng. (cf. Ancient Greek ὕδωρ, ὕδατος). In Pris. the form wútraa (declined as a feminine -aa noun) is preferred; this survives as õdra in the modern language.
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Nominative | wútar | wútanaa |
Genitive | wútaniaq | wútanuun |
Dative | wútanii | wútanavuq |
Accusative | wútar | wútanaa |
Ablative | wútanit | wútanavuq |
Locative | wútanit | wútanavi |
Vocative | wútar! | wútanaa! |
náawuq (f.) 'boat, ship' is irregular:
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Nominative | náawuq | náawiq |
Genitive | naawíuq | náawuun |
Dative | naawí | náawuvuq |
Accusative | náawun | náawuuq |
Ablative | náawit | náawuvuq |
Locative | náawit | náawuvi |
Vocative | náawu! | náawiq! |
pateer-class
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Nominative | pateer | patiriq |
Genitive | patriaq | patiruun |
Dative | patrii | patiravuq |
Accusative | patran | patiraaq |
Ablative | patrit | patiravuq |
Locative | patrit | patiravi |
Vocative | patir! | patiriq! |
Declined similarly: maateer, vraateer, whiqeer, dukateer, Tippateer = father, mother, brother, sister, daughter, (Hivatish sky god)
Adjectives
Adjectives fall into three main declensions: -uq adjectives (~ Latin 1st declension adjectives), -iq adjectives (~ Latin 3rd declension adjectives), and -aq adjectives (containing verb participles).
-uq adjectives
qinuq 'old'
- nom: qinuq, qinaa, qinun, pl. qinaaq, qinaaq, qinaa
- gen: qinaa, qinaaq, qinaaq, pl. qinuun
- dat: qinai, pl. qinavuq, qinaavuq, qinavuq
- acc: qinun, qinaan, qinun, pl. qinuuq, qinaaq, qinaa
- abl: qiniat, qinaat, qiniat, pl. qinavuq, qinaavuq, qinavuq
- loc: qiniat, qinaat, qiniat, pl. qinavi, qinaavi, qinavi
- voc: qini, qinaa, qini, pl. qinaaq, qinaaq, qinaa
-iq adjectives
iqusiniq 'noble'
- nom. iqusiniq, iqusiniq, iqusini; pl. iqusiniiq, iqusiniiq, iqusinia
-aq adjectives
nom. -aq, -aq, -an; pl. -aaq, -aaq, -aa
Prepositions
- su = w/ abl.: with (instrumental)
- san = w/ abl.: with (comitative)
- viz = w/ gen.: without
- in
- w/ acc.: into
- w/ loc.: inside
- at
- w/ acc.: towards; at
- w/ loc.: at, by
- attir
- w/ loc.: between,
- w/ acc.: against
- ut = w/ abl.: out of
- ipi
- w/ acc.: onto
- w/ loc.: on
- tira
- w/ acc: (moving) through, beyond
- w/ loc: beyond
Verbs
Qivattutannguaq verbs have only three tenses: present, past, and optative.
Athematic
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
1 | tituan | titumaq |
2 | tituaq | tituti |
3 | tituat | tituut |
e/o-thematic
These verbs often take the past form from PIE root aorists.
Some verbs in this class:
- vilsit, ivalsi = shines
- vinnit, ivanni = binds
- siuqit, isuqi = tries
Present | ||
---|---|---|
Person | Active | Passive |
1SG | vinnaa | vinnaar |
2SG | vinniq | vinnitar |
3SG | vinnit | vinnitur |
1PL | vinnumaq | vinnumaqti |
2PL | vinniti | vinnitau, vinnitaqti |
3PL | vinnuut | vinnuttur |
Past | ||
Person | Active | Passive |
1SG | ivanna | ivannar |
2SG | ivanta | ivantar |
3SG | ivanni | ivannur |
1PL | ivannami | ivannamaqti |
2PL | ivannati | ivannatau, ivannataqti |
3PL | ivanneer | ivanneerur |
Optative | ||
Person | Active | Passive |
1SG | vinnain | vinnajaar |
2SG | vinnaiq | vinnaitar |
3SG | vinnait | vinnaitur |
1PL | vinnaimaq | vinnaimaqti |
2PL | vinnaiti | vinnaitau, vinnaitaqti |
3PL | vinnajuut | vinnajuttur |
Imperative | ||
Person | Active | Passive |
2SG | vinni! | vinniqi! |
3SG | vinnitaa! | vinnitaar! |
2PL | vinniti! | vinnitau! |
3PL | vinnuttaa! | vinnuttaar! |
Participles | ||
Tense | Active | Passive |
Present | vinnattaq | vinnumuq |
Past | vannawuq | vannuq |
Nasal infix present verbs
-eh2- verbs
teepputijaat = he rules
- present: teepputijaa, tepputijaaq, teepputijaat, teepputijaamaq, teepputijaati, teepputijaat
- past: iteepputijaaqa, iteepputijaaqta, iteepputijaaqi, iteepputijaangmi, iteepputijaaqti, iteepputijaaqeer
-éye- verbs
taiséet (*doyḱ-éye-ti) = he locates, he pinpoints
- present: taisíjaa, taiséeq, taiséet, taiséemaq, taiséeti, taisíjuut
- past: itaiséeqa, itaiséeqta, itaiséeqi, itaiséengmi, itaiséeqti, itaiséeqeer
Copula
- present: ingmi, eeq, eet, ingmaq, iqti, iquut
- past: iqqa, iqta, iqqi, iqami, iqati, iqqeer
Numerals
- zero: nuillur (m.), nuillaa (f.), nuillų (n.)
- I: áinur (m.), áinaa (f.), áinų (n.); ordinal pramúr
- II: tuwái (inanimate), tuwáa (animate); ordinal ántirur
- III: tríir (animate), tría (inanimate); ordinal tirtúr
- IIII: kituárir (animate), kituára (inanimate); ordinal kituartúr
- Λ. pínkir; ordinal píktur
- ΛΙ: wiír; ordinal wíhtur
- ΛΙΙ: híptą; ordinal híptammur
- ΛΙΙΙ: ustáa; ordinal ústaawur
- ΛIIII: níwą; ordinal níwammur
- Χ: tísą; ordinal tísammur
- XI: ainumpirsą
- XII: tuumpirsą
- XIII: triipirsą
- XIIII: kituarpirsą
- XΛ: pikkipirsą
- XΛI: wiipirsą
- XΛII: qiptapirsą
- XΛIII: ustaapirsą
- XΛIIII: niwapirsą
- XX: tuihtisaą
- XXI: ainumpirtuihtisą
- XXII: tuumpirtuihtisą
- ...
- XXX: tirtisą
- XXXX: kituartisą
- D: pinkitisą
- DX: wiitisą
- DXX: qiptantisą
- DXXX: ustantisą
- DXXXX: niwantisą
- O: santų
- Q: pinkisantų
- M: tuxantų
- Ī (10000): zillių
- Ī̄ (1,0000,0000): tuxillių
Numerals percede nouns. Numbers above 1 take the genitive (partitive) singular.
Declension
ainuq declines as a singular -uq adjective. pikkiq and wiïq decline like -iq adjectives, and qiptun, astaa, nivun and tisun decline like neuter nouns.
tuwai
- nom./acc./voc. tuwaa (animate), tuwai (inanimate)
- gen. tuwuun, tuun
- dat./abl. tuwaavuq (animate), tuwaivuq (inanimate)
- loc. tuwaavi (animate), tuwaivi (inanimate)
tria
- nom./acc./voc. triiq (animate), tria (inanimate)
- gen. trijuun
- dat./abl. triivuq
- loc. triivi
kituara
- nom./voc. kituariq (animate), kituara (inanimate)
- acc. kituaraaq (animate), kituara (inanimate)
- gen. kituaruun
- dat./abl. kituaravuq
- loc. kituaravi
Derivation
- -isúr = forms adjectives (< -ik'os)
- Verb prefixes: in-, at-, attir-, pi-, su-, san-, ik(s)-, pir-, hupir-, huu-, ...
- Ex. from wiutit 'he sees': ikwiitit 'he identifies, he susses out', atwiitit 'he sees to it that', piwiitit 'he sees fit'; attirwiitit 'he agrees'; suwiitit 'he witnesses'
- -inur = agent
- -nir (from *-nih2) = feminine agent
- reezinir = queen, from reezar king
- -allún (from *-tlóm) = instrument
Syntax
todo: change to VSO / TopicVSO
Qunngartutannguaq word order is SOV by default but can be changed due to emphasis. On the other hand, Prisinitutannguaq is consistently SVO.
- PIE: gʷih₃wós pisḱós wédni n̥h₂sḱéti.
- Qunng: Kīwóh piksóh wótanit naksít.
- Pris: Kiiwỏ piksỏ naksỉt (w)ỏtraat.
- Modern: Kiu piks näksed hõv õdrad.
- The living fish swims in the water.
Adjectives and genitives precede nouns, and relative clauses follow nouns.
Sample texts
Schleicher's Fable
Awir iswårki
Awir, juhmai walinå nēm issi, iwiti iswūr, ainų garų waznų tinngantą, ainunki mizalų kråmą, ainunki zamuną asu virantą. Awir nū iswavur iwaki: "Sartar anngitur mai, witantī zamuną iswūr azantą." Iswår nū awī iwakēr: "Asauhē, awi, sartar anngitur angmai witantavur citut: Zamū, tēmputir, ut awijūm walinåt karnit hai girmų wingmą. Awī nū walinå nēm eht." Awir nū citut slauhåwur į plānų ivuki.