Modern Phrygian (Native: βρουζ̌ικιά /vɾuʒiˈɟa/) is modern variety of the Phrygian language.
Introduction
Etymology
Phonology
Orthography
Greek orthography
Alphabet
| Letter |
Name |
IPA
|
| Α α |
άλφα |
[ˈalfa]
|
| Β β |
βέτα |
[ˈved̥a]
|
| Γ γ |
γάμμα |
[ˈɣama]
|
| Δ δ |
δέλτα |
[ˈðelda]
|
| Ε ε |
ε |
[e]
|
| Ζ ζ |
ζέτα |
[ˈzed̥a]
|
| Ζ̌ ζ̌ |
ζ̌έτα |
[ˈʒed̥a]
|
| Η η |
έτα |
[ˈed̥a]
|
| Θ θ |
θέτα |
[ˈθed̥a]
|
| Ι ι |
γιώτα |
[ˈʝod̥a]
|
|
| Letter |
Name |
IPA
|
| Κ κ |
κάππα |
[ˈkapa]
|
| Λ λ |
λάμπδα |
[ˈlambða]
|
| Μ μ |
μου |
[mu]
|
| Ν ν |
νου |
[nu]
|
| Ξ ξ |
ξι |
[ksi]
|
| Ξ̌ ξ̌ |
ξ̌ι |
[kʃi]
|
| Ο ο |
ο |
[o]
|
| Π π |
πι |
[pi]
|
| Ρ ρ |
ρο |
[ro]
|
|
| Letter |
Name |
IPA
|
| Σ σ ς |
σίμα |
[ˈsima]
|
| Σ̌ σ̌ ς̌ |
σ̌ίμα |
[ˈʃima]
|
| Τ τ |
ταύ |
[taf]
|
| Υ υ |
ου |
[u]
|
| Φ φ |
φι |
[fi]
|
| Χ χ |
χι |
[çi]
|
| Ψ ψ |
ψι |
[psi]
|
| Ψ̌ ψ̌ |
ψ̌ι |
[ʔʃi]
|
| Ω ω |
ωμέκα |
[oˈmeɡ̊a]
|
|
Consonants
Consonants
| Letter
|
Context
|
IPA
|
Examples
|
Remarks
|
| β
|
everywhere
|
[v]
|
|
|
| γ
|
before front vowels ([e] or [i]).
|
[ʝ]
|
|
|
| before velar consonants ([ɡ] or [x])
|
[ŋ]
|
|
This occurs when the following consonant is ⟨ξ⟩, ⟨ξ̌⟩, or non-palatalized ⟨κ⟩ or ⟨χ⟩.
|
| before palatal consonants ([ɟ] or [ç])
|
[ɲ]
|
|
This occurs when the following consonant is palatalized ⟨κ⟩ or ⟨χ⟩.
|
| everywhere else
|
[ɣ]
|
|
|
| γγ
|
before front vowel
|
[ɲ]
|
|
|
| elsewhere
|
[ŋ]
|
|
|
| γι
|
before vowels
|
[ʝ]
|
|
|
| γγι
|
before vowels
|
[ɲ]
|
|
|
| δ
|
everywhere
|
[ð]
|
|
| ει
|
after a consonant and before a vowel
|
[ʝ]
|
|
|
| ζ
|
everywhere
|
[z]
|
|
|
| ζ̌
|
everywhere
|
[ʒ]
|
|
|
| η
|
after a consonant and before a vowel
|
[ʝ]
|
|
|
| θ
|
everywhere
|
[θ]
|
|
|
| ι
|
as a semivowel
|
[ʝ]
|
|
This occurs when ⟨ι⟩ is preceded by a consonant other than ⟨γ⟩, ⟨κ⟩, ⟨χ⟩, ⟨λ⟩, or ⟨ν⟩ and followed by a vowel.
|
| κ
|
after vowel or liquid and before front vowel ([e] or [i]).
|
[ɟ̊]
|
|
|
| after vowel or liquid otherwise
|
[ɡ̊]
|
|
|
| after nasal before front vowel
|
[ɟ]
|
|
|
| after nasal otherwise
|
[ɡ]
|
|
|
| everywhere else before front vowel
|
[c]
|
|
|
| otherwise
|
[k]
|
|
|
| κκ
|
before front vowel
|
[c]
|
|
|
| otherwise
|
[k]
|
|
|
| κι
|
after vowel or liquid and before a vowel
|
[ɟ̊]
|
|
|
| after nasal before a vowel
|
[ɟ]
|
|
|
| otherwise before a vowel
|
[c]
|
|
|
| κκι
|
before a vowel
|
[c]
|
|
|
| κζ
|
everywhere
|
[ɡz]
|
|
|
| κζ̌
|
everywhere
|
[ɡʒ]
|
|
|
| λ(λ)
|
everywhere
|
[l]
|
|
|
| λ(λ)ι
|
before a vowel
|
[ʎ]
|
|
|
| μ(μ)
|
everywhere
|
[m]
|
|
|
| ν
|
non-final
|
[n]
|
|
|
| final
|
[-̃, ɰ̃]
|
|
Nasalizes the preceding vowel.
|
| νν
|
everywhere
|
[n]
|
|
|
| ν(ν)ι
|
before a vowel
|
[ɲ]
|
|
|
| ξ
|
everywhere
|
[ks]
|
|
|
| ξ̌
|
everywhere
|
[kʃ]
|
|
|
| οι
|
after a consonant and before a vowel
|
[ʝ]
|
|
|
| ου
|
after a consonant or word-initial and before a vowel
|
[w]
|
|
|
| π
|
after vowel or liquid
|
[b̥]
|
|
|
| after nasal
|
[b]
|
|
|
|
| otherwise
|
[p]
|
|
|
| ππ
|
everywhere
|
[p]
|
|
|
| πζ
|
everywhere
|
[bz]
|
|
|
| πζ̌
|
everywhere
|
[bʒ]
|
|
|
| ρ(ρ)
|
[r ~ ɾ]
|
|
In free variation.
|
| σ(σ)
|
[s]
|
|
|
| τ
|
after vowel or liquid
|
[d̥]
|
|
|
| after nasal
|
[d]
|
|
|
|
| otherwise
|
[t]
|
|
|
| ττ
|
everywhere
|
[t]
|
|
|
| τσ
|
everywhere
|
[ts]
|
|
|
| τσ̌
|
everywhere
|
[tʃ]
|
|
|
| τζ
|
everywhere
|
[dz]
|
|
|
| τζ̌
|
everywhere
|
[dʒ]
|
|
|
| υ
|
after a consonant and before a vowel
|
[ʝ]
|
|
|
| after ⟨α⟩ or ⟨ε⟩ and before a nasal consonant
|
[m]
|
|
|
| after ⟨α⟩ or ⟨ε⟩ and word-final or before a voiceless consonant
|
[f]
|
|
|
| after ⟨α⟩ or ⟨ε⟩ otherwise
|
[v]
|
|
|
| φ
|
everywhere
|
[t]
|
|
|
| χ
|
before front vowel
|
[ç]
|
|
|
| otherwise
|
[x]
|
|
|
| χι
|
before vowel
|
[ç]
|
|
|
| ψ
|
everywhere
|
[ps]
|
|
|
| ψ̌
|
everywhere
|
[pʃ]
|
|
|
Vowels
Monophthong Vowels
| Letter
|
IPA
|
Examples |
Remarks
|
| α
|
[a]
|
|
Actually closer to [ä].
|
| ε
|
[e]
|
|
Actually closer to [e̞].
|
| αι
|
|
| ι
|
[i]
|
|
|
| η
|
|
|
| υ
|
|
|
| ει
|
|
|
| οι
|
|
|
| υι
|
|
|
| ο
|
[o]
|
|
Actually closer to [o̞].
|
| ω
|
|
| ου
|
[u]
|
|
|
Consonants
Vowels
Prosody
Intonation
Phonotactics
Morphophonology
Morphology
Syntax
Constituent order
Noun phrase
Verb phrase
Sentence phrase
Dependent clauses
Example texts
Other resources
Notes