Twench (Native: Poewleis /puvˈlɛɪs/) is a Gallo-Romance language.
Introduction
Etymology
The endonym Poewleis is derived from poewel (< Latin populus), meaning "common folk".
The English name Twench is ultimately derived from Tuihanti, a Germanic tribe.
Phonology
Orthography
Consonants
| spelling |
IPA |
Remarks
|
| normally |
final
|
| b
|
/b/ |
/p/ |
|
| ch
|
/x/ |
|
| d
|
/d/ |
/t/ |
|
| f
|
/f/ |
|
| g
|
/ɡ/ |
/k/ |
|
| gh
|
/ɣ/ |
/x/ |
May instead be pronounced /ʝ/ or /x/ depending on dialect.
|
| h
|
/ɦ/ |
— |
May be pronounced /h/ depending on dialect.
|
| j
|
/j/ |
— |
|
| k
|
/k/ |
Written ⟨ck⟩ when doubled.
|
| l
|
/l/ |
Pronounced dark/velarized ([ɫ]) word-finally and before consonants.
|
| m
|
/m/ |
|
| n
|
/n/ |
Assimilates place of articulation with following consonant.
|
| ng
|
/ŋ/ |
|
| p
|
/p/ |
|
| q
|
/k/ |
In loanwords
|
| qu
|
/kv/ |
— |
In loanwords
|
| r
|
/r/ |
|
| s
|
/s/ |
|
| sj
|
/ʃ/ |
In loanwords
|
| t
|
/t/ |
|
| th
|
/t/ |
— |
Mostly in loanwords, or dialectal for /θ/.
|
| v
|
/f/ |
— |
|
| w
|
/v/ |
/f/ |
|
| x
|
/ks/ |
In loanwords
|
| z
|
/z/ |
— |
|
| zj
|
/ʒ/ |
— |
In loanwords
|
|
Vowels and diphthongs
| spelling |
IPA
|
| checked |
free
|
| a
|
/ɑ/ |
/a(ː)/
|
| aa
|
/a(ː)/ |
—
|
| aai
|
/aːi̯/
|
| ai
|
/ɑi̯/
|
| au
|
/ɔu̯/
|
| e
|
/ɛ/, /ə/[1] |
/e(ː)/, /ə/[1]
|
| ee
|
/e(ː)/
|
| eeu
|
/eːu̯/
|
| ei
|
/ɛi̯/
|
| eu
|
/ø(ː)/
|
| i, y
|
/ɪ/, /ə/[1] |
/i(ː)/
|
| ie
|
/i(ː)/
|
| ieu
|
/iu̯/
|
| ij
|
/i(ː)/
|
| o
|
/ɔ/ |
/o(ː)/
|
| oe
|
/u(ː)/
|
| oei
|
/ui̯/
|
| oi
|
/ɔi̯/
|
| oo
|
/o(ː)/ |
—
|
| ooi
|
/oːi̯/
|
| ou
|
/u(ː)/
|
| u
|
/ʏ/ |
/y(ː)/
|
| ui
|
/œy̯/
|
| uu
|
/y(ː)/ |
—
|
|
Alphabet
| Letter |
Name |
IPA
|
| A a |
a |
[aː]
|
| B b |
be |
[beː]
|
| C c |
ce |
[seː]
|
| D d |
de |
[deː]
|
| E e |
e |
[eː]
|
| F f |
ef |
[ɛf]
|
| G g |
ge |
[ɡeː]
|
| H h |
ha |
[ɦaː]
|
| I i |
i |
[iː]
|
|
| Letter |
Name |
IPA
|
| J j |
je |
[jeː]
|
| K k |
ka |
[kaː]
|
| L l |
el |
[ɛɫ]
|
| M m |
em |
[ɛm]
|
| N n |
en |
[ɛn]
|
| O o |
o |
[oː]
|
| P p |
pe |
[peː]
|
| Q q |
ku |
[kyː]
|
| R r |
er |
[ɛɾ]
|
|
| Letter |
Name |
IPA
|
| S s |
es |
[ɛs]
|
| T t |
te |
[teː]
|
| U u |
u |
[yː]
|
| V v |
ve |
[feː]
|
| W w |
we |
[veː]
|
| X x |
iks |
[ɪks]
|
| Y y |
Griekeise i |
[gɾiːˈkɛɪsə iː]
|
| (IJ ij) |
longe i |
[ˈlɔŋə iː]
|
| Z z |
zet |
[zɛt]
|
|
Consonants
Vowels
Prosody
Stress
Intonation
Phonotactics
Morphophonology
Morphology
Nouns
Nouns are not declined for case.
There in no grammatical gender besides natural gender (similar to English).
Plural is usually formed in -(e)s.
Articles
Precede the noun they modify.
- Definite article: le
- Indefinite article: un
Pronouns
| Person/ Number |
Subject |
Object |
Possessive
|
| Full |
Reduced |
Full |
Reduced |
Full |
Reduced |
Pronoun
|
| 1S
|
jou |
je |
mei |
me |
mij(n) |
me(n) |
miene
|
| 2S
|
wous |
wes |
wous |
wes |
wos |
wes |
wosse
|
| 2S (arch.)
|
tu |
te |
tei |
te |
tij(n) |
te(n) |
tiene
|
| 3SM
|
el |
el |
lui |
le |
zij(n) |
ze(n) |
ziene
|
| 3SF
|
elle |
el |
lei |
le
|
| 3SN
|
lot |
et |
lot |
let
|
| 1P
|
noes; noezeuts |
nes |
noes; noezeuts |
nes |
noester |
nes |
noestere
|
| 2P
|
woezeuts |
wes |
woezeuts |
wes |
woester |
wes |
woestere
|
| 3P
|
els; elzeuts |
els |
els; elzeuts |
els |
lour |
ler |
loure
|
| 2S/P (pol.)
|
os |
es |
os |
es |
oster |
es |
ostere
|
| 3R
|
— |
— |
zei |
ze |
— |
— |
—
|
Numerals
Twench numerals
|
Cardinal |
Ordinal |
Fractional
|
| 0
|
nul |
nulliesem |
—
|
| 1
|
uun |
primeer, prijm |
—
|
| 2
|
dous |
zekond |
demei
|
| 3
|
treis |
tiers |
tiers
|
| 4
|
kwatter |
kwaart |
kwaart
|
| 5
|
sink |
kint |
kint
|
| 6
|
zechs |
zechsem |
zechsem
|
| 7
|
zet |
zettem |
zettem
|
| 8
|
ocht |
ochtem |
ochtem
|
| 9
|
noew |
noewem |
noewem
|
| 10
|
dies |
diesem |
diesem
|
| 11
|
onze |
onzem |
onzem
|
| 12
|
dozze |
dozzem |
dozzem
|
| 13
|
trezze |
trezzem |
trezzem
|
| 14
|
kwattorze |
kwattorzem |
kwattorzem
|
| 15
|
kinze |
kinzem |
kinzem
|
| 16
|
zezze |
zezzem |
zezzem
|
| 17
|
zetdies |
zetdiesem |
zetdiesem
|
| 20
|
wijnt |
wijntiesem |
wijntiesem
|
| 21
|
uun-et-wijnt |
uun-et-wijntiesem |
uun-et-wijntiesem
|
| 30
|
treint |
treintiesem |
treintiesem
|
| 40
|
kwaraant |
kwaraantiesem |
kwaraantiesem
|
| 50
|
sinkaant |
sinkaantiesem |
sinkaantiesem
|
| 60
|
zechsaant |
zechsaantiesem |
zechsaantiesem
|
| 70
|
zettaant |
zettaantiesem |
zettaantiesem
|
| 80
|
ochtaant |
ochtaantiesem |
ochtaantiesem
|
| 90
|
noewaant |
noewaaantiesem |
noewaaantiesem
|
| 100
|
seint |
seintiesem |
seintiesem
|
| 1000
|
mil |
milliesem |
milliesem
|
| 10^6
|
miljoun |
miljouniesem |
miljouniesem
|
Syntax
Constituent order
Noun phrase
Verb phrase
Sentence phrase
Dependent clauses
Vocabulary
Example texts
Other resources
Endnotes
- ^ a b c ⟨e⟩ and ⟨i⟩, when unstressed, are sometimes pronounced /ə/.