Thezhmic
Thezhmic (/ˈθɛʒmɪk/, Native: Ŧəźmikós /θəʒmiˈkos/, Liźḗnom /liˈʒeːnom/) is an Indo-European language.
| Thezhmic | |
|---|---|
| Created by | Shariifka |
Indo-European
| |
Early form | Proto-Thezhmic
|
Introduction
Phonology
Orthography
Thezhmic is written with the Thezhmic alphabet.
In this article, the following romanization is used:
| Letter | IPA | Remarks |
|---|---|---|
| A a | a | |
| Ā ā | aː | |
| B b | b | |
| C c | tʃ | |
| D d | d | |
| Đ đ | ð | |
| E e | e | |
| Ē ē | eː | |
| Ə ə | ə | |
| Ə̃ ə̃ | ə̃ | |
| F f | f | |
| G g | ɡ | |
| Ġ ġ | ʁ | |
| H h | h | |
| Ħ ħ | ħ | |
| I i | i | |
| Ī ī | iː | |
| J j | dʒ | |
| K k | k | |
| L l | l | |
| M m | m | |
| N n | n | |
| O o | o | |
| Ō ō | oː | |
| P p | p | |
| Q q | q | |
| R r | r | |
| S s | s | |
| Ś ś | ʃ | |
| T t | t | |
| Ŧ ŧ | θ | |
| U u | u | |
| Ū ū | uː | |
| Ũ ũ | ũ | |
| V v | v | |
| W w | w | |
| X x | χ | |
| Y y | j | |
| Z z | z | |
| Ź ź | ʒ | |
| Ɂ ɂ (ʔ) | ʔ | Not written word-initially. |
| Ҁ ҁ (ʕ) | ʕ |
Consonants
| Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyngeal | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | (ɲ) | (ŋ) | (ɴ) | |||||
| Stop | voiceless | p | t | k | q | ʔ | ||||
| voiced | b | d | ɡ | |||||||
| Affricate | voiceless | tʃ | ||||||||
| voiced | dʒ | |||||||||
| Fricative | voiceless | f | θ | s | ʃ | χ | ħ | h | ||
| voiced | v | ð | z | ʒ | ʁ | ʕ | ||||
| Approximant | j | w | ||||||||
| Lateral | l | (ʎ) | ||||||||
| Trill | r | |||||||||
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i, iː | u, uː, ũ | |
| Mid | e, eː | ə, ə̃ | o, oː |
| Open | a, aː |
Any non-nasal vowel can form a falling dipthong with -i and -u (unless it results in a sequence of two identical vowels).
Prosody
Stress
Intonation
Phonotactics
Morphophonology
Morphology
Nouns
Nouns may have two stems, and these stems may or may not differ in accent. For these nouns, the primary stem is used in the nominative, vocative, and accusative while the secondary stem is used in the remaining cases. Depending on the noun, the nominative singular (and, for neuter nouns, the vocative and accusative singular) may also be irregular. Additionally, some neuter nouns have an irregular nominative/vocative/accusative plural.
O-stems and ā-stems almost always have a single stem, while other noun classes are more likely to have multiple stems.
The stems are given in the citation form: nominative singular, (nominative plural), genitive singular
- The nominative plural is used in the citation form when the nominative singular and/or nominative plural is irregular.
O-stems
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| m. | n. | m./n. | m. | n. | |
| Nominative | -os | -om | -ō | -ōs | -ā |
| Vocative | -e | ||||
| Accusative | -om | -ons | |||
| Instrumental | -ō | -ovom | -ōis | ||
| Dative | -ōi | -ovos | |||
| Ablative | -ōd | ||||
| Genitive | -ośśo | -ous | -ōm | ||
| Locative | -ei | -oizu | |||
Examples:
- wə́lqos, -oššo (m.): wolf
- nizdós, -óššo (m.): nest
- wérjom, -oššo (n.): work
Ā-stems
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| f. | f. | f. | |
| Nominative | -ā; -ī¹ | -āi; -ī¹ | -ās; -īs¹ |
| Vocative | -a; -i¹ | ||
| Accusative | -ām; -īm¹ | -āns; -īns¹ | |
| Instrumental | -ā | -āvom | -āvis |
| Dative | -āi | -āvos | |
| Ablative | -ās | ||
| Genitive | -āus | -āʕōm | |
| Locative | -āi | -āzu |
Notes:
¹ Some ā-stem nouns have a primary stem ending in -ī instead of -ā. Such nouns' secondary stems end in -y- (which precedes the ā-stem endings). Such nouns may be referred to as "ī/yā-stem nouns".
Examples:
- écwā, -ās (f.): mare
- þōnā́, -ā́s (f.): grain
- ġnā́, -ā́s (f.): woman
- də̃źwā́, -ā́s (f.): tongue
- wəlqī́, wəlqyā́s (f.): she-wolf
I-stems
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| m./f. | n. | m./f./n. | m./f. | n. | |
| Nominative | -is | -i | -ī | -ēis | -ī |
| Vocative | -i | ||||
| Accusative | -im | -ins | |||
| Instrumental | -ī | -ivom | -ivis | ||
| Dative | -ēi | -ivos | |||
| Ablative | -eis | ||||
| Genitive | -eyous | -eyōm | |||
| Locative | -ēi | -izu | |||
Examples:
- méntis, mə̃téis (f.): mind, intellect
- móri, ũréis (n.): sea
- hóstis, hostéis (m.): foreigner
- ʕówis, ʕówis (f.): sheep
U-stems
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| m./f. | n. | m./f./n. | m./f. | n. | |
| Nominative | -us | -u | -ū | -ewes | -ū |
| Vocative | -u | ||||
| Accusative | -um¹ | -uns | |||
| Instrumental | -ū | -uvom | -uvis | ||
| Dative | -ewei | -uvos | |||
| Ablative | -eus | ||||
| Genitive | -ewous | -ewōm | |||
| Locative | -ēu | -uzu | |||
Notes:
¹ When the accusative would have ended in -Vum (where V represents a vowel), the -u- instead dropped causing the preceding vowel to be lengthened.
Examples:
- jéustus, justéus (m.): taste
- fāźús, fāźéus (m.): arm
- pérkus, pərkéus (m.): oak
- jónu, jnéus (n.): knee
Liquid/nasal-stems
These nouns have stems ending in a liquid (r or l) or a nasal (n or m).
In some cases, the stem-final consonant may vary betwen primary and secondary stems - the most common example is an alternation between r and n in neuter nouns.
The following shorthand symbols are used:
- C: represents the stem-final consonant (may be r, l, n, or m).
- S: represents the above consonant's "syllabic" counterpart. These are as follows:
| Consonant | Syllabic counterpart |
|---|---|
| r | ər |
| l | əl |
| n | ə̃ |
| m | ũ |
- V: represents the vowel preceding the stem-final consonant (may be e or o).
- L: represents the above vowel's lengthened counterpart (i.e. ē or ō).
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| m./f. | n. | m./f./n. | m./f. | n. | |
| Nominative | -LC; -ō¹ | -S; -VC³ | -VCe | -eCes | -LC; -ō¹ |
| Vocative | -VC | ||||
| Accusative | -VCũ; -Lm² | -VCə̃s | |||
| Instrumental | -Cē | -Svom | -Svis | ||
| Dative | -Cei | -Svos | |||
| Ablative | -Ces | ||||
| Genitive | -Cous | -Cōm | |||
| Locative | -Ci | -Szu | |||
Notes:
¹ When V = o and C = n (i.e. expected -ōn becomes -ō).
² When C = m (i.e. expected -Vmũ becomes -Lm).
³ Depending on the noun, the neuter nominative/vocative/accusative singular may end in -S or -VC.
'Examples::
- patḗr, patrés (m.): father
- ŧéźōm, ŧəźmés (f.): homeland
- ənómə̃, ənémnes (n.): name
- ścũmō, śćũnés (m.): man
- wódər, wédōr, udnés (n.): water
- sṓwəl, saunés (n.): sun
Consonant-stems
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| m./f. | n. | m./f./n. | m./f. | n. | |
| Nominative | -s; (irregular)¹ | - | -e | -es | -a; (irregular)¹ |
| Vocative | - | ||||
| Accusative | -ũ | -ə̃s | |||
| Instrumental | -ē | -fom | -fis | ||
| Dative | -ei | -fos | |||
| Ablative | -es | ||||
| Genitive | -ous | -ōm | |||
| Locative | -i | -su | |||
Notes:
¹ Often irregular.
Adjectives
Adjectives are declined as the noun classes; however, in constrast to the masculine and neuter, the feminine always falls under the ā-stem class.
The formation of the feminine depends on the masculine and neuter class as per the table below.
| Name of adjective class | Masculine and neuter class | Formation of feminine |
|---|---|---|
| o/ā-stem | o-stem | masc./neut. secondar stem + -ā, -ās |
| u-stem | u-stem | masc./neut. secondary stem + -ewī, -uyās |
| i-stem | i-stem | masc./neut. secondary stem + -ī, -iyās |
| liquid/nasal-stem | liquid/nasal-stem | masc./neut. secondary stem + -Cī, -Cyās¹ |
| consonant-stem | consonant-stem | masc./neut. secondary stem + -ī, -(y)ās¹ |
Notes:
¹ The feminine secondary stem may end in a palatalized consonant instead of -y-.
The citation form of adjectives is: masculine singular nominative, neuter singular nominative, (masculine/neuter singular genitive), feminine singular nominative, (feminine singular genitive).
- The genitive(s) can be dropped when the adjective is declined regularly. This most often happens with ō/ā-stem adjectives.