Thezhmic

Thezhmic (/ˈθɛʒmɪk/, Native: Ŧəźmikós /θəʒmiˈkos/, Liźḗnom /liˈʒeːnom/) is an Indo-European language.

Thezhmic
Ŧəźmikós
Pronunciation	[θəʒmiˈkós]
Created by	Shariifka
Language family	Indo-European Thezhmic
Early form	Proto-Thezhmic

Phonology

Orthography

Thezhmic is written with the Thezhmic alphabet.

In this article, the following romanization is used:

Thezhmic romanization

Letter	IPA	Remarks
A a	a
Ā ā	aː
B b	b
C c	tʃ
D d	d
Đ đ	ð
E e	e
Ē ē	eː
Ə ə	ə
Ə̃ ə̃	ə̃
F f	f
G g	ɡ
Ġ ġ	ʁ
H h	h
Ħ ħ	ħ
I i	i
Ī ī	iː
J j	dʒ
K k	k
L l	l
M m	m
N n	n
O o	o
Ō ō	oː
P p	p
Q q	q
R r	r
S s	s
Ś ś	ʃ
T t	t
Ŧ ŧ	θ
U u	u
Ū ū	uː
Ũ ũ	ũ
V v	v
W w	w
X x	χ
Y y	j
Z z	z
Ź ź	ʒ
Ɂ ɂ (ʔ)	ʔ	Not written word-initially.
Ҁ ҁ (ʕ)	ʕ

Consonants

Thezhmic consonant phonemes

		Labial	Dental	Alveolar	Postalveolar	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Pharyngeal	Glottal
Nasal		m	n			(ɲ)	(ŋ)	(ɴ)
Stop	voiceless	p	t				k	q		ʔ
	voiced	b	d				ɡ
Affricate	voiceless				tʃ
	voiced				dʒ
Fricative	voiceless	f	θ	s	ʃ			χ	ħ	h
	voiced	v	ð	z	ʒ			ʁ	ʕ
Approximant						j	w
Lateral			l			(ʎ)
Trill			r

Vowels

Thezhmic monopthong vowels

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i, iː, (ĩː)		u, uː, ũ, (ũː)
Mid	e, eː, (ẽː)	ə, ə̃	o, oː, (õː)
Open		a, aː, (ãː)

Any non-nasal vowel can form a falling dipthong with -i and -u (unless it results in a sequence of two identical vowels).

Long nasal vowels are an allophonic pronunciation of long vowels followed by -n- before coronal fricatives.

Morphophonology

Syllabicization

Liquids (r, l), nasals (n, m), and glides (y, w) have syllabic counterparts that replace them when required by phonotactics.

Syllabic counterparts

Consonant	Syllabic counterpart
r	ər
l	əl
n	ə̃
m	ũ
y	i
w	u

If none of these consonants are present, a schwa (-ə-) is inserted.

Alternatively, the offending consonant cluster may be simplified through phonetic changes, but this is non-productive and has been reversed in most cases.

Hiatus resolution

When hiatus would occur, it is resolved by inserting an epenthetic consonant. This consonant depends on the vowels.

Nominals

Nouns

Nouns have two stems, which may oray not be identical. The strong stem is used in the nominative, vocative, and accusative while the weak stem is used in the remaining cases. Depending on the noun, the nominative singular (and, for neuter nouns, the vocative and accusative singular) may also be irregular. Additionally, some neuter nouns have an irregular nominative/vocative/accusative plural.

O-stems and ā-stems usually have identical strong and weak stems, while other noun classes are more likely to have multiple stems.

The stems are given in the citation form: nominative singular, (nominative plural), genitive singular

• The nominative plural is used in the citation form when the nominative singular and/or nominative plural is irregular.

O-stems

O-stem declension

Case	Singular		Dual	Plural
	m.	n.	m./n.	m.	n.
Nominative	-os	-om	-ō	-ōs	-ā
Vocative	-e
Accusative	-om			-ons
Instrumental	-ō		-ovom	-ōis
Dative	-ōi			-ovos
Ablative	-ōd
Genitive	-ośśo		-ous	-ōm
Locative	-ei			-oizu

Examples:

• wə́lqos, -oššo (m.): wolf
• nizdós, -óššo (m.): nest
• wérjom, -oššo (n.): work

Ā-stems

Ā-stem declension

Case	Singular	Dual	Plural
	f.	f.	f.
Nominative	-ā; -ī¹	-āi; -ī¹	-ās; -īs¹
Vocative	-a; -i¹
Accusative	-ām; -īm¹		-āns; -īns¹
Instrumental	-ā	-āvom	-āvis
Dative	-āi		-āvos
Ablative	-ād
Genitive	-ās	-āus	-āzōm
Locative	-āi		-āzu

Notes:

¹ Some ā-stem nouns have a strong stem ending in -ī instead of -ā. Such nouns' weak stems end in -y- (which precedes the ā-stem endings). Such nouns may be referred to as "ī/yā-stem nouns".

Examples:

• écwā, -ās (f.): mare
• þōnā́, -ā́s (f.): grain
• ġnā́, -ā́s (f.): woman
• də̃źwā́, -ā́s (f.): tongue
• wəlqī́, wəlqyā́s (f.): she-wolf

I-stems

I-stem declension

Case	Singular		Dual	Plural
	m./f.	n.	m./f./n.	m./f.	n.
Nominative	-is	-i	-ī	-ēis	-ī
Vocative	-i
Accusative	-im			-ins
Instrumental	-ī		-ivom	-ivis
Dative	-ēi			-ivos
Ablative	-eid
Genitive	-eis		-izous	-izōm
Locative	-ēi			-izu

Examples:

• méntis, mə̃téis (f.): mind, intellect
• móri, ũréis (n.): sea
• hóstis, hostéis (m.): foreigner
• ʕówis, ʕówis (f.): sheep

U-stems

U-stem declension

Case	Singular		Dual	Plural
	m./f.	n.	m./f./n.	m./f.	n.
Nominative	-us	-u	-ū	-ewes	-ū
Vocative	-u
Accusative	-um¹			-uns
Instrumental	-ū		-uvom	-uvis
Dative	-ewei			-uvos
Ablative	-eud
Genitive	-eus		-uzous	-uzōm
Locative	-ēu			-uzu

Notes:

¹ When the accusative would have ended in -Vum (where V represents a vowel), the -u- instead dropped causing the preceding vowel to be lengthened.

Examples:

• jéustus, justéus (m.): taste
• fāźús, fāźéus (m.): arm
• pérkus, pərkéus (m.): oak
• jónu, jnéus (n.): knee

Liquid/nasal-stems

These nouns have stems ending in a liquid (r or l) or a nasal (n or m).

In some cases, the stem-final consonant may vary betwen primary and secondary stems - the most common example is an alternation between r and n in neuter nouns.

The following shorthand symbols are used:

• C: represents the stem-final consonant (may be r, l, n, or m).
• S: represents the above consonant's "syllabic" counterpart.
• V: represents the vowel preceding the stem-final consonant (may be e or o).
• L: represents the above vowel's lengthened counterpart (i.e. ē or ō).

Liquid/nasal-stem declension

Case	Singular		Dual	Plural
	m./f.	n.	m./f./n.	m./f.	n.
Nominative	-LC; -ō¹	-S; -VC³	-VCe	-VCes	-LC; -ō¹
Vocative	-VC
Accusative	-VCũ; -Lm²			-VCə̃s
Instrumental	-Cē⁴		-Svom; -Cvom⁵	-Svis; -Cvis⁵
Dative	-Cei⁴			-Svos; -Cvos⁵
Ablative	-Ced⁴
Genitive	-Ces⁴		-Cous⁴	-Cōm⁴
Locative	-Ci⁴			-Szu; -Czu⁵

Notes:

¹ When V = o and C = n (i.e. expected -ōn becomes -ō).

² When C = m (i.e. expected -Vmũ becomes -Lm).

³ Depending on the noun, the neuter nominative/vocative/accusative singular may end in -S or -VC.

⁵ When a forbidden consonant would result, -ə- is inserted.

⁵ -S- becomes -C- after a vowel.

'Examples::

• patḗr, patrés (m.): father
• ŧéźōm, ŧəźmés (f.): homeland
• ənómə̃, ənémnes (n.): name
• ścũmṓ, ścũnés (m.): man
• wódər, wédōr, udnés (n.): water
• sṓwəl, saunés (n.): sun

Consonant-stems

Consonant-stem declension

Case	Singular		Dual	Plural
	m./f.	n.	m./f./n.	m./f.	n.
Nominative	-s; (irregular)¹	-	-e	-es	-a; (irregular)¹
Vocative	-
Accusative	-ũ			-ə̃s
Instrumental	-ē		-fom²	-fis²
Dative	-ei			-fos²
Ablative	-ed
Genitive	-es		-ous	-ōm
Locative	-i			-su²

Notes:

¹ Often irregular.

² Causes a preceding voiced fricative to devoice.

Examples:

• pōs, pódes, pedés (m.): foot
• noqs, nóqtes, néqtes (f.): night
• névos, névōs, névezes (n.): cloud
• mḗns, mḗnzes (m.): moon

Secondary stem patterns

Nouns with secondary stems that differ from their primary stems tend to follow certain trends. Common ways to derive the secondary stem from the primary stem include (note that multiple ways may co-occur):

• Shift of accent from the root to the ending.
• Shortening a long vowel.
• Change of -o- to -e-.
• Dropping the nucleus vowel (usually -o- or -e-).
  • If this results in a forbidden consonant cluster:
    • If one of the consonants in that cluster is a liquid (r, l), a nasal (n, m), or a glide (y, w), it is converted to its syllabic counterpart.
    • Otherwise, the cluster is broken with -ə-.

Note that even if one or more of the above changes are possible, they may not occur in a given noun. Unpredictable changes can also occur.

Adjectives

Adjectives are declined as the noun classes; however, in constrast to the masculine and neuter, the feminine almost always falls under the ā-stem class.

The formation of the feminine generally depends on the masculine and neuter class as per the table below:

Name of adjective class	Masculine and neuter class	Formation of feminine
o/ā-stem	o-stem	masc./neut. secondary stem + -ā, -ās
u-stem	u-stem	masc./neut. secondary stem + -ewī, -uyās
i-stem	i-stem	masc./neut. secondary stem + -ī, -iyās
liquid/nasal-stem	liquid/nasal-stem	masc./neut. secondary stem + -Cī, -Cyās¹
consonant-stem	consonant-stem	masc./neut. secondary stem + -ī, -(y)ās¹

Notes:

¹ The feminine secondary stem may end in a palatalized consonant instead of -y-.

The citation form of adjectives is: masculine singular nominative, neuter singular nominative, (masculine/neuter singular genitive), (feminine singular nominative), (feminine singular genitive).

• The genitive(s) can be dropped when the adjective is declined regularly. This most often happens with ō/ā-stem adjectives.
• The feminine singular nominative is dropped when feminine forms are identical to the masculine. This occurs in a few adjectives (never o/ā-class), the most notable of which are the cardinal numbers 3 and 4.

Like nouns, adjectives often have secondary stems. These are formed similarly as those of nouns.

Numerals

Number	Cardinal	Ordinal
1	sḗm, sém, smés, smī́, smyā́s	parwós, -óm, -ā́
2	dwṓ, dwṓ, dwā́i	ħánteros, -om, -ā
3	trḗis, trī́, trizṓm	tritós, -óm, -ā́
4	qetwóres, qetwṓr, qeturṓm	qeturtós, -óm, -ā́
5	pénqe, -zōm, -vis	penqtós, -óm, -ā́
6	swéśś, -ōm, -fis	sweśśtós, -óm, -ā́
7	septṹ, -zōm, -fis	septũmós, -óm, -ā́
8	ʕośtṓu, -zōm, -vis	ʕośtowós, -óm, -ā́
9	ənéwə̃, -zōm, -vis	ənewə̃nós, -óm, -ā́
10	décũt, -ōm, -fis	decũtós, -óm, -ā́
20	dwī́conte, -ous, -fom	dwīcũtós, -óm, -ā́
30	trī́cont, -ōm, -fis	trīcũtós, -óm, -ā́
40	qétwarcont, -ōm, -fis	qetwarcontós, -óm, -ā́
50	pénqēcont, -ōm, -fis	penqēcontós, -óm, -ā́
60	swéśścont, -ōm, -fis	sweśścontós, -óm, -ā́
70	septúncont, -ōm, -fis	septuncontós, -óm, -ā́
80	ʕośtṓcont, -ōm, -fis	ʕośtōcontós, -óm, -ā́
90	ənéwancont, -ōm, -fis	ənewancontós, -óm, -ā́
100	cũtóm, -óśśo	cũtomós, -óm, -ā́
200	(dwṓ) cũtṓ, (dwóus) cũtóus; dwōcũtṓ, -óus	dwōcũtomós, -óm, -ā́
300	trī́ cũtā́, treyṓm cũtṓm; trīcũtā́, -ṓm	trīcũtomós, -óm, -ā́
1000	śézlom, śézlośśo	śezlomós, -óm, -ā́
2000	(dwṓ) śézlō, (dwóus) śézlous; dwōśézlō, -ous	dwōśezlomós, -óm, -ā́
3000	trī́ śézlā, trizṓm śézlōm; trīśézlā, -ōm	trīśezlomós, -óm, -ā́

Note that numbers above 4 do not vary by gender.

Numbers between 5-10 and decades besides 20 take plural inflection. 20 takes dual inflection. Note that the accusative of these numbers is identical to the nominative.

100 and 1000 take singular inflection (with dual/plural used for multiple hundreds/thousands).

Pronouns

Personal pronouns

1st person, 2nd person, and reflexive personal pronouns

Case		First person			Second person			Reflexive
		Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural	All numbers
Nominative		ejóm	wḗ	wḗis	tū́	yū́	yū́s	—
Vocative
Accusative	tonic	əmé	anwé	ə̃zmé	twé	ūwé	uzmé	swé
	enclitic	me	nō	nōs	te	wō	wōs	se
Instrumental		əmói	anwḗ	ə̃zmḗ	tói	ūwḗ	uzmḗ	sói
Dative	tonic	əméźi	anwéi	ə̃zméi	tévi	ūwéi	uzméi	sévi
	enclitic	mei	nō	nōs	tei	wō	wōs	sei
Ablative		əméd	anwéd	ə̃zméd	twéd	ūwéd	uzméd	swéd
Genitive	tonic	əméne	anwés	ə̃zmés	téwe	ūwés	uzmés	séwe
	enclitic	mei	nō	nōs	tei	wō	wōs	sei
Locative		əmói	anwí	ə̃zmí	tói	ūwí	uzmí	sói
Possessive adjective		əmós, -óm, -ā́	anwós, -óm, -ā́	ə̃zmós, -óm, -ā́	twós, -óm, -ā́	ūwós, -óm, -ā́	uzmós, -óm, -ā́	swós, -óm, -ā́

3rd person pronouns

Case	Singular			Dual		Plural
	m.	n.	f.	m./n.	f.	m.	n.	f.
Nominative	ís	íd	ī́	ī́		ḗis	ī́	ī́s
Vocative	í		í
Accusative	ím		ī́m			íns		ī́ns
Instrumental	ézmē		éśśā	éivom	éśśāvom	éivis		éśśāvis
Dative	ézmei		éśśāi			éivos		éśśāvos
Ablative	ézmed		éśśās
Genitive	éśśo			éizous	éśśāus	éizōm		éśśāzōm
Locative	ézmi		éśśāi			éizu		éśśāzu

Demonstrative pronouns

There are three demonstratives:

• The neutral demonstrative tos, -od, -ā "this, that" (declension in the table below).
• The near demonstrative cis, -id, -ī "this" (declined as the third person pronoun is).
• The far demonstrative énos, -od, -ā "that" (declined as the neutral demonstrative tos).

Declension of the neutral demonstrative tos "this, that"

Case	Singular			Dual		Plural
	m.	n.	f.	m./n.	f.	m.	n.	f.
Nominative	tós	tód	tā́	tṓ	tā́i	tói	tā́	tā́i
Vocative	té		tá
Accusative	tóm		tā́m			tóns		tā́ns
Instrumental	tózmē		tóśśā	tóivom	tóśśāvom	tóivis		tóśśāvis
Dative	tózmei		tóśśāi			tóivos		tóśśāvos
Ablative	tózmed		tóśśās
Genitive	tóśśo			tóizous	tóśśāus	tóizōm		tóśśāzōm
Locative	tózmi		tóśśāi			tóizu		tóśśāzu

Relative pronoun

The relative pronoun is yós, -ód, -ā́ "that which". It is declined as tos.

Interrogative pronoun

The interrogative pronoun is qís, -íd, -ī́ "who, what". It is declined as is.

Indefinite pronoun

The indefinite pronoun is qós, -ód, -ā́ "someone, something". It is declined as tos.

Other pronouns

• ħályos, -od, -ā "other, another" (declined as tos)