Guimin
| Guimin | |
|---|---|
| гӯймин | |
| Pronunciation | [gʉːjˈmin] |
| Created by | Dillon Hartwig |
| Date | 2022 |
| Setting | Dagestan, Russian Federation |
Indo-European
| |
Early form | |
Guimin /ˈgoɪmɪn/ (Guimin: гӯймин [gʉːjˈmin]) is an Indo-European language spoken in eastern Dagestan.
Etymology
Guimin is from the autonym and ethnonym гӯймин, which is inherited from Proto-Indo-European *gʷr̥H-h₁en-mén-s.
Orthography
Guimin has historically been written with the Arabic, Mkhedruli, and Latin scripts, but is now largely written with the Cyrillic script.
| А а | А̄ а̄ | Ав ав | А̄в а̄в | Авъ авъ | А̄въ а̄въ | Ай ай | А̄й а̄й | Айъ айъ | А̄йъ а̄йъ | Б б | В в | Г г | Гъ гъ | Гь гь | Д д | Дж дж | Дз дз | Е е | Е̄ е̄ | Ё ё | Ё̄ ё̄ | Ж ж | З з | И и | Ӣ ӣ | Иъ иъ | Ӣъ ӣъ | Й й | К к | Кк кк | Къ къ | Кь кь | Ккь ккь | Кӏ кӏ | Ккӏ ккӏ | Къӏ къӏ Кьӏ кьӏ | Ккьӏ ккьӏ | Л л | Лл лл | Лъ лъ | М м | Н н | О о | О̄ о̄ | П п | Пп пп | Пӏ пӏ | Ппӏ ппӏ | Р р | Рр рр | Ръ ръ | С с | Сс сс | Т т | Тт тт | Тӏ тӏ | Ттӏ ттӏ | У у | Ӯ ӯ | Уъ уъ | Ӯъ ӯъ | Ф ф | Фф фф | Х х | Хх хх | Хъ хъ | Ц ц | Цц цц | Цӏ цӏ | Ццӏ ццӏ | Ч ч | Чч чч | Чӏ чӏ | Ччӏ ччӏ | Ш ш | Шш шш | Щ щ | Ы ы | Ы̄ ы̄ | Ыъ ыъ | Ы̄ъ ы̄ъ | Э э | Э̄ э̄ | Ю ю | Ю̄ ю̄ | Юъ юъ | Ю̄ъ ю̄ъ | Я я | Я̄ я̄ | Ӏ ӏ | Ә ә | Ә̄ ә̄ | Әъ әъ | Ә̄ъ ә̄ъ | Әв әв | Ә̄в ә̄в | Әвъ әвъ | Ә̄въ ә̄въ | Әй әй | Ә̄й ә̄й | Әйъ әйъ | Ә̄йъ ә̄йъ | |
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Phonology
Consonants
| Labial | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Lateral | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ||||||||||||
| Stop | Voiceless | p | pː | t | tː | k | kː | qː | ʔ | |||||
| Ejective | pʼ | pʼː | tʼ | tʼː | kʼ | kʼː | qʼː | |||||||
| Voiced | b | d | g | |||||||||||
| Affricate | Voiceless | t͡s | t͡sː | t͡ʃ | t͡ʃː | t͡ɬ | t͡ɬː | |||||||
| Ejective | t͡sʼ | t͡sʼː | t͡ʃʼ | t͡ʃʼː | t͡ɬʼ | t͡ɬʼː | ||||||||
| Voiced | d͡z | d͡ʒ | ||||||||||||
| Fricative | Voiceless | f | fː | s | sː | ʃ | ʃː | ɬ | ɬː | x | xː | χː | h | |
| Voiced | w | z | ʒ | ʁ | ||||||||||
| Approximant | l | j | ||||||||||||
| Trill | Voiceless | r̥ | r̥ː | |||||||||||
| Voiced | r | |||||||||||||
- /ʔ, d͡z, f, fː/ only occur in loanwords.
- Consonants except /f, fː, j/ are pharyngealized adjacent to pharyngealized vowels and other pharyngealized consonants.
- Pharyngealization of trills is optional and varies by speaker.
- Pharyngealized alveolar consonants (except lateral consonants and trills) are realized as dental
- Pharyngealized /ʔ/ is realized as [ʡ~ʕ]
- Pharyngealized /h/ is realized as [ħ~ʜ]
- Word-initial geminated consonants may be realized as aspirated or tense.
- /w/ is in free variation with [v] except before rounded vowels
- /w/ and [wˤ] before rounded vowels are realized as [v].
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| High | i | iː | ɨ | ɨː | u | uː |
| High pharyngealized | iˤ | iˤː | ɨˤ | ɨˤː | uˤ | uˤː |
| Close-mid | e | eː | o | oː | ||
| Low | æ | æː | ɑ | ɑː | ||
| Low pharyngealized | æˤ | æˤː | ||||
| æi | æiː | æiˤ | æiˤː |
| æu | æuː | æuˤ | æuˤː |
| ɑi | ɑiː | ɑiˤ | ɑiˤː |
| ɑu | ɑuː | ɑuˤ | ɑuˤː |
- /æˤ/ only occurs in loanwords.
- /u, uː, o, oː, ɑ, ɑː/ are realized as /ʉ, ʉː, ɵ, ɵː, ɐ, ɑː/ if the following syllable contains /i, iː, iˤ, iˤː, e, eː/.
- /u/ in diphthongs is realized as /ɵ/.
- /iˤ, iˤː, ɨˤ, ɨˤː, uˤ, uˤː, æˤ, æˤː/ are realized as /e, eː, ɘ, ɘː, o, oː, ɘ, ɘː/ word-finally after pharyngealized consonants.
- /e, o/ are in free variation with [ɛ, ɔ].
Prosody
Stress
Stress is phonemic, most often either stem-initial or directly after the stem (which shifts to stem-final with zero-suffixes).
Intonation
Rhythm
Phonotactics
Guimin has a maximum syllable structure of CCVCC. consonant-/m, n, l, r/ clusters cannot occur word-initially.
Morphology
Alignment
Guimin has ergative-absolutive morphosyntactic alignment.
Nouns and pronouns
Pronouns
Verbs
Adjectives and adverbs
Postpositions
Numerals
Guimin uses base-20 numerals, except past 1000 where base-10 is used.
(table here)
Derivational morphology
Part-of-speech modifiers
Syntax
Constituent order
The predominant word order is SOV, but word order is very flexible.
Noun and verb phrases
Dependent clauses
Dependent clauses follow the head they modify after any other modifiers, and are generally marked with the attributive.
Example texts
Universal Declaration of Human Rights Article 1
Гӯ мәнвис виъсәм муъкӏтӏмими гьу вэ̄кьӏмими карә̄мэ̄с гьу гьуъкъӯкъә̄м упӏрә. Гӯ әъкь гьу виджд дӯрә гьу тӣнтӏзәм такэ̄ бырэ̄тӏ гӯъдэчэ̄.
Гӯ
NWIT
мәнвис
human.ABS-PL.ABS
виъсәм
all-M.PL.ABS
муъкӏтӏмими
free-ADJ.NZ-COM
гьу
and
вэ̄кьӏмими
equal-ADJ.NZ-COM
карә̄мэ̄с
dignity-SG.GEN2
гьу
and
гьуъкъӯкъә̄м
right.PL-PL.GEN2
упӏрә.
make.PFV.PASS.M.PL
Гӯ
NWIT
әъкь
reason
гьу
and
виджд
conscience
дӯрә
give.PFV.PASS.M.PL
гьу
and
тӣнтӏзәм
do.PFV.PRES.M.PL
такэ̄
should
бырэ̄тӏ
brother
гӯъдэчэ̄.
be.INF-LAT-GER-ADV