Voltch (native: voalc /vo̯altʃ/) is an Anglic language descended from Old English.
Introduction
Etymology
From Old English folcisċ "vernacular language".
Phonology
Orthography
Consonants
| spelling |
IPA |
Remarks
|
| normally |
final
|
| b
|
/b/ |
/p/ |
|
| ch
|
/x/ |
|
| c
|
/tʃ/ |
|
| cg
|
/dʒ/ |
/tʃ/ |
Treated as a double consonant in terms of checking syllables
|
| d
|
/d/ |
/t/ |
|
| f
|
/f/ |
|
| g
|
/ɡ/ |
/k/ |
|
| gh
|
/ɣ/ |
/x/ |
|
| h
|
/ɦ/ |
— |
|
| j
|
/j/ |
— |
|
| k
|
/k/ |
|
| l
|
/l/ |
Pronounced dark/velarized ([ɫ]) word-finally and before consonants.
|
| lj
|
/ʎ/
|
| m
|
/m/ |
|
| n
|
/n/ |
Assimilates place of articulation with following consonant.
|
| nj
|
/ɲ/ |
|
| ng
|
/ŋ/ |
|
| p
|
/p/ |
|
| q
|
/k/ |
In loanwords
|
| qu
|
/kv/ |
— |
In loanwords
|
| r
|
/r/ |
|
| s
|
/s/ |
|
| sc
|
/ʃ/ |
|
| t
|
/t/ |
|
| v
|
/v/ |
— |
|
| w
|
/v/ |
/f/ |
|
| x
|
/ks/ |
In loanwords
|
| z
|
/z/ |
— |
|
| zj
|
/ʒ/ |
— |
In loanwords
|
|
Vowels and diphthongs
| spelling |
IPA
|
| checked |
free
|
| a
|
/ɑ/ |
/aː/
|
| aa
|
/aː/ |
—
|
| ä
|
/æ/ |
/ɛː/
|
| ää
|
/ɛː/ |
—
|
| aai
|
/aːi̯/
|
| ai
|
/ɑi̯/
|
| au
|
/ɔu̯/
|
| e
|
/ɛ/, /ə/[1] |
/e(ː)/, /ə/[1]
|
| ea
|
/e̯a/
|
| ee
|
/eː/
|
| eei
|
/eːi̯/
|
| eeu
|
/eːu̯/
|
| ei
|
/iː/
|
| eu
|
/øː/
|
| i, y
|
/ɪ/, /ə/[1] |
—
|
| ie
|
/iə̯/
|
| ij
|
/ɪi̯~ei̯/
|
| iu
|
/ɪʊ̯/
|
| o
|
/ɔ/ |
/oː/
|
| oa
|
/o̯a/
|
| oi
|
/ɔi̯/
|
| oo
|
/oː/ |
—
|
| ooi
|
/oːi̯/
|
| oou
|
/oːu̯/
|
| ou
|
/uː/
|
| ö
|
/œ/ |
/øː/
|
| öa
|
/ø̯a/
|
| öö
|
/øː/
|
| öü
|
/yː/
|
| u
|
/ʊ/ |
/uː/
|
| uo
|
/uə̯/
|
| ui
|
/ʊɪ̯/
|
| uu
|
/ʊu̯~ou̯/
|
| ü
|
/ʏ/ |
/yː/
|
| üü
|
/ʏy̆~øy̆/
|
|
Alphabet
| Letter |
Name |
IPA
|
| A a |
a |
[aː]
|
| B b |
be |
[beː]
|
| C c |
ce |
[tʃeː]
|
| D d |
de |
[deː]
|
| E e |
e |
[eː]
|
| F f |
ef |
[ɛf]
|
| G g |
ge |
[ɡeː]
|
| H h |
ha |
[ɦaː]
|
| I i |
ij |
[ɪi̯]
|
|
| Letter |
Name |
IPA
|
| J j |
je |
[jeː]
|
| K k |
ka |
[kʰaː]
|
| L l |
el |
[ɛɫ]
|
| M m |
em |
[ɛm]
|
| N n |
en |
[ɛn]
|
| O o |
o |
[oː]
|
| P p |
pe |
[pʰeː]
|
| Q q |
ku |
[kʰuː]
|
| R r |
er |
[ɛɾ]
|
|
| Letter |
Name |
IPA
|
| S s |
es |
[ɛs]
|
| T t |
te |
[tʰeː]
|
| U u |
u |
[uː]
|
| V v |
ve |
[veː]
|
| W w |
lonɡe we |
[lɔŋə veː]
|
| X x |
iks |
[ɪks]
|
| Y y |
ɡreike ij |
[ˈɡɾiːkə iː]
|
| (IJ ij) |
longe ij |
[ˈlɔŋə ɪi̯]
|
| Z z |
zet |
[zɛtʰ]
|
|
Consonants
Vowels
Historical phonology
| Old English |
Environment |
Voltch |
Remarks
|
| Vowels
|
| a |
lengthened |
a (long), aa
|
| unstressed |
e (schwa)
|
| otherwise |
a (short)
|
| ā |
everywhere |
uo
|
| æ, ea |
lengthened |
ä (long), ää
|
| otherwise |
ä (short)
|
| ǣ, ēa |
everywhere |
ie
|
| e |
lengthened |
ea
|
| unstressed |
e (schwa)
|
| otherwise |
e (short)
|
| ē |
everywhere |
ei
|
| eo |
lengthened |
öa
|
| otherwise |
ö
|
| ēo |
everywhere |
öü
|
| i, ie |
lengthened |
e (long), ee
|
| otherwise |
i
|
| ī, īe |
everywhere |
ij
|
| o |
lengthened |
oa
|
| unstressed |
e (schwa)
|
| otherwise |
o (short)
|
| ō |
everywhere |
ou
|
| u |
lengthened |
o (long), oo
|
| otherwise |
u
|
| ū |
everywhere |
uu
|
| y |
lengthened |
ö (long), öö
|
| otherwise |
ü
|
| ȳ |
everywhere |
üü
|
| Consonants
|
| b |
|
b
|
| c |
|
k
|
| ċ |
|
c
|
| d |
|
d
|
| f |
unvoiced |
f
|
| voiced |
v |
voiced word-initially and between vowels
|
| g |
|
g, ∅
|
| ġ |
|
j
|
| h |
|
h, ch
|
| l |
|
l
|
| m |
|
m
|
| n |
|
n
|
| p |
|
p
|
| r |
|
r
|
| s |
|
s, z
|
| t |
|
t
|
| w |
|
w, ∅
|
Morphology
Pronouns
Personal pronouns
Numerals
| Number |
Cardinal |
Ordinal
|
| 0
|
nocht |
nochtede
|
| 1
|
uon |
ierste
|
| 2
|
twuo |
twuode
|
| 3
|
dröü |
dridde
|
| 4
|
vöür |
vöürde
|
| 5
|
vijf |
vijfte
|
| 6
|
zechs |
zechste
|
| 7
|
zöven |
zövede
|
| 8
|
ächt |
ächtede
|
| 9
|
nijn |
nijde
|
| 10
|
tein |
töüde
|
| 11
|
ellöven |
ellöfte
|
| 12
|
twelf |
twelfte
|
| 13
|
dröütein |
dröütöüde
|
| 14
|
vöürtein |
vöürtöüde
|
| 15
|
vijftein |
vijftöüde
|
| 16
|
zechstein |
zechstöüde
|
| 17
|
zöventein |
zöventöüde
|
| 18
|
ächtein |
ächtöüde
|
| 19
|
nijntein |
nijntöüde
|
| 20
|
tweintij |
tweintijde
|
| 30
|
drijtij |
drijtijde
|
| 40
|
vöürtij |
vöürtijde
|
| 50
|
vijftij |
vijftijde
|
| 60
|
zechstij |
zechstijde
|
| 70
|
zöventij |
zöventijde
|
| 80
|
ächtij |
ächtijde
|
| 90
|
nijntij |
nijntijde
|
| 100
|
hundred |
|
| 1000
|
duuzend |
|
Nouns
Adjectives
Verbs
Syntax
Vocabulary
Time - tijd
- ^ a b c ⟨e⟩ and ⟨i⟩, when unstressed, are sometimes pronounced /ə/.