Voltch (native: voalc /vo̯altʃ/) is an Anglic language descended from Old English.
Introduction
Etymology
From Old English folcisċ "vernacular language".
Phonology
Orthography
Consonants
| spelling |
IPA |
Remarks
|
| normally |
final
|
| b
|
/b/ |
/p/ |
|
| ch
|
/x/ |
|
| c
|
/tʃ/ |
|
| cg
|
/dʒ/ |
/tʃ/ |
Treated as a double consonant in terms of checking syllables.
|
| d
|
/d/ |
/t/ |
|
| f
|
/f/ |
|
| g
|
/ɡ/ |
/k/ |
|
| h
|
/ɦ/ |
— |
|
| j
|
/j/ |
— |
|
| k
|
/k/ |
|
| l
|
/l/ |
Pronounced dark/velarized ([ɫ]) word-finally and before consonants.
|
| lj
|
/ʎ/
|
| m
|
/m/ |
|
| n
|
/n/ |
Assimilates place of articulation with following consonant.
|
| nj
|
/ɲ/ |
|
| ng
|
/ŋ/ |
|
| p
|
/p/ |
|
| r
|
/r/ |
|
| s
|
/s/ |
|
| sc
|
/ʃ/ |
Treated as a double consonant in terms of checking syllables.
|
| t
|
/t/ |
|
| v
|
/v/ |
— |
|
| w
|
/v/ |
/f/ |
|
| z
|
/z/ |
— |
|
| zc
|
/ʒ/ |
— |
Treated as a double consonant in terms of checking syllables.
|
|
Vowels and diphthongs
| spelling |
IPA
|
| checked |
free
|
| a
|
/ɑ/ |
/aː/
|
| aa
|
/aː/ |
—
|
| ä
|
/æ/ |
/ɛː/
|
| ää
|
/ɛː/ |
—
|
| aai
|
/aːi̯/
|
| aau
|
/aːu̯/
|
| ai
|
/ɑi̯/
|
| au
|
/ɑu̯/
|
| e
|
/ɛ/, /ə/[1] |
/eː/, /ə/[1]
|
| ea
|
/e̯a/
|
| ee
|
/eː/
|
| eei
|
/eːi̯/
|
| eeu
|
/eːu̯/
|
| ei
|
/iː/
|
| i, y
|
/ɪ/, /ə/[1] |
—
|
| ie
|
/iə̯, i̯ɪ/
|
| ij
|
/ɪi̯~ei̯/
|
| iu
|
/ɪʊ̯/
|
| o
|
/ɔ/ |
/oː/
|
| oa
|
/o̯a/
|
| oi
|
/ɔi̯/
|
| oo
|
/oː/ |
—
|
| ooi
|
/oːi̯/
|
| oou
|
/oːu̯/
|
| ou
|
/uː/
|
| ö
|
/œ/ |
/øː/
|
| öa
|
/ø̯a/
|
| öö
|
/øː/
|
| öü
|
/yː/
|
| u
|
/ʊ/ |
/uː/
|
| ue
|
/uə̯, u̯ʊ/
|
| ui
|
/ʊɪ̯/
|
| uu
|
/ʊu̯~ou̯/
|
| ü
|
/ʏ/ |
/yː/
|
| üe
|
/yə̯, y̆ʏ/
|
| üü
|
/ʏy̆~øy̆/
|
|
Alphabet
| Letter |
Name |
IPA
|
| A a |
a |
[ʔaː]
|
| B b |
be |
[beː]
|
| C c |
ce |
[tʃʰeː]
|
| D d |
de |
[deː]
|
| E e |
e |
[ʔeː]
|
| F f |
ef |
[ʔɛf]
|
| G g |
ge |
[ɡeː]
|
| H h |
ha |
[ɦaː]
|
| I i |
ij |
[ʔɪi̯]
|
|
| Letter |
Name |
IPA
|
| J j |
jot |
[jɔtʰ]
|
| K k |
ka |
[kʰaː]
|
| L l |
el |
[ʔɛɫ]
|
| M m |
em |
[ʔɛm]
|
| N n |
en |
[ʔɛn]
|
| O o |
o |
[ʔoː]
|
| P p |
pe |
[pʰeː]
|
| Q q |
kuu |
[kʰʊu̯]
|
| R r |
er |
[ʔɛɾ]
|
|
| Letter |
Name |
IPA
|
| S s |
es |
[ʔɛs]
|
| T t |
te |
[tʰeː]
|
| U u |
uu |
[ʔʊu̯]
|
| V v |
ve |
[veː]
|
| W w |
dobbel ve |
[ˈdɔbəɫ veː]
|
| X x |
iks |
[ʔɪks]
|
| Y y |
ɡreike ij |
[ˈɡɾiːkə ʔɪi̯]
|
| (IJ ij) |
loange ij |
[ˈlo̯aŋə ʔɪi̯]
|
| Z z |
zet |
[zɛtʰ]
|
|
Consonants
Vowels
Historical phonology
| Old English |
Environment |
Voltch |
Remarks
|
| Vowels
|
| a |
lengthened |
a (long), aa
|
| unstressed |
e (schwa)
|
| otherwise |
a (short)
|
| ā |
everywhere |
uo
|
| æ, ea |
lengthened |
ä (long), ää
|
| otherwise |
ä (short)
|
| ǣ |
everywhere |
ie
|
| e |
lengthened |
ea
|
| unstressed |
e (schwa)
|
| otherwise |
e (short)
|
| ē |
everywhere |
ei
|
| eo |
lengthened |
öa
|
| otherwise |
ö
|
| ēo |
everywhere |
öü
|
| ēa |
everywhere |
üe
|
| i, ie |
lengthened |
e (long), ee
|
| before h + consonant
|
e (short)
|
| otherwise |
i
|
| ī, īe |
everywhere |
ij
|
| o |
lengthened |
oa
|
| unstressed |
e (schwa)
|
| otherwise |
o (short)
|
| ō |
everywhere |
ou
|
| u |
lengthened |
o (long), oo
|
| otherwise |
u
|
| ū |
everywhere |
uu
|
| y |
lengthened |
ö (long), öö
|
| otherwise |
ü
|
| ȳ |
everywhere |
üü
|
| Consonants
|
| b |
|
b
|
| c |
|
k
|
| ċ |
|
c
|
| d |
|
d
|
| f |
unvoiced |
f
|
| voiced |
v |
voiced word-initially, between vowels, and after liquids before vowels.
|
| g |
|
g, ∅
|
| ġ |
|
j
|
| h |
|
h, ch
|
| l |
|
l
|
| m |
|
m
|
| n |
|
n
|
| p |
|
p
|
| r |
|
r
|
| s |
|
s, z
|
| t |
|
t
|
| w |
|
w, ∅
|
Morphology
Nouns
Pronouns
Personal pronouns
Personal pronouns
|
Nominative |
Accusative |
Dative |
Possessive |
Reflexive
|
| 1S
|
ic |
mec |
mei |
mijn |
meizealf
|
| 2SI
|
duu |
dec |
dei |
dijn |
deizealf
|
| 3SM
|
hei |
heen |
him |
his |
himzealf
|
| 3SF
|
höü |
höü |
heer |
heer |
heerzealf
|
| 3SN
|
hit |
hit |
him |
his |
himzealf
|
| 1D
|
wit |
oonk |
oonk |
oonker |
oonkzealf
|
| 2D
|
jit |
jeenk |
jeenk |
jeenker |
jeenkzealf
|
| 3D
|
bein |
bein |
biem |
bier |
biemzealf
|
| 1P
|
wei |
uus |
uus |
uur |
uuszealf
|
| 2P/F
|
jei |
jöü |
jöü |
jöür |
jöüzealf
|
| 3P
|
hij |
hij |
höm |
höar |
hömzealf
|
Demonstratives and Articles
Indefinite article
|
Nominative |
Accusative |
Dative |
Genitive
|
| SM
|
aan |
anen |
anem |
anes
|
| SF
|
ane |
ane |
aner |
aner
|
| SN
|
aan |
aan |
anem |
anes
|
Negative article
|
Nominative |
Accusative |
Dative |
Genitive
|
| SM
|
naan |
nanen |
nanem |
nanes
|
| SF
|
nane |
nane |
naner |
naner
|
| SN
|
naan |
naan |
nanem |
nanes
|
| P
|
nane |
nane |
nanem |
naner
|
Definitie article and neutral demonstrative
|
Nominative |
Accusative |
Dative |
Genitive
|
| SM
|
dei |
dään |
diem |
däs
|
| SF
|
döü |
döü |
dier |
dier
|
| SN
|
dät |
dät |
diem |
däs
|
| P
|
due |
due |
duem |
duer
|
Near demonstrative
|
Nominative |
Accusative |
Dative |
Genitive
|
| SM
|
dis |
dissen |
dissem |
disses
|
| SF
|
disse |
disse |
disser |
disser
|
| SN
|
dis |
dis |
dissem |
disses
|
| P
|
disse |
disse |
dissem |
disser
|
Far demonstrative
| Strong declension
|
|
Nominative |
Accusative |
Dative |
Genitive
|
| SM
|
joan |
joanen |
joanem |
joanes
|
| SF
|
joane |
joane |
joaner |
joaner
|
| SN
|
joan |
joan |
joanem |
joanes
|
| P
|
joane |
joane |
joanem |
joaner
|
| Weak declension
|
| SM
|
joane |
joanen |
joanen |
joanen
|
| SF
|
joane |
joanen |
joanen |
joanen
|
| SN
|
joane |
joane |
joanen |
joanen
|
| P
|
joanen |
joanen |
joanem |
joanen
|
Adjectives
(Note: -e- in endings is dropped after vowels)
Strong adjective declension
|
Nominative |
Accusative |
Dative |
Genitive
|
| SM
|
— |
-en |
-em |
-es
|
| SF
|
-e |
-e |
-er |
-er
|
| SN
|
— |
— |
-em |
-es
|
| P
|
-e |
-e |
-em |
-er
|
Weak adjective declension
|
Nominative |
Accusative |
Dative |
Genitive
|
| SM
|
-e |
-en |
-en |
-en
|
| SF
|
-e |
-en |
-en |
-en
|
| SN
|
-e |
-e |
-en |
-en
|
| P
|
-en |
-en |
-em |
-en
|
Numerals
| Number |
Cardinal |
Ordinal (all wk.)
|
| 0
|
nuecht (str. noun n. sg.) |
nuechtede
|
| 1
|
uen (str. adj. sg.) |
ierste
|
| 2
|
twue (str. adj. pl.) |
twuede
|
| 3
|
dröü (str. adj. pl.) |
dridde
|
| 4
|
vöür |
vöürde
|
| 5
|
vijf |
vijfte
|
| 6
|
zechs |
zechste
|
| 7
|
zöaven |
zöavde
|
| 8
|
ächt |
ächtede
|
| 9
|
nijn |
nijde
|
| 10
|
tein |
töüde
|
| 11
|
ellöaven |
ellöavde
|
| 12
|
twealf |
twealfte
|
| 13
|
dröütein |
dröütöüde
|
| 14
|
vöürtein |
vöürtöüde
|
| 15
|
vijftein |
vijftöüde
|
| 16
|
zechstein |
zechstöüde
|
| 17
|
zöaventein |
zöaventöüde
|
| 18
|
ächtein |
ächtöüde
|
| 19
|
nijntein |
nijntöüde
|
| 20
|
tweintij |
tweintijste
|
| 30
|
drijtij |
drijtijste
|
| 40
|
vöürtij |
vöürtijste
|
| 50
|
vijftij |
vijftijste
|
| 60
|
zechstij |
zechstijste
|
| 70
|
zöaventij |
zöaventijste
|
| 80
|
ächtij |
ächtijste
|
| 90
|
nijntij |
nijntijste
|
| 100
|
hundred (str. noun n.) |
hundredste
|
| 1000
|
duuzend (str. noun n.) |
duuzendste
|
Verbs
Examples of strong verbs
Conjugation of zeengen "to sing" (strong class 3)
| Infinitive
|
zeengen
|
| Present participle
|
zeengend
|
| Past participle
|
izoongen
|
|
Present |
Past |
Imperative
|
| Indicative |
Subjunctive |
Indicative |
Subjunctive
|
| 1S
|
zeenge |
zeenge |
zaang |
zoonge |
|
| 2SI
|
zeengst |
zaangst |
zeeng
|
| 3S
|
zeengt |
zaang |
|
| P
|
zeengt |
zeengen |
zoongen |
zoongen |
zeengt
|
Conjugation of wezen "to be" (strong irregular)
| Infinitive
|
wezen
|
| Present participle
|
wezend
|
| Past participle
|
iböün
|
|
Present |
Past |
Imperative
|
| Indicative |
Subjunctive |
Indicative |
Subjunctive
|
| 1S
|
öm |
böü |
wäs |
wiere |
|
| 2SI
|
ärt |
wäst |
böü
|
| 3S
|
is |
wäs |
|
| P
|
zind |
böün |
wieren |
wieren |
böüt
|
Conjugation of doun "to do, make; to cause to" (strong irregular with weak past)
| Infinitive
|
doun
|
| Present participle
|
dound
|
| Past participle
|
idoun
|
|
Present |
Past |
Imperative
|
| Indicative |
Subjunctive |
Indicative |
Subjunctive
|
| 1S
|
dou |
dou |
döde |
döde |
|
| 2SI
|
deist |
dödest |
dou
|
| 3S
|
deit |
döde |
|
| P
|
dout |
doun |
döden |
döden |
dout
|
Conjugation of guen "to go" (strong irregular with weak past)
| Infinitive
|
guen
|
| Present participle
|
guend
|
| Past participle
|
iguen
|
|
Present |
Past |
Imperative
|
| Indicative |
Subjunctive |
Indicative |
Subjunctive
|
| 1S
|
gue |
gue |
öüde |
öüde |
|
| 2SI
|
giest |
öüdest |
gue
|
| 3S
|
giet |
öüde |
|
| P
|
guet |
guen |
öüden |
öüden |
guet
|
Examples of weak verbs
Conjugation of loven "to love" (weak regular)
| Infinitive
|
loven
|
| Present participle
|
lovend
|
| Past participle
|
iloovd
|
|
Present |
Past |
Imperative
|
| Indicative |
Subjunctive |
Indicative |
Subjunctive
|
| 1S
|
love |
love |
loovde |
loovde |
|
| 2SI
|
loofst |
loovdest |
loof
|
| 3S
|
looft |
loovde |
|
| P
|
looft |
loven |
loovden |
loovden |
looft
|
Conjugation of häbben "to have" (weak irregular)
| Infinitive
|
häbben
|
| Present participle
|
häbbend
|
| Past participle
|
ihäd
|
|
Present |
Past |
Imperative
|
| Indicative |
Subjunctive |
Indicative |
Subjunctive
|
| 1S
|
häbbe |
häbbe |
hädde |
hädde |
|
| 2SI
|
häst |
häddest |
hääf
|
| 3S
|
hät |
hädde |
|
| P
|
häbt |
häbben |
hädden |
hädden |
häbt
|
Conjugation of zecgen "to say" (weak irregular)
| Infinitive
|
zecgen
|
| Present participle
|
zecgend
|
| Past participle
|
izaaid
|
|
Present |
Past |
Imperative
|
| Indicative |
Subjunctive |
Indicative |
Subjunctive
|
| 1S
|
zecge |
zecge |
zaaide |
zaaide |
|
| 2SI
|
zaaist |
zaaidest |
zaai
|
| 3S
|
zaait |
zaaide |
|
| P
|
zecget |
zecgen |
zaaiden |
zaaiden |
zecget
|
Conjugation of libben "to live" (weak irregular)
| Infinitive
|
libben
|
| Present participle
|
libbend
|
| Past participle
|
ilivd
|
|
Present |
Past |
Imperative
|
| Indicative |
Subjunctive |
Indicative |
Subjunctive
|
| 1S
|
libbe |
libbe |
livde |
livde |
|
| 2SI
|
lööfst |
livdest |
lööf
|
| 3S
|
lööft |
livde |
|
| P
|
libt |
libben |
livden |
livden |
libt
|
Examples of preterite-present verbs
Conjugation of kunnen "to be familiar with; to be able to (do)"
| Infinitive
|
kunnen
|
| Present participle
|
kunnend
|
| Past participle
|
ikuud
|
|
Present |
Past |
Imperative
|
| Indicative |
Subjunctive |
Indicative |
Subjunctive
|
| 1S
|
kan |
kunne |
kuude |
kuude |
|
| 2SI
|
kanst |
kuudest |
kun
|
| 3S
|
kan |
kuude |
|
| P
|
kunnen |
kunnen |
kuuden |
kuuden |
kunt
|
Conjugated like kunnen is junnen "to grant, gift".
Conjugation of willen "to want; to be going to"
| Infinitive
|
willen
|
| Present participle
|
willend
|
| Past participle
|
iwoald
|
|
Present |
Past |
Imperative
|
| Indicative |
Subjunctive |
Indicative |
Subjunctive
|
| 1S
|
wil |
wille |
woalde |
woalde |
|
| 2SI
|
wilst |
woaldest |
wil
|
| 3S
|
wil |
woalde |
|
| P
|
willen |
willen |
woalden |
woalden |
wilt
|
Conjugation of scolen "to must"
| Infinitive
|
scolen
|
| Present participle
|
scolend
|
| Past participle
|
iscoald
|
|
Present |
Past |
Imperative
|
| Indicative |
Subjunctive |
Indicative |
Subjunctive
|
| 1S
|
scäl |
scöle |
scoalde |
scoalde |
|
| 2SI
|
scälst |
scoaldest |
scool
|
| 3S
|
scäl |
scoalde |
|
| P
|
scolen |
scölen |
scoalden |
scoalden |
scoolt
|
Conjugation of uegen "to be allowed (to)"
| Infinitive
|
uegen
|
| Present participle
|
uegend
|
| Past participle
|
juecht
|
|
Present |
Past |
Imperative
|
| Indicative |
Subjunctive |
Indicative |
Subjunctive
|
| 1S
|
ueg |
uege |
uechte |
uechte |
|
| 2SI
|
uegst |
uechtest |
ueg
|
| 3S
|
ueg |
uechte |
|
| P
|
uegen |
uegen |
uechten |
uechten |
uegt
|
Conjugation of weten "to know, to be aware (of)"
| Infinitive
|
weten
|
| Present participle
|
wetend
|
| Past participle
|
iwist
|
|
Present |
Past |
Imperative
|
| Indicative |
Subjunctive |
Indicative |
Subjunctive
|
| 1S
|
wuet |
wete |
wiste |
wiste |
|
| 2SI
|
wuetst |
wetest |
weet
|
| 3S
|
wuet |
wiste |
|
| P
|
weten |
weten |
wisten |
wisten |
wet
|
Conjugation of inogen "to be content, to have enough; to enjoy"
| Infinitive
|
inogen
|
| Present participle
|
inogend
|
| Past participle
|
inocht
|
|
Present |
Past |
Imperative
|
| Indicative |
Subjunctive |
Indicative |
Subjunctive
|
| 1S
|
inäg |
inoge |
inochte |
inochte |
|
| 2SI
|
inägst |
inochtest |
inoog
|
| 3S
|
inäg |
inochte |
|
| P
|
inogen |
inogen |
inochten |
inochten |
inoogt
|
Conjugation of maain "to succeed (in)"
| Infinitive
|
maain
|
| Present participle
|
maaind
|
| Past participle
|
imecht
|
|
Present |
Past |
Imperative
|
| Indicative |
Subjunctive |
Indicative |
Subjunctive
|
| 1S
|
maai |
maai |
mechte |
mechte |
|
| 2SI
|
maaist |
mechtest |
maai
|
| 3S
|
maai |
mechte |
|
| P
|
maain |
maain |
mechten |
mechten |
maait
|
Conjugation of dogen "to be suitable (for), to be able (to)"
| Infinitive
|
dogen
|
| Present participle
|
dogend
|
| Past participle
|
idocht
|
|
Present |
Past |
Imperative
|
| Indicative |
Subjunctive |
Indicative |
Subjunctive
|
| 1S
|
düeg |
döge |
dochte |
dochte |
|
| 2SI
|
düegst |
dochtest |
doog
|
| 3S
|
düeg |
dochte |
|
| P
|
dogen |
dögen |
dochten |
dochten |
doogt
|
Conjugation of mouten "to possibly (do), to might"
| Infinitive
|
mouten
|
| Present participle
|
moutend
|
| Past participle
|
imoust
|
|
Present |
Past |
Imperative
|
| Indicative |
Subjunctive |
Indicative |
Subjunctive
|
| 1S
|
mout |
moute |
mouste |
mouste |
|
| 2SI
|
moutst |
moustest |
mout
|
| 3S
|
mout |
mouste |
|
| P
|
mouten |
mouten |
mousten |
mousten |
moutet
|
Syntax
Vocabulary
Time - Tijd
Seasons - Due jüertijde
| English |
Voltch
|
| spring |
lengten
|
| summer |
zomer
|
| fall |
häärvest
|
| winter |
weenter
|
Days of the week - Due daais of döü weken
| English |
Voltch
|
| Sunday |
ierstendaai
|
| Monday |
twuedendaai
|
| Tuesday |
driddendaai
|
| Wednesday |
vöürdendaai
|
| Thursday |
vijftendaai
|
| Friday |
zechstendaai
|
| Saturday |
zöavedendaai
|
Parts of the day - Due duele of duem daaie
| English |
Voltch
|
| day |
daai
|
| dawn |
daging
|
| morning |
moargen
|
| noon |
middaai
|
| afternoon |
äftermiddaai
|
| evening |
ieven
|
| dusk |
nechting
|
| night |
necht
|
| midnight |
midnecht
|
Units of time - Uenhuedes of tijde
| English |
Voltch
|
| second |
zekoond
|
| minute |
minuute
|
| hour |
tijm
|
| day |
daai
|
| week |
weke
|
| month |
mound
|
| season |
jüertijd
|
| year |
jüer
|
-->
Time adverbs - Tijdes bijwoorde
| English |
Voltch
|
| now |
nuu
|
| then |
don
|
| recently, a short time ago, just |
zuenuu
|
| earlier |
räder
|
| soon, shortly |
zoun
|
| later |
zijd; läter
|
| always |
zemblen
|
| often |
often
|
| sometimes |
wijlen
|
| rarely |
zealden
|
| never |
niever
|
| ever |
iever
|
| still, yet |
jijt
|
| already |
ier
|
| today |
toudaai
|
| tonight |
tounecht
|
| yesterday |
jirstendaai
|
| last night |
jirstennecht
|
| tomorrow |
toumoargen
|
| before yesterday |
ierjirstendaai
|
| two nights ago |
ierjirstennecht
|
| after tomorrow |
oavermoargen
|
| this week |
disse weke
|
| last week |
lätste weke
|
| next week |
nichste weke
|
Colours - Düeges
Colours - Due düeges
| English |
Voltch
|
| white |
wijt
|
| grey |
grij
|
| black |
zwäärt
|
| red |
rüed
|
| orange |
orancge
|
| brown |
bruun
|
| yellow |
jöale
|
| green |
grein
|
| blue |
blöü
|
| pink |
rueze
|
| purple |
poorper
|
| golden |
göölden
|
Example texts
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)
Älle men wöardet vröü and ilijc on uere and rechtem iboaren. Glöüscip and touknounes zind him jifted, and hij scolen...
- ^ a b c ⟨e⟩ and ⟨i⟩, when unstressed, are sometimes pronounced /ə/.