User:Chrysophylax/fd

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  1. merge centum: [+palatal +velar] → [-palatal +velar]
    *ḱléwos*klewos
  2. dental separation and simplification: TT → TsT → *ss
    *bʰreud-tós*bʰreussós
  3. metathesis of thorn clusters: TK > KT
    *h₂rtkos*h₂rktos
  4. loss of laryngeals before vowel (triple reflex, Greek-style)
    *h₁e → *e~i
    *h₂e → *a
    *h₃e → *o
  5. loss of laryngeal after vowel, same as above but lengthening
    *eh₁ → *ē
    *eh₂ → *ā
    *eh₃ → *ō
  6. epenthetic *ə inserted before syllabic resonants
    *septṃ*septəm
  7. loss of laryngeal between two consonants: (CHC → CəC)
    *H → *ə
  8. CVHC → CV̄C
  9. Labiovelars reanalysed as sequence of plosive + *w
  10. *s + plosive → *ss / V_V, V_
    *st, *sk → *ss
  11. *m becomes *n before dentals and word finally.
  12. nasal + velar → *nn
  13. PT, KT join TT in → *ss
    *kh₂ptós*kəssós
  14. merger of *ə and short *a
  15. fricativization and devoicing of syllable-initial velar consonants before *w, *r, *l
  16. stress is retracted one step
  17. lengthening of *a in closed and stressed syllables
  18. labiovelar sequences simplify to *w / V_V
    *ákwā → *áwā
  19. raising of *o after *w
    *déywos*déywus
  20. [-voice +stop] → [+voice +stop] / R_V
  21. lowering of *e → *æ when following syllable has a low vowel. (active surface filter)
  22. *s → *z / V_{V #}
  23. *h → Ø / #_{l r}
  24. innovation of future tense from desiderative -s- formation.
    *kā́psyeō ‘I will seize’ ( < *keh₂p-s-yé-oh₂)
  25. loss of *w before *u
    *wī́wus → *wī́uz
  26. secondary athematic endings are added to the imperfective present and future
    *kā́pyeōn < (*kh₂p-yé-oh₂-m); *kā́psyeōn ( < *keh₂p-s-yé-oh₂-m)
  27. *ō → *ā
    *kā́psyeōn*kā́psyeān
  28. P K → f x / V_s
    *pā́ksyeān*pā́xsyeān ‘I will fasten’ ( < *ph₂ḱ-s-yé-oh₂-m)
  29. *e → *æ / C_aC
    *bʰóweyeān*bʰówæyæān ‘I warn’ ( < *bʰogʷ-éye-oh₂-m)
  30. Shift to strong initial expiratory stress
  31. *p *t *k → *β *ð *ɣ / V_V, R_
    *kā́pyæān*kā́βyæān
  32. *z → *r / V_V, V_#
    *wī́uz*wīur
  33. merger of locative and instrumental cases
  34. *x → *s / _s
    *péxsyæān*péssyæān ‘I will slap’ ( < *peḱ-s-yé-oh₂-m)
  35. breaking of stressed open *é → *yá
    *déyur*dyáyur
  36. new case endings: essive -ta, comitative -we
    [1]
  1. ^
    *dyáyur 'god'
    Number Singular Plural
    Nominative *dyáyur *dyáywes
    Vocative *dyáyu *dyáywes
    Genitive *dyáyuzyor *dyáywān
    Accusative *dyáyun dyáyuns
    Dative *dyáywei *dyáyuybhos
    Ablative *dyáywiad *dyáyuybhos
    Locative-Instrumental *dyáywei *dyáyuysu
    Essive *dyáyusta *dyáyuysta
    Comitative *dyáyuwe *dyáywezwe