Ketaserang
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Ketaserang(/kətæsɪˈræŋg/; ketasiraangeh [ketɐsɪˈraːŋeh]) is the language spoken by the inhabitants of Ketaserang & Kenalerambo.
Phonology
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | labialised | |||||||
| Stop | plain | voiceless | p | t | c | k | kʷ | ʔ |
| voiced | b | d | ɟ | g | gʷ | |||
| prenasalised | voiceless | ᵐp | ⁿt | ᶮc | ᵑk | ᵑkʷ | ||
| voiced | ᵐb | ⁿd | ᶮɟ | ᵑɡ | ᵑɡʷ | |||
| Implosive(1) | plain | ɓ | ɗ | |||||
| prenasalised | ᵐɓ | ⁿɗ | ||||||
| Fricative | voiceless | s | h | |||||
| voiced | (β) | z | ||||||
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | (ŋʷ) | |||
| Affricate | voiceless | (t͡ʃ) | ||||||
| voiced | (d͡ʒ) | |||||||
| Tap | ɾ | |||||||
| Trill | (r) | |||||||
| Approximant | semivowel | w | j | |||||
| lateral | l | ʎ | ||||||
1 All implosive stops are voiced.
There are 39 phonemic and 4 allophonic consonants in Ketaserang, 58.1% of these being plosives or implosives; more than any other language spoken in the Poccasin Archipelago.
/t͡ʃ d͡ʒ/ is an allophone of /t d/ before /ɪ iː/. However, some dialects also shift /c ɟ/ to /t͡ʃ d͡ʒ/ in the same way, leading to differing spellings of certain words, like kitiaap (standard) and kiciaap (non-standard), both pronounced [kɪˈt͡ʃaːp] and meaning "ketchup".
/r/ is a stressed allophone of /ɾ/, as in mḅaraang [ᵐɓɐˈraːŋ] "belongings". In contrast, /ŋʷ/ is an word-medial and unstressed allophone of /ᵑɡʷ/, such as in duḍeengwe [dʊˈɗɛːŋʷe] "wooden flute".
| Front | Back | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| lax | tense | lax | tense | |
| Close | ɪ | iː | ʊ | uː |
| Mid | e | ɛː | ɔ | oː |
| Open | ɐ | aː | ||
Ketaserang has 5 lax and 5 tense vowels. Lax vowels appear in unstressed and/or closed syllables, while tense vowels always appear in stressed and typically open syllables. However, tense vowels can still appear in closed syllables if stressed; examples include kuukti [ˈkuːk.t͡ʃɪ] "spiked wheel" or maseeh [mɐˈsɛːh] "religious".