Pre-Húsnorsk

(still adjusting from the copied Jugsnorsk article)

Pre-Húsnorsk
*hōsanorzka
Created by	Melinoë
Native to	Northern Kievan Rus
Language family	Indo-European Germanic North Germanic Pre-Húsnorsk
Early form	Proto-Norse
Writing system	Latin
Language codes
ISO 639-3	phus

Pre-Húsnorsk was the North Germanic language ancestral to the Húsnorsk language(s), it is extremely notable for its archaic state, often noted as being "hyper-archaic", consistently preserving Proto-Germanic *z as distinct in all positions, even where lost in Old Norse, such as in *foglăʀ, vs. Old Norse fogl. (note that "ă" was historically written without the diacritic, and signifies a syllabic consonant. Also note that ʀ was historically written z, though the sound is reconstructed as *[ʝ].)

History

Name

"Húsnorsk" is believed to originate from Pre-Húsnorsk as *hōsanorzka (note the "hús" is from Old Norse, not Húsnorsk), a term for all the vernacular dialects spoken in the period (roughly 1000AD-1400AD, around the same period as Old Norwegian), eventually coming to refer to the vernacular dialect of the region specifically.

Development

The development of Pre-Húsnorsk is poorly understood at best, it seems to follow Old Norse for the most part, but misses some of the vital shifts that define Old Norse.

Phonology

		Labial	Dental	Alveolar	Velar
Nasal		m		n
Stop	Unvoiced	p		t	k
	Voiced	b		d	g
Fricative	Unvoiced	f~v	θ~ð	s	x
	Voiced				ʀ¹
Approximant	Unvoiced	ʍ²		r̥, l̥
	Voiced	w		r, l³	j

1. probably [ʝ].
2. exact value unknown.
3. likely [ʟ] in coda position.

	Front		Back
	Unround	Round
High	i	y	u
Mid-High	e	ø	o
Mid-Low	ɛ	œ¹	ɔ
Low			a

1. it's not clear if this exists or not, it may have merged with */ø/

Orthography

Latin orthography of Pre-Húsnorsk
Phoneme	/i/	/iː/	/e/	/eː/	/ɛ/	/ɛː/	/y/	/yː/	/ø/	/øː/	/u/	/uː/	/o/	/oː/	/ɔ/	/ɔː/	/a/	/aː/	/øy/	/ɛi/
Letter	i	ī	e	ē	æ	ǣ	y	ȳ	ø	ø̄	u	ū	o	ō	ǫ	ǭ	a	ā	øy	æi
Phoneme	/p/	/b/	/m/	/f/	/θ/	/t/	/d/	/n/	/l/	/s/	/r/	/ʝ/	/j/	/w/	/k/	/ɡ/	/x/	[ts]	/Cː/
Letter	p	b	m	f	þ	t	d	n	l	s	r	ʀ	j	w	k	g	h	z	CC

Morphology

Umlaut

Umlaut is a series of alternations in the stressed vowel. It arises as a historic vowel change, a kind of regressive harmony through which the stressed vowel becomes more similar to the vowel(s) in the following syllable, as in OWN "ǫlkur" (nominative plural of "alka"), from Proto-Germanic *alkōniz (nominative plural of *alkǭ). Umlaut was a pervasive feature of Old Norse, especially Old West Norse, appearing in almost every aspect of the language, but it is not nearly as so in Húsnorsk, u-umlaut having been largely analogized out (it remains in some words where the u-umlaut occurred through enough forms for the umlauted root to be used rather than the basic one), this greatly simplifies the language's morphology, but leads to many mergers, largely between different forms of a word (see the neuter a-stem nom/acc singular and plural, eg. mál and mál). i-umlaut, however, is largely preserved, even extended at times. An odd phenomena occurs wherein words where the stressed vowel is i, when undergoing i-umlaut, instead exhibit u-umlaut (eg. i > y), the cause for this is entirely unknown.

The later vowel alternations from l-vocalization have yet to occur, as l seemingly had not yet to vocalize.

Nouns

Pre-Húsnorsk seems to exhibit the beginnings of the masculine/feminine collapsing into the common, though it had not been completed yet, this being one of the main distinctions between Pre-Húsnorsk (a dialect of Old Norse) from Varhúsnorsk (a distinct language).

The strong/weak distinction for nouns is largely unused in Húsnorsk linguistics.

Near the end of the Pre-Húsnorsk, the vocative begins appearing, this is one of the first major cracks in the phonemic spelling system to show up (the retention of root spellings in verbs is considered inconsequential)

Common patterns

Inflection of ablăʀ (masculine a-stem)

	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	ablăʀ	ablăʀin	ablaʀ	ablaʀniʀ
accusative	abl	ablin	abla	ablana
vocative¹	j'abl	j'ablin	j'abla	j'ablana
dative	abli	ablinum	ablum	ablunum
genitive	abls	ablsins	abla	ablanna

1: Late Pre-Húsnorsk.

Inflection of ulfăʀ (masculine a-stem)

	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	ulfăʀ	ulfăʀin	ulfaʀ	ulfaʀniʀ
accusative	ulf	ulfin	ulfa	ulfana
vocative¹	j'ulf	j'ulfin	j'ulfa	j'ulfana
dative	ulfi	ulfinum	ulfum	ulfunum
genitive	ulfs	ulfsins	ulfa	ulfanna

1: Late Pre-Húsnorsk.

Inflection of ǿ (common i-stem)

neutral	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	ǿ	ójī	alí	alíní
accusative	ó	alī	ali	alina
vocative	j'ó	j'alī	j'ali	j'alina
dative	ali	alinū	alū	alunū
genitive	alis	alinūs	alūs	alunūs
laudative	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	ósj	ósjī	ósí	ósíní
accusative	ós	ósī	ósi	ósina
vocative	j'ós	j'ósī	j'ósi	j'ósina
dative	ósi	ósinū	ósū	ósunū
genitive	ósis	ósinūs	ósūs	ósunūs
pejorative	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	ógj	ógjī	ógí	ógíní
accusative	óg	ógī	ógi	ógina
vocative	j'óg	j'ógī	j'ógi	j'ógina
dative	ógi	óginū	ógū	ógunū
genitive	ógis	óginūs	ógūs	ógunūs

As can be seen with this table, nouns can be irregular, especially when it consists of a vowel followed by l, as historic l-vocalization caused additional vowel alternations on top of umlaut.

Inflection of ásj (common u-stem)

neutral	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	ásj	ásjī	æsí	æsíní
accusative	ás	ásī	ási	ásina
vocative	j'ás	j'ásī	j'ási	j'ásina
dative	ási	ásinū	ásū	ásunū
genitive	ásis	ásinūs	ásūs	ásunūs
laudative	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	ássj	ássjī	æssí	æssíní
accusative	áss	ássī	ássi	ássina
vocative	j'áss	j'ássī	j'ássi	j'ássina
dative	ássi	ássinū	ássū	ássunū
genitive	ássis	ássinūs	ássūs	ássunūs
pejorative	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	áskj	áskjī	æskí	æskíní
accusative	ásk	áskī	áski	áskina
vocative	j'ásk	j'áskī	j'áski	j'áskina
dative	áski	áskinū	áskū	áskunū
genitive	áskis	áskinūs	áskūs	áskunūs

The u-stem has largely become identical to the i-stem, the only difference being the i-umlaut in the nominative plural.

Inflection of najlj (common consonant-stem)

neutral	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	najlj	najljī	najl	najliní
accusative	najl	najlī	najl	najlina
vocative	j'najl	j'najlī	j'najl	j'najlina
dative	najli	najlinū	najlū	najlunū
genitive	najlis	najlinūs	najlūs	najlunūs
laudative	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	najlsj	najlsjī	najls	najlsiní
accusative	najls	najlsī	najls	najlsina
vocative	j'najls	j'najlsī	j'najls	j'najlsina
dative	najlsi	najlsinū	najlsū	najlsunū
genitive	najlsis	najlsinūs	najlsūs	najlsunūs
pejorative	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	najlgj	najlgjī	najlg	najlginí
accusative	najlg	najlgī	najlg	najlgina
vocative	j'najlg	j'najlgī	j'najlg	j'najlgina
dative	najlgi	najlginū	najlgū	najlgunū
genitive	najlgis	najlginūs	najlgūs	najlgunūs

In najlj, you see how historic sound shifts occasionally flatten umlaut variations, such as here with the old /a/-/ɛ/ dynamic, where in Jugsnorsk /ɛ/ has merged with /a/. This should not be thought of as the removal of umlaut, but rather the loss of the distinction, as the umlaut variations can still be seen in other words, such as the following word:

Inflection of figgj (common consonant-stem)

neutral	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	figgj	figgjī	fygg	fygginí
accusative	figg	figgī	fygg	fyggina
vocative	j'figg	j'figgī	j'fygg	j'fyggina
dative	figgi	figginū	figgū	figgunū
genitive	figgis	figginūs	figgūs	figgunūs
laudative	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	figgsj	figgsjī	fyggs	fyggsiní
accusative	figgs	figgsī	fyggs	fyggsina
vocative	j'figgs	j'figgsī	j'fyggs	j'fyggsina
dative	figgsi	figgsinū	figgsū	figgsunū
genitive	figgsis	figgsinūs	figgsūs	figgsunūs
pejorative	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	figgj	figgjjī	fyggj	fyggjiní
accusative	figgj	figgjī	fyggj	fyggjina
vocative	j'figgj	j'figgjī	j'fyggj	j'fyggjina
dative	figgji	figgjinū	figgjū	figgjunū
genitive	figgjis	figgjinūs	figgjūs	figgjunūs

Here in figgj you see how i-umlauted i becomes y, instead of the expected outcome of being unaffected.

Feminine patterns

The feminines have long since merged with the masculines to form the commons, this section will cover how each feminine pattern merged into the masculines. some of the feminine patterns have remained distinct in form, but still became common in treatment.

feminine ō-stem:

Inflection of nasj (common a-stem)

neutral	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	nasj	nasjī	nasé	naséní
accusative	nas	nasī	nasa	nasana
vocative	j'nas	j'nasī	j'nasa	j'nasana
dative	nasi	nasinū	nasū	nasunū
genitive	nasis	nasinūs	nasūs	nasunūs
laudative	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	nassj	nassjī	nassé	nasséní
accusative	nass	nassī	nassa	nassana
vocative	j'nass	j'nassī	j'nassa	j'nassana
dative	nassi	nassinū	nassū	nassunū
genitive	nassis	nassinūs	nassūs	nassunūs
pejorative	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	naskj	naskjī	naské	naskéní
accusative	nask	naskī	naska	naskana
vocative	j'nask	j'naskī	j'naska	j'naskana
dative	naski	naskinū	naskū	naskunū
genitive	naskis	naskinūs	naskūs	naskunūs

feminine ōn-stem

Inflection of akka (common ōn-stem)

neutral	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	akka	akkā	akký	akkýní
accusative	akku	akkū	akký	akkýna
vocative	j'akku	j'akkū	j'akký	j'akkýna
dative	akki	akkinū	akkū	akkunū
genitive	akkis	akkinūs	akkūs	akkunūs
laudative	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	akksa	akksā	akksý	akksýní
accusative	akksu	akksū	akksý	akksýna
vocative	j'akksu	j'akksū	j'akksý	j'akksýna
dative	akksi	akksinū	akksū	akksunū
genitive	akksis	akksinūs	akksūs	akksunūs
pejorative	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	akkja	akkjā	akkjý	akkjýní
accusative	akkju	akkjū	akkjý	akkjýna
vocative	j'akkju	j'akkjū	j'akkjý	j'akkjýna
dative	akkji	akkjinū	akkjū	akkjunū
genitive	akkjis	akkjinūs	akkjūs	akkjunūs

Neuter patterns

Inflection of mó (neuter a-stem)

neutral	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	mó	málit	mó	málī
accusative	mó	málit	mó	málī
vocative	j'mó	j'málit	j'mó	j'málī
dative	máli	málinū	málū	málunū
genitive	mális	málinūs	málūs	málunūs
laudative	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	mós	mósit	mós	mósī
accusative	mós	mósit	mós	mósī
vocative	j'mós	j'mósit	j'mós	j'mósī
dative	mósi	mósinū	mósū	mósunū
genitive	mósis	mósinūs	mósūs	mósunūs
pejorative	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	móg	mógit	móg	mógī
accusative	móg	mógit	móg	mógī
vocative	j'móg	j'mógit	j'móg	j'mógī
dative	mógi	móginū	mógū	mógunū
genitive	mógis	móginūs	mógūs	mógunūs

Inflection of ísladd (neuter a-stem)

neutral	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	ísladd	ísladdit	ísladd	ísladdī
accusative	ísladd	ísladdit	ísladd	ísladdī
vocative	j'ísladd	j'ísladdit	j'ísladd	j'ísladdī
dative	ísladdi	ísladdinū	ísladdū	ísladdunū
genitive	ísladdis	ísladdinūs	ísladdūs	ísladdunūs
laudative	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	ísladds	ísladdsit	ísladds	ísladdsī
accusative	ísladds	ísladdsit	ísladds	ísladdsī
vocative	j'ísladds	j'ísladdsit	j'ísladds	j'ísladdsī
dative	ísladdsi	ísladdsinū	ísladdsū	ísladdsunū
genitive	ísladdsis	ísladdsinūs	ísladdsūs	ísladdsunūs
pejorative	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	ísladdg	ísladdgit	ísladdg	ísladdgī
accusative	ísladdg	ísladdgit	ísladdg	ísladdgī
vocative	j'ísladdg	j'ísladdgit	j'ísladdg	j'ísladdgī
dative	ísladdgi	ísladdginū	ísladdgū	ísladdgunū
genitive	ísladdgis	ísladdginūs	ísladdgūs	ísladdgunūs

forms where -g isn't followed by a vowel are occasionally seen as -gi

Adjectives

Positive inflection of sý

indefinite	singular		plural
	common	neuter	common	neuter
nominative	sý	sǿt	sélí	sǿ
accusative	sélā	sǿt	séla	sǿ
dative	séli	séli	sélū	sélū
genitive	sélis	sélis	sélūs	sélūs
definite	singular		plural
	common	neuter	common	neuter
nominative	sǿjī	sǿtit	sélíní	sélī
accusative	sélī	sǿtit	sélana	sélī
dative	sélinū	sélinū	sélunū	sélunū
genitive	sélinūs	sélinūs	sélunūs	sélunūs

Comparative inflection of sý

indefinite	singular		plural
	common	neuter	common	neuter
nominative	sélé	sélat	sélarí	séla
accusative	sélarā	sélat	sélara	séla
dative	sélari	sélari	sélū	sélū
genitive	sélaris	sélaris	sélūs	sélūs
definite	singular		plural
	common	neuter	common	neuter
nominative	sélajī	sélatit	sélaríní	sélarī
accusative	sélarī	sélatit	sélarana	sélarī
dative	sélarinū	sélarinū	sélarunū	sélarunū
genitive	sélarinūs	sélarinūs	sélarunūs	sélarunūs

Superlative inflection of sý

indefinite	singular		plural
	common	neuter	common	neuter
nominative	sélastj	sélast	sélastí	sélast
accusative	sélastā	sélast	sélasta	sélast
dative	sélasti	sélasti	sélustū	sélustū
genitive	sélastis	sélastis	sélustūs	sélustūs
definite	singular		plural
	common	neuter	common	neuter
nominative	sélastjī	sélastit	sélastíní	sélastī
accusative	sélastī	sélastit	sélastana	sélastī
dative	sélastinū	sélastinū	sélustunū	sélustunū
genitive	sélastinūs	sélastinūs	sélustunūs	sélustunūs

Pronouns

Jugsnorsk personal pronouns

singular	1st	2nd	reflexive	3rd
				common	neuter
nominative	ak, a(h)¹, k', a'	þú, þ', u'	—	hán	þat, þan²
accusative	mik, mi(h)¹	þik, þi(h)¹	sik, si(h)¹
dative	mí	þí	sí	háni	þati, þani¹, þwí³
genitive	mínj	þínj	sínj	hánj	þatj, þanj¹
plural	1st	2nd	reflexive	3rd
				common	neuter
nominative	ví, ý	í	—	þí	þò
accusative	os	i, í	sik, si(h)¹	þé, þí
dative	osj	í	sí	þè
genitive	ork	ivé	sinj	þéja

1: colloquial
2: analogized with hán
3: archaic

Verbs

Húsnorsk has begun using -at far more often, generalizing it into the negative affix for all verbs, though typically appearing as -t.

The plural imperative is usually -ið, but it's occasionally seen as -að, the origin of this new suffix is unknown, but likely comes from differentiating it from the subjunctive.

Strong verbs

Strong verbs are characterized by ablaut in the past tense forms, rather than the dental suffix of the weak verbs. The different classes exist as each has a different characteristic ablaut pattern.

Class 1

Class 1 is characterized by -ē- in the present and -i- in the past.

Positive conjugation of grēpa — (strong class 1)

	present				past
infinitive	grēpa				gripa
participle	grēpaddi				gripþăʀ
active	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative¹
singular	grēpuʀ	grēpiʀ	grēp		gripu	gripi	grip
wīʀ	grēpum	grēpim	grēpiþ, -aþ		gripum	gripim	gripiþ, -aþ
īʀ	grēpuþ	grēpiþ			gripuþ	gripiþ
þæiʀ	grēpun	grēpin			gripun	gripin
mediopassive	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative¹
singular	grēpusk	grēpisk	grēpsk		gripusk	gripisk	gripsk
plural	grēpuzk	grēpizk	grēpizk, -azk		gripuzk	gripizk	gripizk, -azk

1: past imperative is rare

Negative conjugation of grēpa — (strong class 1)

	present				past
infinitive	grēpat				gripat
participle	grēpaddit				gripzt
active	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative¹
singular	grēpust	grēpist	grēpt		griput	gripit	gript
plural	grēputt	grēpitt	grēpitt, -att		griputt	gripitt	gripitt, -att
mediopassive	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative¹
singular	grēpuszk	grēpiszk	grēpzk		gripuzk	gripizk	gripzk
plural	grēputzk	grēpitzk	grēpitzk, -atzk		griputzk	gripitzk	gripitzk, -atzk

1: past imperative is rare

Class 2

Class 2 is characterized by -jō- in the present and -u- in the past.

Positive conjugation of ljōga — (strong class 2)

	present				past
infinitive	ljōga				luga
participle	ljōgaddi				lugþăʀ
active	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative¹
singular	ljōguʀ	ljōgiʀ	ljōg		lugu	lugi	lug
wīʀ	ljōgum	ljōgim	ljōgiþ, -aþ		lugum	lugim	lugiþ, -aþ
īʀ	ljōguþ	ljōgiþ			luguþ	lugiþ
þæiʀ	ljōgun	ljōgin			lugun	lugin
mediopassive	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative¹
singular	ljōgusk	ljōgisk	ljōgsk		lugusk	lugisk	lugsk
plural	ljōguzk	ljōgizk	ljōgizk, -azk		luguzk	lugizk	lugizk, -azk

1: past imperative is rare

Negative conjugation of ljōga — (strong class 2)

	present				past
infinitive	ljōgat				lugat
participle	ljōgaddit				lugzt
active	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative¹
singular	ljōgust	ljōgist	ljōgt		lugut	lugit	lugt
plural	ljōgutt	ljōgitt	ljōgitt, -att		lugutt	lugitt	lugitt, -att
mediopassive	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative¹
singular	ljōguszk	ljōgiszk	ljōgzk		luguzk	lugizk	lugzk
plural	ljōgutzk	ljōgitzk	ljōgitzk, -atzk		lugutzk	lugitzk	lugitzk, -atzk

1: past imperative is rare

Class 3

Class 3 is split into several sub-classes, as there's multiple patterns contained in it. All patterns have -u- in the indicative past and -y- in the subjunctive past.

Class 3-e

Characterized by -e- in the present. This -e- is cognate to Old Norse -i-, the value is likely through a-umlaut, though this is debated.

Positive conjugation of wedda — (strong class 3-e)

	present				past
infinitive	wedda				udda
participle	weddaddi				uddþăʀ
active	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative¹
singular	wedduʀ	weddiʀ	wedd		uddu	yddi	udd
wīʀ	weddum	weddim	weddiþ, -aþ		uddum	yddim	uddiþ, -aþ
īʀ	wedduþ	weddiþ			udduþ	yddiþ
þæiʀ	weddun	weddin			uddun	yddin
mediopassive	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative¹
singular	weddusk	weddisk	weddsk		uddusk	yddisk	uddsk
plural	wedduzk	weddizk	weddizk, -azk		udduzk	yddizk	uddizk, -azk

1: past imperative is rare

Negative conjugation of wedda — (strong class 3-e)

	present				past
infinitive	weddat				uddat
participle	weddaddit				uddzt
active	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative¹
singular	weddust	weddist	weddt		uddut	yddit	uddt
plural	weddutt	wedditt	wedditt, -att		uddutt	ydditt	udditt, -att
mediopassive	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative¹
singular	wedduszk	weddiszk	weddzk		udduzk	yddizk	uddzk
plural	weddutzk	wedditzk	wedditzk, -atzk		uddutzk	ydditzk	udditzk, -atzk

1: past imperative is rare

Class 3-æ

Characterized by -æ- in the present.

Positive conjugation of wænna — (strong class 3-æ)

	present				past
infinitive	wænna				unna
participle	wænnaddi				unnþăʀ
active	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative¹
singular	wænnuʀ	wænniʀ	wænn		unnu	ynni	unn
wīʀ	wænnum	wænnim	wænniþ, -aþ		unnum	ynnim	unniþ, -aþ
īʀ	wænnuþ	wænniþ			unnuþ	ynniþ
þæiʀ	wænnun	wænnin			unnun	ynnin
mediopassive	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative¹
singular	wænnusk	wænnisk	wænnsk		unnusk	ynnisk	unnsk
plural	wænnuzk	wænnizk	wænnizk, -azk		unnuzk	ynnizk	unnizk, -azk

1: past imperative is rare

Negative conjugation of wænna — (strong class 3-æ)

	present				past
infinitive	wænnat				unnat
participle	wænnaddit				unnzt
active	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative¹
singular	wænnust	wænnist	wænnt		unnut	ynnit	unnt
plural	wænnutt	wænnitt	wænnitt, -att		unnutt	ynnitt	unnitt, -att
mediopassive	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative¹
singular	wænnuszk	wænniszk	wænnzk		unnuzk	ynnizk	unnzk
plural	wænnutzk	wænnitzk	wænnitzk, -atzk		unnutzk	ynnitzk	unnitzk, -atzk

1: past imperative is rare

Old Norse -ja- is also under 3-æ, such as bærga (Old Norse bjarga)

Positive conjugation of bærga — (strong class 3-æ)

	present				past
infinitive	bærga				burga
participle	bærgaddi				burgþăʀ
active	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative¹
singular	bærguʀ	bærgiʀ	bærg		burgu	byrgi	burg
wīʀ	bærgum	bærgim	bærgiþ, -aþ		burgum	byrgim	burgiþ, -aþ
īʀ	bærguþ	bærgiþ			burguþ	byrgiþ
þæiʀ	bærgun	bærgin			burgun	byrgin
mediopassive	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative¹
singular	bærgusk	bærgisk	bærgsk		burgusk	byrgisk	burgsk
plural	bærguzk	bærgizk	bærgizk, -azk		burguzk	byrgizk	burgizk, -azk

1: past imperative is rare

Negative conjugation of bærga — (strong class 3-æ)

	present				past
infinitive	bærgat				burgat
participle	bærgaddit				burgzt
active	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative¹
singular	bærgust	bærgist	bærgt		burgut	byrgit	burgt
plural	bærgutt	bærgitt	bærgitt, -att		burgutt	byrgitt	burgitt, -att
mediopassive	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative¹
singular	bærguszk	bærgiszk	bærgzk		burguzk	byrgizk	burgzk
plural	bærgutzk	bærgitzk	bærgitzk, -atzk		burgutzk	byrgitzk	burgitzk, -atzk

1: past imperative is rare

Class 3-ø

Characterized by -ø- in the present. -ø- is cognate to Old Norse -ø- and -y-.

This first verb is cognate to Old Norse þryngva.

Positive conjugation of þrøgga — (strong class 3-ø)

	present				past
infinitive	þrøgga				þrugga
participle	þrøggaddi				þruggþăʀ
active	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative¹
singular	þrøgguʀ	þrøggiʀ	þrøgg		þruggu	þryggi	þrugg
wīʀ	þrøggum	þrøggim	þrøggiþ, -aþ		þruggum	þryggim	þruggiþ, -aþ
īʀ	þrøgguþ	þrøggiþ			þrugguþ	þryggiþ
þæiʀ	þrøggun	þrøggin			þruggun	þryggin
mediopassive	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative¹
singular	þrøggusk	þrøggisk	þrøggsk		þruggusk	þryggisk	þruggsk
plural	þrøgguzk	þrøggizk	þrøggizk, -azk		þrugguzk	þryggizk	þruggizk, -azk

1: past imperative is rare

Negative conjugation of þrøgga — (strong class 3-ø)

	present				past
infinitive	þrøggat				þruggat
participle	þrøggaddit				þruggzt
active	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative¹
singular	þrøggust	þrøggist	þrøggt		þruggut	þryggit	þruggt
plural	þrøggutt	þrøggitt	þrøggitt, -att		þruggutt	þryggitt	þruggitt, -att
mediopassive	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative¹
singular	þrøgguszk	þrøggiszk	þrøggzk		þrugguzk	þryggizk	þruggzk
plural	þrøggutzk	þrøggitzk	þrøggitzk, -atzk		þruggutzk	þryggitzk	þruggitzk, -atzk

1: past imperative is rare

This next verb is cognate with Old Norse søkkva.

Positive conjugation of søkka — (strong class 3-ø)

	present				past
infinitive	søkka				sukka
participle	søkkaddi				sukkþăʀ
active	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative¹
singular	søkkuʀ	søkkiʀ	søkk		sukku	sykki	sukk
wīʀ	søkkum	søkkim	søkkiþ, -aþ		sukkum	sykkim	sukkiþ, -aþ
īʀ	søkkuþ	søkkiþ			sukkuþ	sykkiþ
þæiʀ	søkkun	søkkin			sukkun	sykkin
mediopassive	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative¹
singular	søkkusk	søkkisk	søkksk		sukkusk	sykkisk	sukksk
plural	søkkuzk	søkkizk	søkkizk, -azk		sukkuzk	sykkizk	sukkizk, -azk

1: past imperative is rare

Negative conjugation of søkka — (strong class 3-ø)

	present				past
infinitive	søkkat				sukkat
participle	søkkaddit				sukkzt
active	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative¹
singular	søkkust	søkkist	søkkt		sukkut	sykkit	sukkt
plural	søkkutt	søkkitt	søkkitt, -att		sukkutt	sykkitt	sukkitt, -att
mediopassive	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative¹
singular	søkkuszk	søkkiszk	søkkzk		sukkuzk	sykkizk	sukkzk
plural	søkkutzk	søkkitzk	søkkitzk, -atzk		sukkutzk	sykkitzk	sukkitzk, -atzk

1: past imperative is rare

Class 5

Positive conjugation of gæta — (strong class 5)

	present				past
infinitive	gæta				gāta
participle	gætaddi				gāttăʀ
active	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative¹
singular	gætuʀ	gætiʀ	gæt		gātu	gāti	gāt
wīʀ	gætum	gætim	gætiþ, -aþ		gātum	gātim	gātiþ, -aþ
īʀ	gætuþ	gætiþ			gātuþ	gātiþ
þæiʀ	gætun	gætin			gātun	gātin
mediopassive	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative¹
singular	gætusk	gætisk	gætsk		gātusk	gātisk	gātsk
plural	gætuzk	gætizk	gætizk, -azk		gātuzk	gātizk	gātizk, -azk

1: past imperative is rare

Negative conjugation of gæta — (strong class 5)

	present				past
infinitive	gætat				gātat
participle	gætaddit				gātzt
active	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative¹
singular	gætust	gætist	gætt		gātut	gātit	gātt
plural	gætutt	gætitt	gætitt, -att		gātutt	gātitt	gātitt, -att
mediopassive	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative¹
singular	gætuszk	gætiszk	gætzk		gātuzk	gātizk	gātzk
plural	gætutzk	gætitzk	gætitzk, -atzk		gātutzk	gātitzk	gātitzk, -atzk

1: past imperative is rare

Class 7

Positive conjugation of gagga — (strong class 7)

	present				past
infinitive	gagga				gægga
participle	gaggaddi				gæggþăʀ
active	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative¹
singular	gægguʀ	gaggiʀ	gagg		gæggu	gæggi	gægg
wīʀ	gaggum	gaggim	gaggiþ, -aþ		gæggum	gæggim	gæggiþ, -aþ
īʀ	gagguþ	gaggiþ			gægguþ	gæggiþ
þæiʀ	gaggun	gaggin			gæggun	gæggin
mediopassive	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative¹
singular	gaggusk	gaggisk	gaggsk		gæggusk	gæggisk	gæggsk
plural	gagguzk	gaggizk	gaggizk, -azk		gægguzk	gæggizk	gæggizk, -azk

1: past imperative is rare

Negative conjugation of gagga — (strong class 7)

	present				past
infinitive	gaggat				gæggat
participle	gaggaddit				gæggzt
active	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative¹
singular	gæggust	gaggist	gaggt		gæggut	gæggit	gæggt
plural	gaggutt	gaggitt	gaggitt, -att		gæggutt	gæggitt	gæggitt, -att
mediopassive	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative¹
singular	gagguszk	gaggiszk	gaggzk		gægguzk	gæggizk	gæggzk
plural	gaggutzk	gaggitzk	gaggitzk, -atzk		gæggutzk	gæggitzk	gæggitzk, -atzk

1: past imperative is rare

Weak verbs

Weak verbs are defined by a -þ- in the past tense, with the forms otherwise identical to the present.

weak verbs have largely been leveled to two patterns, now called weak and j-weak. This first verb, bøygja, is a j-weak.

Positive conjugation of bøygja — (j-weak)

	present				past
infinitive	bøygja				bøygja
participle	bøygjaddi				bøygþăʀ
active	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative¹
singular	bøygjuʀ	bøygiʀ	bøyg		bøygþu	bøygþi	bøygþ
wīʀ	bøygjum	bøygim	bøygiþ, -aþ		bøygþum	bøygþim	bøygþiþ, -aþ
īʀ	bøygjuþ	bøygiþ			bøygþuþ	bøygþiþ
þæiʀ	bøygjun	bøygin			bøygþun	bøygþin
mediopassive	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative¹
singular	bøygjusk	bøygisk	bøygsk		bøygþusk	bøygþisk	bøygtsk
plural	bøygjuzk	bøygizk	bøygizk, -azk		bøygþuzk	bøygþizk	bøygþizk, -azk

1: past imperative is rare

Negative conjugation of bøygja — (j-weak)

	present				past
infinitive	bøygjat				bøygjat
participle	bøygjaddit				bøygþst
active	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative¹
singular	bøygjust	bøygist	bøygt		bøygþut	bøygþit	bøygþt
plural	bøygjutt	bøygitt	bøygitt, -att		bøygþutt	bøygþitt	bøygþitt, -att
mediopassive	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative¹
singular	bøygjuszk	bøygiszk	bøygzk		bøygþuzk	bøygþizk	bøygþzk
plural	bøygjutzk	bøygitzk	bøygitzk, -atzk		bøygþutzk	bøygþitzk	bøygþitzk, -atzk

1: past imperative is rare

This next verb, hafa, is a plain weak.

Positive conjugation of hafa — (weak)

	present				past
infinitive	hafa				hafþa
participle	hafaddi				hafþăʀ
active	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative¹
singular	hafuʀ	hafiʀ	haf		hafþu	hafþi	hafþ
wīʀ	hafum	hafim	hafiþ, -aþ		hafþum	hafþim	hafþiþ, -aþ
īʀ	hafuþ	hafiþ			hafþuþ	hafþiþ
þæiʀ	hafun	hafin			hafþun	hafþin
mediopassive	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative¹
singular	hafusk	hafisk	hafsk		hafþusk	hafþisk	hafþsk
plural	hafuzk	hafizk	hafizk, -azk		hafþuzk	hafþizk	hafþizk, -azk

1: past imperative is rare

Negative conjugation of hafa — (weak)

	present				past
infinitive	hafat				hafþat
participle	hafaddit				hafþst
active	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative¹
singular	hafust	hafist	haft		hafþut	hafþit	hafþt
plural	hafutt	hafitt	hafitt, -att		hafþutt	hafþitt	hafþitt, -att
mediopassive	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative¹
singular	hafuszk	hafiszk	hafzk		hafþuzk	hafþizk	hafþzk
plural	hafutzk	hafitzk	hafitzk, -atzk		hafþutzk	hafþitzk	hafþitzk, -atzk

1: past imperative is rare

In Late Pre-Húsnorsk, the conjugations begin shifting further. The most major shift is the collapse of person in the positive active plural.

Positive conjugation of -a — (weak)

	present				past
infinitive	-a				-þa
participle	-addi				-þăʀ
active	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative¹
singular	-uʀ	-iʀ	-		-þu	-þi	-þ
wīʀ	-uþ	-iþ	-aþ		-þuþ	-þiþ	-þaþ
īʀ	-uþ	-iþ			-þuþ	-þiþ
þæiʀ	-uþ	-iþ			-þuþ	-þiþ
mediopassive	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative¹
singular	-usk	-isk	-sk		-þusk	-þisk	-zk
plural	-uþk	-iþk	-aþk		-þuþk	-þiþk	-þaþk

1: past imperative is rare

Negative conjugation of -a — (weak)

	present				past
infinitive	-at				-þat
participle	-addit				-þst
active	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative¹
singular	-ust	-ist	-t		-þut	-þit	-tt
plural	-utt	-itt	-att		-þutt	-þitt	-þatt
mediopassive	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative¹
singular	-usk	-isk	-þk		-þuþk	-þiþk	-zk
plural	-uzk	-izk	-azk		-þuzk	-þizk	-þazk

1: past imperative is rare

Suppletive verbs

Jugsnorsk has a few suppletive verbs in which some forms were replaced by another verb's forms.

This first verb is the main copula. Though the tables presented here are fully regular as a strong 5 verb, forms exist which aren't, the Contionary page should be seen for these.

Positive conjugation of wæsa — active only (suppletive, or irregular strong class 5)

	present				past
infinitive	wæsa				wāʀa, wāsa⁴
participle	wæsaddi				wāʀtăʀ, wāstăʀ⁴
active	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative¹
singular	{{{ind_sg}}}	{{{sub_sg}}}	wæs		{{{pa_ind_sg}}}	{{{pa_sub_sg}}}	wāʀ
wīʀ	(w)æsum³	wæsim	wæsiþ, -aþ		wāʀum	wāʀim	wāʀiþ, -aþ
īʀ	(w)æsuþ³	wæsiþ			wāʀuþ	wāʀiþ
þæiʀ	(w)æsun³	wæsin			wāʀun	wāʀin
mediopassive	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative¹
singular	—	—	—		—	—	—
plural	—	—	—		—	—	—

1: past imperative is rare
2: regularized to the root wæs-, decently rare
3: see note 2; -s- is younger, originally had -ʀ-
4: older

Negative conjugation of wæsa — active only (suppletive, or irregular strong class 5)

	present				past
infinitive	{{{neg_inf}}}				{{{neg_pa_inf}}}
participle	{{{neg_part}}}				{{{neg_pa_part}}}
active	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative¹
singular	{{{neg_ind_sg}}}	{{{neg_sub_sg}}}	{{{neg_imp_sg}}}		{{{neg_pa_ind_sg}}}	{{{neg_pa_sub_sg}}}	{{{neg_pa_imp_sg}}}
plural	{{{neg_ind_pl}}}	{{{neg_sub_pl}}}	{{{neg_imp_pl}}}		{{{neg_pa_ind_pl}}}	{{{neg_pa_sub_pl}}}	{{{neg_pa_imp_pl}}}
mediopassive	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative¹
singular	—	—	—		—	—	—
plural	—	—	—		—	—	—

1: past imperative is rare
2: regularized to the root wæs-, decently rare
3: see note 2; -s- is younger, originally had -ʀ-
4: older

The regularized wæs- root was generally rare till late Pre-Húsnorsk, where it starts becoming the dominant forms (with wāʀ- retained for the past)

Numerals

The following table will present the cardinal 1-10.

Number	Pre-Húsnorsk
1	æinaʀ (/æinăʀ/)
2	twæi(ʀ)
3	þrīʀ
4	fæþwiʀ
5	*fæmf
6	sæks
7	*sævu(n)
8	*āhtu(n)?
9	*n(j)u(n)
10	*t(j)u(n)

Positive inflection of énj

indefinite	singular		plural
	common	neuter	common	neuter
nominative	énj	étt	éní	én
accusative	énā	étt	éna	én
dative	éni	éni	énū	énū
genitive	énis	énis	énūs	énūs
definite	singular		plural
	common	neuter	common	neuter
nominative	—	—	—	—
accusative	—	—	—	—
dative	—	—	—	—
genitive	—	—	—	—

This next table is the ordinal 1-10, these were largely regularized to variants of -ði in Pre-Húsnorsk.

Number	Pre-Húsnorsk
1	æinþi
2	twæiþi
3	þrīþi
4	fæþþi (< *fæþwiþi)
5	fæddi (< *fæmdi)
6	sæhti
7	*sæfti
8	atti (/ātti/), *āhti?
9	*ny(n)þi
10	*ty(n)þi

Syntax

Pre-Húsnorsk syntax is relatively the same as Old Norse, and incredibly well preserved by Jugsnorsk, having relatively free word order, outside of requiring V2, allowing nouns to appear anywhere in the sentence as long as they're marked correctly.

These following examples will serve to illustrate sentence construction in Pre-Húsnorsk. (subject in yellow, verb in blue, object in red).

maðpjoldin wāʀ 1.500 —The population was 1,500

In this example, the word order matches English relatively well, and we see "wą" ("was") in the second position.

In this next example, we see it break away from English order, with the verb still occupying V2 position.

ārit 2000 wāʀ maðpjoldin 1.500—In 2000, the population was 1,500 (lit. The year 2000 was the population 1,500)

The prepositional phrase "ārit 2000" (in green) counts as a single unit, thus the verb must come after 2000 rather than ārit.

V2 order seemingly has no exceptions, as SV inversion isn't used for yes/no questions. In the following examples, you'll see the different methods that were used for question marking:

Ari wæsi soltin — Ari is hungry (lit. Ari has hungry)

and as a question:

Ari wæsi soltin? — Is Ari hungry? (lit. Ari has hungry?)

Here you see the most common form of question, one without grammatical change, these use a rising vocal intonation as their marking (or a question mark in writing).

Another method is SO inversion, as in:

soltin wæsi Ari? — Is Ari hungry? (lit. Hungry has Ari?)

Lexical comparison

Leipzig-Jakarta List
Rank	Meaning	Old West Norse	Old East Norse	Pre-Húsnorsk
1	fire	eldr	eldʀ	eldăʀ
2	nose	nǫs	nǫs	nas
3	to go	ganga	ganga	gagga
4	water	vatn	watn	watn
5	mouth	(body) munnr (river) mynni (river) óss	(body) munþʀ (river) mynni (river) ōss	(body) munþăʀ (river) mynþi (river) ōsăʀ
6	tongue	tunga	tunga	tugga
7	blood	blóð	blōþ	blōþ
8	bone	bein	bēn	bæin
9	2sg pronoun (you)	þú	þū	þū
10	root	rót	rōt	rōt
11	to come (move)	kuma, koma	koma, kuma	koma
12	breast	brjóst	brjōst?	brjost
13	rain	regn	rægn	rægn
14	1sg pronoun (I)	ek	iak	æk
15	name	nafn	nafn (naβn?)	namn
16	louse (Phthirapteron)
17	wing
18	flesh/meat
19	arm/hand
20	fly (Dipteron)
21	night (time)	nátt	nāt	nāt
22	ear
23	neck
24	far (prep.)
25	to do/make
26	house/structure
27	stone/rock (singular)
28	bitter
29	to say	tala	tala	spā¹, tala
30	tooth
31	hair
32	big
33	one (number)	einn	ēn(?)	æin
34	who?
35	3sg pronoun (they)	hann (m) hǫ́n (f) þat (n)	han(n) (m) hōn (f) þæt? (n)	hān (m/f) þat (n)
36	to hit/beat
37	leg/foot
38	horn
39	this (pron.)	sá	sa	sa
40	fish	fiskr	fiskʀ	feskăʀ
41	yesterday
42	to drink
43	black (color)
44	navel
45	to stand
46	to bite
47	back (body)
48	wind
49	smoke (substance)
50	what?
51	child (kin term)
52	egg
53	to give
54	new (adj.)
55	to burn (intr.)
56	not (adj./adv.)	eigi (verbal) -at	ēgi (verbal) -at	æigi, æi (verbal) -(a)t
57	good
58	to know	kunna (a person) kenna	kunna (a person) kænna	konna (a person) kænna
59	knee
60	sand
61	to laugh
62	to hear
63	soil
64	leaf
65	red (color)
66	liver (organ)
67	to hide
68	skin/hide	feldr (animal) skinn (general) húð	feldʀ (animal) skin(n) (general) hūþ	feldăʀ (animal) skenþ³ (general) hūþăʀ (human)
69	to suck
70	to carry
71	ant (Formid)
72	heavy
73	to take
74	old
75	to eat	eta	æta	æta
76	thigh
77	thick
78	long (spacially)
79	to blow
80	wood
81	to run
82	to fall
83	eye (body-part)
84	ash
85	tail
86	dog
87	to cry/weep
88	to tie
89	to see
90	sweet
91	rope
92	shade/shadow
93	bird	fugl, fogl	fogl	foglăʀ
94	salt
95	small
96	wide
97	star
98	in	í	ī	ī
99	hard (materially)
100	to crush/grind

1. cognate to Old Norse "spá" ("to foretell")
2. a form with a-umlaut.
3. a continuation of -nþ- from Proto-Germanic.