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Jugsnorsk

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Jugsnorsk (/jugz.norsk/; endonym: Ygranorska, [ˈyɡ.rɐ.ˌnor̥.kʰɐ]) is a group of several closely related dialects of the Húsnorsk language, though many linguists would now class it as a distinct language. Being a group of dialects, Jugsnorsk forms the Eastern Húsnorsk dialect continuum, so-called such as it is entirely mutually unintelligible with Nygadsnorsk, both from sound changes and semantic shift.[1]

Jugsnorsk
Ygranorska
Pronunciation[ˈyɡ.rɐ.ˌnor̥.kʰɐ]
Created byMelinoë
DateFebruary 23rd, 2026
Native toThe areas along the Katun and Biya
EthnicityJugsnorsk
Native speakers(L1) 400,000 (2020)
(L2) 20,000
Early forms
Standard form
Varhúsnorsk
Official status
Recognised minority
language in
Regulated byThe Húsnorsk Academy
Language codes
ISO 639-3jugs
Jugsnorsk is classified as vulnerable by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

History

Name

Jugsnorsk has had many names since it first split, the earliest being Plýggnorska, a pejorative meaning "Fleer's Norse", this was used by the people of Novgorod for many decades, nearly a century. It next gained the common name still used for it, Jugranorska (modern: Ygranorska), though this would fall to A(l)tænorska, A(l)tæ (modern Átæ) meaning "Altai mountains", coming from Northern Altai Алтай, this name still persists, but is far less common than Ygranorska, which has had a resurgence and overtook Átænorska.

Early Jugsnorsk (1770AD~1850AD)

In the early 1770's, a large exodus of Húsnorsk from Novgorod began, likely spurred on by the Russian plague, these fleeing families would move east, into Siberia (So-called "Jugra" by the Húsnorsk, from Russian Yugra). These Húsnorsk were once called "Plýggnorska" ("Fleeing Norse"), though this is a pejorative, and they are now called "Jugsnorsk" ("Yugra's Norse").

Starting around 1790, Jugsnorsk developed its defining laudative and pejorative forms through -isti and -ki respectively. These suffixes, originally augmentative and diminutive, were used so often as laudative and pejorative that they reduced down to -(i)s- and -g(i)-/-k(i)- and became new noun forms as they lost their original patterns and took on the patterns of the noun they were attached to. The original suffixes, -isti and -ki, are still used with their original meanings and patterns, as with ravkki for example, from ravnj and -ki.

Modern Jugsnorsk (1850AD~Today)

Development

Jugsnorsk's phonological history is largely extremely well understood. The exact mechnism through which the laudative and pejorative forms developed is not understood well though.

The following are the reconstructed phonological and grammatical changes between Varhúsnorsk and Jugsnorsk. Grammatical changes will be italicized.

  • /iu, eu/ > /ju/
  • coda geminates shorten
  • The laudative and pejorative forms must have developed prior to diphthong flattening, while coda /l/ still existed as the allophone [u̯]
  • nasals to nasalization before fricatives, seemingly only when place of articulation is the same, but always before ð (/mun.ðʀ/ > /mũðj/, but /bloːm.stʀ/ > /bloːmsj/ )
  • Diphthong flattening: /au, ɛu, øy, ɔu, ou/ /ɔː, œː, yː, oː, uː/
    • Diphthong flattening continues after with /-j/. (thus "alr" (Eastern "alʀ") becomes "œ" /œː/)
  • /r̥, l̥/ to /r, l/
  • Original genitives are lost, and get reformed as dative + -s
  • /Cj/ > /Cʲ/ (/k, g, x, n, l/ to palatal)
  • /ɣ/ to /g/
  • /w, v/ merge to /ʋ/ except word initially
  • Vowel shifts:
    • Overlong to plain long
    • Mid-highs and mid-lows merge (affects nasals), /ɛ, ɛː/ to /a, ai̯/ though.
    • Unstressed shifts:
      • Short: /i, e, y, ø, u, o, a/ > /ɪ, ɛ, ʏ, œ, ʊ, ɔ, ɐ/
      • Long: /iː, eː, yː, øː, uː, oː, aː/ > /i, e, y, ø, u, o, a/
    • Stressed long splitting: /iː, eː, uː, oː, yː, øː, aː/ > /ɪi, e̞i, ʊu, o̞u, ʏy, ø̞y, ɐu/
    • Nasal vowels to long, long nasals to overlong. (nasals unaffected by the other vowel shifts)
  • /Cf, Cs/ to /Cʰ/
  • /Vbl̩, Vdl̩, Vgl̩/ to /u̯l, l, i̯l/, [ʎ] ("lj") is still treated as /lj/, so "ablj" [a.bʎ̩] becomes [au̯ʎ]
  • initial jV-/wV- assimilation.
    • Not all speakers have wV- assimilation, those that don't finish the w/v merger.
  • /sC/ to /Cʰ/, likely through intermediate /ʰC/
  • (not all speakers) in some of the more common verbs, geminates are reduced to approximates/fricatives
    • "-pp-, -bb-" > "-v-"
    • "-tt-, -dd-" > "-ð-"
    • "-kk-, -gg-" > "-j-"

Phonology

Labial Dental Alveolar Velar
Nasal m n
Stop Unvoiced p t k
Voiced b d g
Aspirated pʰ tʰ kʰ
Fricative Unvoiced f θ s x
Voiced ð
Approximant ʋ r², l j
  1. /b, d, g/ become /p, t, k/ next to voiceless stops and /s/, but not /f/, which becomes /ʋ/ next to these consonants.
  2. Realized as /t, p/ before /n, m/ (as in "ormj" /opmʲ/). Additionally, /rs/ may be realized as [tʰ] (or [r̥]).
  3. All geminates are realized as short in coda position (Thus "Plýgg" is /ˈplʏy̯ɡ/)


Stressed vowels
Front Back
Unround Round
Short Diph. Long Short Diph. Long Short Diph. Long
High i ɪi̯ iː y ʏy̯ yː u ʊu̯ uː
Mid e e̞i̯ eː ø ø̞y̯ øː o o̞u̯ oː
Low a ɐu̯ aː
Unstressed vowels
Front Back
Unround Round
Short Diph. Long Short Diph. Long Short Diph. Long
High ɪ i iː ʏ y yː ʊ u uː
Mid ɛ e eː œ ø øː ɔ o oː
Low ɐ a aː

Within the "long" class is also overlongs that are exceedingly rare, occurring from Old Norse /VːN/, to Varhúsnorsk /Ṽː/, then modern /Vːː/.

/ɛ, ɔ/ also exist in stressed syllables as standalone sounds, but are rather rare, occuring from initial jV/wV assimilation (see "vatn"/"ǫtn" and "ęvn").

The following is a table of the modern diphthongs, notice how some speakers merge "ej, ou" with "é, ó" (and "au" with "ó" as well), also note how "eu, oj" can be realized as [ɤ]. Lastly, note how "ij, uv" don't exist, while they did exist at one point, they've since merged with the longs. You will occasionally still see "uv" as a result of "havt" contraction, this is always pronounced as ū.

-j -v
i- — ju
í/ī- — ʏy̯
u- wi —
ú/ū- ʏy̯ —
e- ei̯, e̞i̯ eu̯, ɤ(u̯)
é/ē- eːi̯, e̞ːi̯ eːu̯, ɤː(u̯)
o- oi̯, ɤ(i̯) ou̯, o̞u̯
ó/ō- oːi̯, ɤː(i̯) oːu̯, o̞ːu̯
a- äi̯ ɑu̯, ɒu̯, o̞u̯
á/ā- äːi̯ ɑːu̯, ɒːu̯

Orthography

Acutes stand for diphthongs (old longs) and macrons stand for long vowels (new longs), there also exists vowels with graves standing for overlongs.

Many Old Norse conventions are still used in handwriting, especially by the highly literate, such as:

"v" as vend ("ꝩ") and a y with a tittle (looking like vend + dot, "ꝩ̇")
Long s is still used
Dotless i ("i" is also often used in place of "j")
Extensive use of ligatures
Shorthand (such as "⁊" and "ᛘ")
Use of a "zig-zag" for "er" and, uniquely to Jugsnorsk, "ar". It is also occasionally used for "aj" when from older "aʀ".
Use of R rotunda ("ꝛ"), this often attaches to the preceding letter when it is a large curve (like in "oꝛ")

Runic script

 
Húsnorsk's defining script, "runic miniscule"

The runic and Latin spellings should be a 1-to-1 correspondence, so "akka" should be written "ak̥a", the ring acting for long consonants. Diacritic usage should also closely follow Latin Jugsnorsk. Lastly, the "ʀ" rune acts for /j/.

This so-called "runic miniscule" is extremely unintuitive for most readers of any language, being written right to left, but also bottom to top (so written up the page, not down)

Morphology

Umlaut

Umlaut is a kind of nonconcatenative morphology defined by alternations in the stressed vowel. It arises as a historic vowel change, a kind of regressive harmony through which the stressed vowel becomes more similar to the vowel(s) in the following syllable, as in OWN "ǫlkur" (nominative plural of "alka"), from Proto-Germanic *alkōniz (nominative plural of *alkǭ). Umlaut was a pervasive feature of Old Norse, especially Old West Norse, appearing in almost every aspect of the language, but it is not nearly as so in Húsnorsk, u-umlaut having been fully analogized out, this greatly simplifies the language's morphology, but leads to many mergers, largely between different forms of a word (see the neuter a-stem nom/acc singular and plural, eg. mó and mó). i-umlaut, however, is largely preserved, even extended at times. An odd phenomena occurs wherein words where the stressed vowel is i, when undergoing i-umlaut, instead exhibit u-umlaut (eg. i > y), the cause for this is entirely unknown.

Modern vowel variations in Jugsnorsk come primarily from l-vocalization and Vj/Vv smoothing (eg. al- > ó-, alj > ǿ), these are decently pervasive in Jugsnorsk, but not nearly as common as umlaut was in Old Norse. You will largely notice the effects of l-vocalization in the laudative and pejorative forms of nouns, where the -s-/-g- suffixes cause it to happen in every form (eg. mál-, but mó- in the laudative and pejorative)

Nouns

As with most other Germanic languages, a distinction between gender is made, which Jugsnorsk, like many Nordic languages, underwent the masculine/feminine merger that created the modern common/neuter system, though it is far more progressed than many of the continental Nordic languages, having undergone the change in pronouns as well. These are divided into ending, which is typically determined by the form in Proto-Germanic, which occasionally leads to potentially confusing stem names, such as "common ō-stem" nouns, which now have a null ending, where Proto-Germanic had *-ō. The strong/weak distinction is less important in the modern day, as the adjectival distinction this came from has since been lost in its entirety, so noun patterns are generally named for the gender and the stem type (eg. common a-stem).

In the 1950's, a shift occurred that led to the development of the Jugsnorsk neo-vocative through degrading je into the modern j', which, with the way it acts, is essentially a case prefix.

Strong nouns

Common patterns
Inflection of avli (common a-stem)
neutral singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative avli avljī avlæ avlæní
accusative avl avlī avla avlana
vocative j'avl j'avlī j'avla j'avlana
dative avli avlinū avlū avlunū
genitive avlis avlinūs avlūs avlunūs
laudative singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative avlsi avlsjī avlsæ avlsæní
accusative avls avlsī avlsa avlsana
vocative j'avls j'avlsī j'avlsa j'avlsana
dative avlsi avlsinū avlsū avlsunū
genitive avlsis avlsinūs avlsūs avlsunūs
pejorative singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative avlgi avlgjī avlgæ avlgæní
accusative avlg avlgī avlga avlgana
vocative j'avlg j'avlgī j'avlga j'avlgana
dative avlgi avlginū avlgū avlgunū
genitive avlgis avlginūs avlgūs avlgunūs
Inflection of úvi (common a-stem)
neutral singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative úvi újī úvæ úvæní
accusative ú úvī úva úvana
vocative j'ú j'úvī j'úva j'úvana
dative úvi úvinū úvū úvunū
genitive úvis úvinūs úvūs úvunūs
laudative singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative úsi úsjī úsæ úsæní
accusative ús úsī úsa úsana
vocative j'ús j'úsī j'úsa j'úsana
dative úsi úsinū úsū úsunū
genitive úsis úsinūs úsūs úsunūs
pejorative singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative úgi úgjī úgæ úgæní
accusative úg úgī úga úgana
vocative j'úg j'úgī j'úga j'úgana
dative úgi úginū úgū úgunū
genitive úgis úginūs úgūs úgunūs


Inflection of ǿ (common i-stem)
neutral singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative ǿ ójī alí alíní
accusative ó alī ali alina
vocative j'ó j'alī j'ali j'alina
dative ali alinū alū alunū
genitive alis alinūs alūs alunūs
laudative singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative ósj ósjī ósí ósíní
accusative ós ósī ósi ósina
vocative j'ós j'ósī j'ósi j'ósina
dative ósi ósinū ósū ósunū
genitive ósis ósinūs ósūs ósunūs
pejorative singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative ógj ógjī ógí ógíní
accusative óg ógī ógi ógina
vocative j'óg j'ógī j'ógi j'ógina
dative ógi óginū ógū ógunū
genitive ógis óginūs ógūs ógunūs

As can be seen with this table, nouns can be irregular, especially when it consists of a vowel followed by l, as historic l-vocalization caused additional vowel alternations on top of umlaut.

Inflection of ásj (common u-stem)
neutral singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative ásj ásjī æsí æsíní
accusative ás ásī ási ásina
vocative j'ás j'ásī j'ási j'ásina
dative ási ásinū ásū ásunū
genitive ásis ásinūs ásūs ásunūs
laudative singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative ássj ássjī æssí æssíní
accusative áss ássī ássi ássina
vocative j'áss j'ássī j'ássi j'ássina
dative ássi ássinū ássū ássunū
genitive ássis ássinūs ássūs ássunūs
pejorative singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative áskj áskjī æskí æskíní
accusative ásk áskī áski áskina
vocative j'ásk j'áskī j'áski j'áskina
dative áski áskinū áskū áskunū
genitive áskis áskinūs áskūs áskunūs

The u-stem has largely become identical to the i-stem, the only difference being the i-umlaut in the nominative plural.


Inflection of najlj (common consonant-stem)
neutral singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative najlj najljī najl najliní
accusative najl najlī najl najlina
vocative j'najl j'najlī j'najl j'najlina
dative najli najlinū najlū najlunū
genitive najlis najlinūs najlūs najlunūs
laudative singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative najlsj najlsjī najls najlsiní
accusative najls najlsī najls najlsina
vocative j'najls j'najlsī j'najls j'najlsina
dative najlsi najlsinū najlsū najlsunū
genitive najlsis najlsinūs najlsūs najlsunūs
pejorative singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative najlgj najlgjī najlg najlginí
accusative najlg najlgī najlg najlgina
vocative j'najlg j'najlgī j'najlg j'najlgina
dative najlgi najlginū najlgū najlgunū
genitive najlgis najlginūs najlgūs najlgunūs

In najlj, you see how historic sound shifts occasionally flatten umlaut variations, such as here with the old /a/-/ɛ/ dynamic, where in Jugsnorsk /ɛ/ has merged with /a/. This should not be thought of as the removal of umlaut, but rather the loss of the distinction, as the umlaut variations can still be seen in other words, such as the following word:

Inflection of figgj (common consonant-stem)
neutral singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative figgj figgjī fygg fygginí
accusative figg figgī fygg fyggina
vocative j'figg j'figgī j'fygg j'fyggina
dative figgi figginū figgū figgunū
genitive figgis figginūs figgūs figgunūs
laudative singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative figgsj figgsjī fyggs fyggsiní
accusative figgs figgsī fyggs fyggsina
vocative j'figgs j'figgsī j'fyggs j'fyggsina
dative figgsi figgsinū figgsū figgsunū
genitive figgsis figgsinūs figgsūs figgsunūs
pejorative singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative figgj figgjjī fyggj fyggjiní
accusative figgj figgjī fyggj fyggjina
vocative j'figgj j'figgjī j'fyggj j'fyggjina
dative figgji figgjinū figgjū figgjunū
genitive figgjis figgjinūs figgjūs figgjunūs

Here in figgj you see how i-umlauted i becomes y, instead of the expected outcome of being unaffected.

Feminine patterns

The feminines have long since merged with the masculines to form the commons, this section will cover how each feminine pattern merged into the masculines. some of the feminine patterns have remained distinct in form, but still became common in treatment.

feminine ō-stem:

Inflection of nasi (common a-stem)
neutral singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative nasi nasjī nasæ nasæní
accusative nas nasī nasa nasana
vocative j'nas j'nasī j'nasa j'nasana
dative nasi nasinū nasū nasunū
genitive nasis nasinūs nasūs nasunūs
laudative singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative nassi nassjī nassæ nassæní
accusative nass nassī nassa nassana
vocative j'nass j'nassī j'nassa j'nassana
dative nassi nassinū nassū nassunū
genitive nassis nassinūs nassūs nassunūs
pejorative singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative naski naskjī naskæ naskæní
accusative nask naskī naska naskana
vocative j'nask j'naskī j'naska j'naskana
dative naski naskinū naskū naskunū
genitive naskis naskinūs naskūs naskunūs

feminine ōn-stem

Inflection of akka (common ōn-stem)
neutral singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative akka akkā akký akkýní
accusative akku akkū akký akkýna
vocative j'akku j'akkū j'akký j'akkýna
dative akki akkinū akkū akkunū
genitive akkis akkinūs akkūs akkunūs
laudative singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative akksa akksā akksý akksýní
accusative akksu akksū akksý akksýna
vocative j'akksu j'akksū j'akksý j'akksýna
dative akksi akksinū akksū akksunū
genitive akksis akksinūs akksūs akksunūs
pejorative singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative akkja akkjā akkjý akkjýní
accusative akkju akkjū akkjý akkjýna
vocative j'akkju j'akkjū j'akkjý j'akkjýna
dative akkji akkjinū akkjū akkjunū
genitive akkjis akkjinūs akkjūs akkjunūs
Neuter patterns
Inflection of mó (neuter a-stem)
neutral singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative mó málit mó málī
accusative mó málit mó málī
vocative j'mó j'málit j'mó j'málī
dative máli málinū málū málunū
genitive mális málinūs málūs málunūs
laudative singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative mós mósit mós mósī
accusative mós mósit mós mósī
vocative j'mós j'mósit j'mós j'mósī
dative mósi mósinū mósū mósunū
genitive mósis mósinūs mósūs mósunūs
pejorative singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative móg mógit móg mógī
accusative móg mógit móg mógī
vocative j'móg j'mógit j'móg j'mógī
dative mógi móginū mógū mógunū
genitive mógis móginūs mógūs mógunūs
Inflection of ísladd (neuter a-stem)
neutral singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative ísladd ísladdit ísladd ísladdī
accusative ísladd ísladdit ísladd ísladdī
vocative j'ísladd j'ísladdit j'ísladd j'ísladdī
dative ísladdi ísladdinū ísladdū ísladdunū
genitive ísladdis ísladdinūs ísladdūs ísladdunūs
laudative singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative ísladds ísladdsit ísladds ísladdsī
accusative ísladds ísladdsit ísladds ísladdsī
vocative j'ísladds j'ísladdsit j'ísladds j'ísladdsī
dative ísladdsi ísladdsinū ísladdsū ísladdsunū
genitive ísladdsis ísladdsinūs ísladdsūs ísladdsunūs
pejorative singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative ísladdg ísladdgit ísladdg ísladdgī
accusative ísladdg ísladdgit ísladdg ísladdgī
vocative j'ísladdg j'ísladdgit j'ísladdg j'ísladdgī
dative ísladdgi ísladdginū ísladdgū ísladdgunū
genitive ísladdgis ísladdginūs ísladdgūs ísladdgunūs

forms where -g isn't followed by a vowel are occasionally seen as -gi

Adjectives

Positive inflection of sý
indefinite singular plural
common neuter common neuter
nominative sý sǿt sélí sǿ
accusative sélā sǿt séla sǿ
dative séli séli sélū sélū
genitive sélis sélis sélūs sélūs
definite singular plural
common neuter common neuter
nominative sǿjī sǿtit sélíní sélī
accusative sélī sǿtit sélana sélī
dative sélinū sélinū sélunū sélunū
genitive sélinūs sélinūs sélunūs sélunūs
Comparative inflection of sý
indefinite singular plural
common neuter common neuter
nominative sélé sélat sélarí séla
accusative sélarā sélat sélara séla
dative sélari sélari sélū sélū
genitive sélaris sélaris sélūs sélūs
definite singular plural
common neuter common neuter
nominative sélajī sélatit sélaríní sélarī
accusative sélarī sélatit sélarana sélarī
dative sélarinū sélarinū sélarunū sélarunū
genitive sélarinūs sélarinūs sélarunūs sélarunūs
Superlative inflection of sý
indefinite singular plural
common neuter common neuter
nominative sélastj sélast sélastí sélast
accusative sélastā sélast sélasta sélast
dative sélasti sélasti sélustū sélustū
genitive sélastis sélastis sélustūs sélustūs
definite singular plural
common neuter common neuter
nominative sélastjī sélastit sélastíní sélastī
accusative sélastī sélastit sélastana sélastī
dative sélastinū sélastinū sélustunū sélustunū
genitive sélastinūs sélastinūs sélustunūs sélustunūs

Pronouns

Jugsnorsk personal pronouns
singular 1st 2nd reflexive 3rd
common neuter
nominative ak, a(h)¹, k', a' þú, þ', u' — hán þat, þan²
accusative mik, mi(h)¹ þik, þi(h)¹ sik, si(h)¹
dative mí þí sí háni þati, þani¹, þwí³
genitive mínj þínj sínj hánj þatj, þanj¹
plural 1st 2nd reflexive 3rd
common neuter
nominative ví, ý í — þí þò
accusative os i, í sik, si(h)¹ þé, þí
dative osj í sí þè
genitive ork ivé sinj þéja

1: colloquial
2: analogized with hán
3: archaic

Verbs

Since Old Norse, Húsnorsk has begun using -at far more often, generalizing it into the negative affix for all verbs, as such, all verbs here will show two tables, one positive, one negative.

Jugsnorsk verb tables display a set of future forms, these are composed of the supine + the corresponding reduced form of vasa

Strong verbs

Strong verbs are characterized by ablaut in the past tense forms, rather than the dental suffix of the weak verbs.

Strong verbs have been falling out of use since the 17th century, and most verbs that once were strong are now weak, especially in Jugsnorsk, which is far more inclined to grammatical change than Nygadsnorsk.

Class 1
Conjugation of grépa — positive (strong class 1)
present past future
infinitive grépa gripa gript'sa
participle grépaddi gripðj gript'saddi
supine — gript —
active indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹ indicative subjunctive imperative
singular grépý grépí grép gripý gripí grip gript'sý gript'sí gript's
plural grépuð grépið grépað gripuð gripið gripað gript'suð gript'sið gript'sað
mediopassive indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹ indicative subjunctive imperative
singular grépýsk grépísk grépsk gripýsk gripísk gripsk gript'sýsk gript'sísk gript'ssk
plural gréputsk grépitsk grépatsk griputsk gripitsk gripatsk gript'sutsk gript'sitsk gript'satsk

1: past imperative is rare

Conjugation of grépa — negative (strong class 1)
present past future
infinitive grépat gripat gript'sat
participle grépaddit gripðjat gript'saddit
supine — griptat —
active indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹ indicative subjunctive imperative
singular grépýt grépít grépat gripýt gripít gripat gript'sýt gript'sít gript'sat
plural grépuðt grépiðt grépaðat gripuðt gripiðt gripaðat gript'suðt gript'siðt gript'saðat
mediopassive indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹ indicative subjunctive imperative
singular grépýska grépíska grépska gripýska gripíska gripska gript'sýska gript'síska gript'sska
plural gréputska grépitska grépatska griputska gripitska gripatska gript'sutska gript'sitska gript'satska

1: past imperative is rare

Class 2
Conjugation of lǿga — positive (strong class 2)
present past future
infinitive lǿga luga lugt'sa
participle lǿgaddi lugðj lugt'saddi
supine — lugt —
active indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹ indicative subjunctive imperative
singular lǿgý lǿgí lǿg lugý lugí lug lugt'sý lugt'sí lugt's
plural lǿguð lǿgið lǿgað luguð lugið lugað lugt'suð lugt'sið lugt'sað
mediopassive indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹ indicative subjunctive imperative
singular lǿgýsk lǿgísk lǿgsk lugýsk lugísk lugsk lugt'sýsk lugt'sísk lugt'ssk
plural lǿgutsk lǿgitsk lǿgatsk lugutsk lugitsk lugatsk lugt'sutsk lugt'sitsk lugt'satsk

1: past imperative is rare

Conjugation of lǿga — negative (strong class 2)
present past future
infinitive lǿgat lugat lugt'sat
participle lǿgaddit lugðjat lugt'saddit
supine — lugtat —
active indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹ indicative subjunctive imperative
singular lǿgýt lǿgít lǿgat lugýt lugít lugat lugt'sýt lugt'sít lugt'sat
plural lǿguðt lǿgiðt lǿgaðat luguðt lugiðt lugaðat lugt'suðt lugt'siðt lugt'saðat
mediopassive indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹ indicative subjunctive imperative
singular lǿgýska lǿgíska lǿgska lugýska lugíska lugska lugt'sýska lugt'síska lugt'sska
plural lǿgutska lǿgitska lǿgatska lugutska lugitska lugatska lugt'sutska lugt'sitska lugt'satska

1: past imperative is rare

Class 3

Class 3 is split into several sub-classes, as there's multiple patterns contained in it. All patterns have -u- in the indicative past and -y- in the subjunctive past.

Class 3-e
Conjugation of vedda — positive (strong class 3-e)
present past future
infinitive vedda udda uddt'sa
participle veddaddi uddðj uddt'saddi
supine — uddt —
active indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹ indicative subjunctive imperative
singular veddý veddí vedd uddý uddí udd uddt'sý uddt'sí uddt's
plural vedduð veddið veddað udduð uddið uddað uddt'suð uddt'sið uddt'sað
mediopassive indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹ indicative subjunctive imperative
singular veddýsk veddísk veddsk uddýsk uddísk uddsk uddt'sýsk uddt'sísk uddt'ssk
plural veddutsk vedditsk veddatsk uddutsk udditsk uddatsk uddt'sutsk uddt'sitsk uddt'satsk

1: past imperative is rare

Conjugation of vedda — negative (strong class 3)
present past future
infinitive veddat uddat uddt'sat
participle veddaddit uddðjat uddt'saddit
supine — uddtat —
active indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹ indicative subjunctive imperative
singular veddýt veddít veddat uddýt uddít uddat uddt'sýt uddt'sít uddt'sat
plural vedduðt veddiðt veddaðat udduðt uddiðt uddaðat uddt'suðt uddt'siðt uddt'saðat
mediopassive indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹ indicative subjunctive imperative
singular veddýska veddíska veddska uddýska uddíska uddska uddt'sýska uddt'síska uddt'sska
plural veddutska vedditska veddatska uddutska udditska uddatska uddt'sutska uddt'sitska uddt'satska

1: past imperative is rare


Class 3-a
Conjugation of vanna — positive (strong class 3-ø)
present past future
infinitive vanna unna unnt'sa
participle vannaddi unnðj unnt'saddi
supine — unnt —
active indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹ indicative subjunctive imperative
singular vanný vanní vann unný unní unn unnt'sý unnt'sí unnt's
plural vannuð vannið vannað unnuð unnið unnað unnt'suð unnt'sið unnt'sað
mediopassive indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹ indicative subjunctive imperative
singular vannýsk vannísk vannsk unnýsk unnísk unnsk unnt'sýsk unnt'sísk unnt'ssk
plural vannutsk vannitsk vannatsk unnutsk unnitsk unnatsk unnt'sutsk unnt'sitsk unnt'satsk

1: past imperative is rare

Conjugation of vanna — negative (strong class 3)
present past future
infinitive vannat unnat unnt'sat
participle vannaddit unnðjat unnt'saddit
supine — unntat —
active indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹ indicative subjunctive imperative
singular vannýt vannít vannat unnýt unnít unnat unnt'sýt unnt'sít unnt'sat
plural vannuðt vanniðt vannaðat unnuðt unniðt unnaðat unnt'suðt unnt'siðt unnt'saðat
mediopassive indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹ indicative subjunctive imperative
singular vannýska vanníska vannska unnýska unníska unnska unnt'sýska unnt'síska unnt'sska
plural vannutska vannitska vannatska unnutska unnitska unnatska unnt'sutska unnt'sitska unnt'satska

1: past imperative is rare


Class 3-ø
Conjugation of søkka — positive (strong class 3-ø)
present past future
infinitive søkka sukka sukkt'sa
participle søkkaddi sukkðj sukkt'saddi
supine — sukkt —
active indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹ indicative subjunctive imperative
singular søkký søkkí søkk sukký sukkí sukk sukkt'sý sukkt'sí sukkt's
plural søkkuð søkkið søkkað sukkuð sukkið sukkað sukkt'suð sukkt'sið sukkt'sað
mediopassive indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹ indicative subjunctive imperative
singular søkkýsk søkkísk søkksk sukkýsk sukkísk sukksk sukkt'sýsk sukkt'sísk sukkt'ssk
plural søkkutsk søkkitsk søkkatsk sukkutsk sukkitsk sukkatsk sukkt'sutsk sukkt'sitsk sukkt'satsk

1: past imperative is rare

Conjugation of søkka — negative (strong class 3)
present past future
infinitive søkkat sukkat sukkt'sat
participle søkkaddit sukkðjat sukkt'saddit
supine — sukktat —
active indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹ indicative subjunctive imperative
singular søkkýt søkkít søkkat sukkýt sukkít sukkat sukkt'sýt sukkt'sít sukkt'sat
plural søkkuðt søkkiðt søkkaðat sukkuðt sukkiðt sukkaðat sukkt'suðt sukkt'siðt sukkt'saðat
mediopassive indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹ indicative subjunctive imperative
singular søkkýska søkkíska søkkska sukkýska sukkíska sukkska sukkt'sýska sukkt'síska sukkt'sska
plural søkkutska søkkitska søkkatska sukkutska sukkitska sukkatska sukkt'sutska sukkt'sitska sukkt'satska

1: past imperative is rare

Class 4
Class 5
Conjugation of gata — positive (strong class 5)
present past future
infinitive gata gáta gátt'sa
participle gataddi gáttj gátt'saddi
supine — gátt —
active indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹ indicative subjunctive imperative
singular gatý gatí gat gátý gátí gát gátt'sý gátt'sí gátt's
plural gatuð gatið gatað gátuð gátið gátað gátt'suð gátt'sið gátt'sað
mediopassive indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹ indicative subjunctive imperative
singular gatýsk gatísk gatsk gátýsk gátísk gátsk gátt'sýsk gátt'sísk gátt'ssk
plural gatutsk gatitsk gatatsk gátutsk gátitsk gátatsk gátt'sutsk gátt'sitsk gátt'satsk

1: past imperative is rare

Conjugation of gata — negative (strong class 5)
present past future
infinitive gatat gátat gátt'sat
participle gataddit gáttjat gátt'saddit
supine — gáttat —
active indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹ indicative subjunctive imperative
singular gatýt gatít gatat gátýt gátít gátat gátt'sýt gátt'sít gátt'sat
plural gatuðt gatiðt gataðat gátuðt gátiðt gátaðat gátt'suðt gátt'siðt gátt'saðat
mediopassive indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹ indicative subjunctive imperative
singular gatýska gatíska gatska gátýska gátíska gátska gátt'sýska gátt'síska gátt'sska
plural gatutska gatitska gatatska gátutska gátitska gátatska gátt'sutska gátt'sitska gátt'satska

1: past imperative is rare

Class 6
Class 7

Class 7 has entirely collapsed into a weak pattern, as the originaly paradigm a/æ became a/a, making the past and present fall together.

Conjugation of gagga — positive (weak)
present past future
infinitive gagga gaggða gaggt'sa
participle gaggaddi gaggðj gaggt'saddi
supine — gaggt —
active indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹ indicative subjunctive imperative
singular gaggý gaggí gagg gaggðý gaggðí gaggð gaggt'sý gaggt'sí gaggt's
plural gagguð gaggið gaggað gaggðuð gaggðið gaggðað gaggt'suð gaggt'sið gaggt'sað
mediopassive indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹ indicative subjunctive imperative
singular gaggýsk gaggísk gaggsk gaggðýsk gaggðísk gaggðsk gaggt'sýsk gaggt'sísk gaggt'ssk
plural gaggutsk gaggitsk gaggatsk gaggðutsk gaggðitsk gaggðatsk gaggt'sutsk gaggt'sitsk gaggt'satsk

1: past imperative is rare

Conjugation of gagga — negative (weak)
present past future
infinitive gaggat gaggðat gaggt'sat
participle gaggaddit gaggðjat gaggt'saddit
supine — gaggtat —
active indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹ indicative subjunctive imperative
singular gaggýt gaggít gaggat gaggðýt gaggðít gaggðat gaggt'sýt gaggt'sít gaggt'sat
plural gagguðt gaggiðt gaggaðat gaggðuðt gaggðiðt gaggðaðat gaggt'suðt gaggt'siðt gaggt'saðat
mediopassive indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹ indicative subjunctive imperative
singular gaggýska gaggíska gaggska gaggðýska gaggðíska gaggðska gaggt'sýska gaggt'síska gaggt'sska
plural gaggutska gaggitska gaggatska gaggðutska gaggðitska gaggðatska gaggt'sutska gaggt'sitska gaggt'satska

1: past imperative is rare

the -gg- of gagga acts as a good example for the -gg- > -j- change exhibited by many younger speakers in common verbs.

Weak verbs

weak verbs have largely been leveled to one or two patterns, now called weak and j-weak. This first verb, bǿgja, is a j-weak.

Conjugation of bǿgja — positive (j-weak)
present past future
infinitive bǿ(g)ja {{{2}}}a bǿgt'sa
participle bǿ(g)jaddi {{{2}}}j bǿgt'saddi
supine — bǿgt —
active indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹ indicative subjunctive imperative
singular bǿ(g)jý bǿgí bǿg {{{2}}}ý {{{2}}}í {{{2}}} bǿgt'sý bǿgt'sí bǿgt's
plural bǿ(g)juð bǿgið bǿgað {{{2}}}uð {{{2}}}ið {{{2}}}að bǿgt'suð bǿgt'sið bǿgt'sað
mediopassive indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹ indicative subjunctive imperative
singular bǿ(g)jýsk bǿgísk bǿgsk {{{2}}}ýsk {{{2}}}ísk {{{2}}}sk bǿgt'sýsk bǿgt'sísk bǿgt'ssk
plural bǿ(g)jutsk bǿgitsk bǿgatsk {{{2}}}utsk {{{2}}}itsk {{{2}}}atsk bǿgt'sutsk bǿgt'sitsk bǿgt'satsk

1: past imperative is rare

Conjugation of bǿgja — negative (j-weak)
present past future
infinitive bǿ(g)jat {{{2}}}at bǿgt'sat
participle bǿ(g)jaddit {{{2}}}jat bǿgt'saddit
supine — bǿgtat —
active indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹ indicative subjunctive imperative
singular bǿ(g)jýt bǿgít bǿgat {{{2}}}ýt {{{2}}}ít {{{2}}}at bǿgt'sýt bǿgt'sít bǿgt'sat
plural bǿ(g)juðt bǿgiðt bǿgaðat {{{2}}}uðt {{{2}}}iðt {{{2}}}aðat bǿgt'suðt bǿgt'siðt bǿgt'saðat
mediopassive indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹ indicative subjunctive imperative
singular bǿ(g)jýska bǿgíska bǿgska {{{2}}}ýska {{{2}}}íska {{{2}}}ska bǿgt'sýska bǿgt'síska bǿgt'sska
plural bǿ(g)jutska bǿgitska bǿgatska {{{2}}}utska {{{2}}}itska {{{2}}}atska bǿgt'sutska bǿgt'sitska bǿgt'satska

1: past imperative is rare


This next verb, hava, is a plain weak.

Conjugation of hava — positive (weak)
present past future
infinitive hava {{{2}}}a havt'sa
participle havaddi {{{2}}}j havt'saddi
supine — havt —
active indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹ indicative subjunctive imperative
singular havý haví hav {{{2}}}ý {{{2}}}í {{{2}}} havt'sý havt'sí havt's
plural havuð havið havað {{{2}}}uð {{{2}}}ið {{{2}}}að havt'suð havt'sið havt'sað
mediopassive indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹ indicative subjunctive imperative
singular havýsk havísk havsk {{{2}}}ýsk {{{2}}}ísk {{{2}}}sk havt'sýsk havt'sísk havt'ssk
plural havutsk havitsk havatsk {{{2}}}utsk {{{2}}}itsk {{{2}}}atsk havt'sutsk havt'sitsk havt'satsk

1: past imperative is rare

Conjugation of hava — negative (weak)
present past future
infinitive havat {{{2}}}at havt'sat
participle havaddit {{{2}}}jat havt'saddit
supine — havtat —
active indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹ indicative subjunctive imperative
singular havýt havít havat {{{2}}}ýt {{{2}}}ít {{{2}}}at havt'sýt havt'sít havt'sat
plural havuðt haviðt havaðat {{{2}}}uðt {{{2}}}iðt {{{2}}}aðat havt'suðt havt'siðt havt'saðat
mediopassive indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹ indicative subjunctive imperative
singular havýska havíska havska {{{2}}}ýska {{{2}}}íska {{{2}}}ska havt'sýska havt'síska havt'sska
plural havutska havitska havatska {{{2}}}utska {{{2}}}itska {{{2}}}atska havt'sutska havt'sitska havt'satska

1: past imperative is rare

hava rarely appears in its full form anymore, instead more often appearing as 'va

Conjugation of 'va — positive (weak)
present past future
infinitive 'va {{{2}}}a 'vt'sa
participle 'vaddi {{{2}}}j 'vt'saddi
supine — 'vt —
active indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹ indicative subjunctive imperative
singular 'vý 'ví 'v {{{2}}}ý {{{2}}}í {{{2}}} 'vt'sý 'vt'sí 'vt's
plural 'vuð 'við 'vað {{{2}}}uð {{{2}}}ið {{{2}}}að 'vt'suð 'vt'sið 'vt'sað
mediopassive indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹ indicative subjunctive imperative
singular 'výsk 'vísk 'vsk {{{2}}}ýsk {{{2}}}ísk {{{2}}}sk 'vt'sýsk 'vt'sísk 'vt'ssk
plural 'vutsk 'vitsk 'vatsk {{{2}}}utsk {{{2}}}itsk {{{2}}}atsk 'vt'sutsk 'vt'sitsk 'vt'satsk

1: past imperative is rare

Conjugation of 'va — negative (weak)
present past future
infinitive 'vat {{{2}}}at 'vt'sat
participle 'vaddit {{{2}}}jat 'vt'saddit
supine — 'vtat —
active indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹ indicative subjunctive imperative
singular 'výt 'vít 'vat {{{2}}}ýt {{{2}}}ít {{{2}}}at 'vt'sýt 'vt'sít 'vt'sat
plural 'vuðt 'viðt 'vaðat {{{2}}}uðt {{{2}}}iðt {{{2}}}aðat 'vt'suðt 'vt'siðt 'vt'saðat
mediopassive indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹ indicative subjunctive imperative
singular 'výska 'víska 'vska {{{2}}}ýska {{{2}}}íska {{{2}}}ska 'vt'sýska 'vt'síska 'vt'sska
plural 'vutska 'vitska 'vatska {{{2}}}utska {{{2}}}itska {{{2}}}atska 'vt'sutska 'vt'sitska 'vt'satska

1: past imperative is rare


Suppletive verbs

Jugsnorsk has a few suppletive verbs in which some forms were replaced by another verb's forms.

This first verb is the main copula. This verb was once suppletive but has since been leveled to the root vas-, a strong class 5 verb, meaning it is no longer suppletive.

Conjugation of vasa — positive (strong class 5)
present past future
infinitive vasa vája væt'sa
participle vasaddi væðj væt'saddi
supine — væt —
active indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹ indicative subjunctive imperative
singular vasý vasí vas vájý vájí væ væt'sý væt'sí væt's
plural vasuð vasið vasað vájuð vájið vájað væt'suð væt'sið væt'sað
mediopassive indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹ indicative subjunctive imperative
singular vasýsk vasísk vassk vájýsk vájísk væsk væt'sýsk væt'sísk væt'ssk
plural vasutsk vasitsk vasatsk vájutsk vájitsk vájatsk væt'sutsk væt'sitsk væt'satsk

1: past imperative is rare

Conjugation of vasa — negative (strong class 5)
present past future
infinitive vasat vájat væt'sat
participle vasaddit væðjat væt'saddit
supine — vætat —
active indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹ indicative subjunctive imperative
singular vasýt vasít vasat vájýt vájít vájat væt'sýt væt'sít væt'sat
plural vasuðt vasiðt vasaðat vájuðt vájiðt vájaðat væt'suðt væt'siðt væt'saðat
mediopassive indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive imperative¹ indicative subjunctive imperative
singular vasýska vasíska vasska vájýska vájíska væska væt'sýska væt'síska væt'sska
plural vasutska vasitska vasatska vájutska vájitska vájatska væt'sutska væt'sitska væt'satska

1: past imperative is rare


Numerals

The following table will present the cardinal 1-10, providing the Nygadsnorsk cognate and the Pre-Húsnorsk ancestor.

Number Jugsnorsk Nygadsnorsk Pre-Húsnorsk
1 énj énj æinaʀ (/æinăʀ/)
2 t(v)í twí twæiʀ
3 þrí trí þrīʀ
4 faví fędí fæþwiʀ
5 fāf femm *fæmf
6 saks sęsk sæks
7 savū sęvu *sævu(n)
8 áktū áttu *āhtu(n)?
9 nū nu *nu(n)?
10 tū tu *tu(n)?




Positive inflection of énj
indefinite singular plural
common neuter common neuter
nominative énj étt éní én
accusative énā étt éna én
dative éni éni énū énū
genitive énis énis énūs énūs
definite singular plural
common neuter common neuter
nominative — — — —
accusative — — — —
dative — — — —
genitive — — — —

This next table is the ordinal 1-10, these were largely regularized to variants of -ði in Pre-Húsnorsk.

Number Jugsnorsk Nygadsnorsk Pre-Húsnorsk
1 èði éndi æinþi
2 týði twédi twæiþi
3 þríði trídi þrīþi
4 faðði fęddi fæþþi (< *fæðwiði)
5 faddi faddi fæddi (< *fændi)
6 sakti sętti *sæhti
7 safti sęfti *sæfti
8 ákti átti *āhti?
9 nȳði nydi *ny(n)þi
10 tȳði tydi *ty(n)þi

Syntax

Jugsnorsk has relatively free word order, outside of requiring V2, allowing nouns to appear anywhere in the sentence as long as they're marked correctly.

These following examples will serve to illustrate sentence construction in Jugsnorsk. (subject in yellow, verb in blue, object in red).

mānpǿdī vé 1.500 —The population was 1,500

In this example, the word order matches English relatively well, and we see "wą" ("was") in the second position.

In this next example, we see it break away from English order, with the verb still occupying V2 position.

árit 2000 vé mānpǿdī 1.500—In 2000, the population was 1,500 (lit. The year 2000 was the population 1,500)

The prepositional phrase "árit 2000" (in green) counts as a single unit, thus the verb must come after 2000 rather than árit.

Unlike Icelandic, V2 order has no exceptions, as SV inversion isn't used for yes/no questions. In the following example, you'll see the different methods for question marking:

Ari havi sútī — Ari is hungry (lit. Ari has hungry)

and as a question:

Ari havi sútī? — Is Ari hungry? (lit. Ari has hungry?)

Here you see the most common form of question, one without grammatical change, these use a rising vocal intonation as their marking (or a question mark in writing).

Another method is SO inversion, as in:

sútī havi Ari? — Is Ari hungry? (lit. Hungry has Ari?)

Something important you'll notice here is the use of "to have" where "to be" is used in other Germanic languages, this is a feature of Húsnorsk where permanent attributes use "to be" while temporary states use "to have", thus:

Ari vaji sélā — Ari is happy (Ari is always happy)
Ari havi sélā — Ari is happy (Ari is happy right now)

While "hava" can generally only take a noun, when used this way, "hava" takes an adjective just like "vaja". When both an adjective and a noun can be taken, there is a semantic difference between the two, so saying Ari havi sélā is "Ari is happy", but saying Ari havi sǿð means she is possessing happiness, "having happiness" is roughly equivalent to saying "withholding/denying happiness".

This hava vs vaja copula system is, in a way, similar to Spanish's two copulas.

Texts

Drømde mik en drøm i nat

 
The handwritten Latin Jugsnorsk text. The second displays extensive shortenings. This is a more conservative translation, lacking the laudative and using "dýrá", "drǿmðu" is also malformed, using the -a from a 1st person conjugation in Old Norse.
 
The Jugsnorsk text in runic miniscule.

Original (OEN):

Drømde mik en drøm i nat um : silki ok ærlik pæl

Jugsnorsk:

"Proper": ęk drǿmðu mik a drǿms í nát ū : sýksi ok fýds
[ˌɛk ˈdrøːː.ðʊ ˌmik ɐ ˈdrøːːs i ˈnɐu̯t uː : ˈsʏy̯.kʰɪ ɔ ˈfʏy̯tʰ]
Informal: ę'drǿmðu mi(h) drǿms í náð ū : sýksi o fýds
[ˌɛ.ˈdrøːː.ðʊ ˌmi ˈdrøːːs i ˈnɐu̯ð uː : ˈsʏy̯.kʰɪ ɔ ˈfʏy̯tʰ]
  1. "a" is a filler syllable to make it flow better, it has no semantic meaning.

English:

I dreamt a dream last night of : silk and fine fur.
literal: I dreamt me a dream last night about : silk and fine fur

UDHR Article 1

Original (English):

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Jugsnorsk:

ódmaðj er prǿsporīn ok ęun onnū virðiggi¹ ok rétti. meðj eru haft irki ok suvesti, ok meðj skulu gørt anna bróðurléki.
[ˈo̞u̯d.ˌmaðj ˈer ˈprø̞y̯.ˌpʰo.riːn ɔ ɛu̯n ˌon.nuː ˈʋir.ðɪɡ.ɡɪ¹ ɔ ˈre̞i̯t.tɪ ˈmeðj ˈe.rʊ xɐtʰ ˈir.kɪ ɔ ˈsu.ʋɛs.tɪ ɔ ˈmeðj kʰʊ.lɐ ˈɡørt ˈan.nɐ ˈbro̞u̯.ðʊr.ˌle̞i̯.kɪ]
  1. "virðiggi" also appears as "yrðiggi" [ˈyr.ðɪɡ.ɡɪ]

Literal translation:

Every human is free-born and the same to others, to value, and to rights. Humans will always have reason and conscience, and humans should (or "must") treat others to brotherhood.

Lexical comparison

  1. "spá" from Old Norse "spá", meaning "to foretell".
  2. "feskj" from Old Húsnorsk *feskʀ, a form with introduced a-umlaut.
  3. "skīð" from Old Húsnorsk *skinþ, a continuation of -nþ- from Proto-Germanic.


A large majority of the terms in the bloðhýski and kǿsthýski tables are rare. The terms with the side specified (móð- and fað-; kø,- and kar-) are largely only used for step-siblings (siblings who only share one parent) and step-children (children you yourself did not help conceive), so the middle section should be treated as the primary

References

  1. ^ Ósafojlj & Abbi (2011). A concise comparison of Novgorodian Norse and Yugric Norse. pp. 8-9. (digitized and updated in 2022)
  2. ^ Ósafojlj & Abbi (2011). A concise comparison of Novgorodian Norse and Yugric Norse. pp. 50-52. (digitized and updated in 2022)
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