Umbrean

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Umbrean
Ömjytsia
Progress: 55%
Type
Fusional
Alignment
Tripartite
Head direction
Initial Mixed Final
Primary word order
Subject-object-verb
Tonal
No
Declensions
Yes
Conjugations
Yes
Genders
4
Nouns decline according to...
Case Number
Definiteness Gender
Verbs conjugate according to...
Voice Mood
Person Number
Tense Aspect

History

Fantasy History

Acctual history

Phonology

Consonants

Bilabial Labiode. Dental Alveol. Postalve. Retrofl. Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyn. Epiglot. Glottal
S. L. S. L. S. L. S. L. S. L. S. L. S. L. S. L. S. L. S. L. S. L. S. L.
Plosive Unvoiced Plain p
(p)		 p:
(pp) 		t
(t)		 t:
(tt) 		k
(k)		 k:
(kk)
Lab. tw
(tw)		 tw:
(ttw) 		kw
(kw)		 kw:
(kkw)
Plat. pj
(pj)		 tj
(tj)		 tj:
(ttj) 		kj
(kj)		 kj:
(kkj)
Lab-Pal tɥ
(tjw,twj)		 tɥ:
(ttjw,ttwj) 		kɥ
(kj)		 kɥ:
(kkj)
Voiced Plain b
(b)		 b:
(bb) 		d
(d)		 d:
(dd) 		g
(g)		 g:
(gg)
Lab. bw
(bw)		 dw
(dw)		 dw:
(ddw) 		gw
(gw)		 gw:
(ggw)
Plat. dj
(dj)		 dj:
(ddj) 		gj
(gg)		 gj:
(ggj)
Lab-Pal dɥ
(dwj, djw)		 dɥ:
(ddwj, ddjw) 		gɥ
(gwj,gjw)		 gɥ:
(ggwj,ggjw)
Affricative Unvoiced Plain t͡s
(ts) 		t͡ʃ
(tš)
Lab. t͡sw
(tsw) 		t͡ʃw
(tšw)
Plat. t͡sj
(tsj)
Lab-Pal t͡sɥ
(tsjw,tswj)
Voiced Plain d͡z
(dz) 		d͡ʒ
(dž)
Lab. d͡z w
(dzw) 		d͡ʒ w
(džw)
Plat. d͡zj
(dzj)
Lab-Pal d͡zɥ
(dzjw,dzwj)
Fricative Unvoiced Plain f
(f)		 f:
(ff) 		s
(s)		 s:
(ss) 		ʃ
(š)		 ʃ:
(šš) 		x
(ǧ)		 x:
(ǧǧ)
Lab. sw
(sw)		 sw:
(ssw) 		ʃw
(šw)		 ʃw:
(ššw) 		xw
(ǧw)
Plat. fj
(fj)		 fj:
(ffj) 		sj
(sj)		 sj:
(ssj)
Lab-Pal sɥ
(swj,sjw)		 sɥ:
(ssjw,sswj)
Voiced Plain v
(v)		 v:
(vv) 		z
(z)		 z:
(zz) 		ʒ
(žž)		 ʒ:
(žž) 		ɣ
(ǧ)		 ɣ:
(ǧǧ)
Lab. zw
(zw)		 zw:
(zw) 		ʒw
(žw)		 ʒw:
(žžw) 		ɣw
(ǧw)
Plat. vj
(vj)		 vj:
(vvj) 		zj
(zj)		 zj:
(zzj)
Lab-Pal zɥ
(zwj,zjw)		 zɥ:
(zzjw,zzwj)
Nasal Plain m
(m)		 m:
(mm) 		n
(n)		 n:
(nn) 		ŋ
(ŋ)		 ŋ:
(ŋŋ)
Lab. nw
(n)		 ŋw
(ŋw)
Plat. mj
(mj)		 ŋj
(ŋj)		 ŋj:
(ŋŋj)
Glides Lateral Appr. Plain l
(l)		 l:
(ll)
Lab. lw
(lw)
Plat. lj
(lj)
Lab-Pal lɥ
(lwj,ljw)

Vowels

Front Near front Central Near back Back
Close i (i) y (y) ɨ (i) ʉ (u) u (ü)
Near-close e (e)
Close-mid ɛ (ë) ɵ (ö) o (o)
Mid
Open-mid ɛ (ë) œ (ö) o (ɔ)
Near-open
Open a (a) ɑ (a) ɒ(a)

Pitch-Accent

Primary stress[*] is realised with an increase in the pitch[*], while secondary stress has a decrease in the pitch.

Primary and secondary stress are both predictable accoridng to these rules and Primary stress always goes before secondary, that is if primary stress and secondary stress were to overlap the primary stress will be the one that is realised.

Primary

  • Monosyllabic
  • Ultima - Consonant ending
    • Penult - Vowel Ending

Secondary

  • First - Consonant begining
    • Second - Vowel begining
  • Ultima - Vowel Ending
1 Syllable
Pitch High
Normal
Low
Syllable 1
2 Syllables
C- -C
Pitch High
Normal
Low
Syllable 1 2
2 Syllables
V- -C
Pitch High
Normal
Low
Syllable 1 2
2 Syllables
C- -V
Pitch High
Normal
Low
Syllable 1 2
2 Syllables
V- -V
Pitch High
Normal
Low
Syllable 1 2
3 Syllables
C- -C
Pitch High
Normal
Low
Syllable 1 2 3
3 Syllables
V- -C
Pitch High
Normal
Low
Syllable 1 2 3
3 Syllables
C- -V
Pitch High
Normal
Low
Syllable 1 2 3
3 Syllables
V- -V
Pitch High
Normal
Low
Syllable 1 2 3
4 Syllables
C- -C
Pitch High
Normal
Low
Syllable 1 2 3 4
4 Syllables
V- -C
Pitch High
Normal
Low
Syllable 1 2 3 4
4 Syllables
C- -V
Pitch High
Normal
Low
Syllable 1 2 3 4
4 Syllables
V- -V
Pitch High
Normal
Low
Syllable 1 2 3 4
n>4 Syllables
C- -C
Pitch High
Normal
Low
Syllable 1 2 3->n-2 n-1 n
n>4 Syllables
V- -C
Pitch High
Normal
Low
Syllable 1 2 3->n-2 n-1 n
n>4 Syllables
C- -V
Pitch High
Normal
Low
Syllable 1 2 3->n-2 n-1 n
n>4 Syllables
V- -V
Pitch High
Normal
Low
Syllable 1 2 3->n-2 n-1 n

Phonotactics

The syllable structure is decently complex where the onset[*], the consonants prior to the vowel, and the coda[*], consonants after the vowel, both can take two consonants. The onset and coda acts both independed of each other and can take the following forms.

Syllable Structure
General
C C V C C
Possible
Onset Core Coda
Initial Vowel Final
Consonant Vowel Consonant
Nasal Affricative Vowel Nasal Nasal
Nasal Fricative Vowel Affricative Nasal - n
Nasal Nasal Vowel Plosive Fricative
Nasal Plosive Vowel Plosive Plosive
Affricative Nasal Vowel Fricative Fricative
Plosive Nasal Vowel Fricative Nasal
Plosive Fricative Vowel Fricative Lateral
Plosive Plosive Vowel Lateral Fricative
Fricative Fricative Vowel Latera Affricative
Fricative Plosive Vowel Affricative Lateral
Plosive Lateral Vowel Nasal Lateral
Fricative Lateral Vowel Plosive Lateral
Affricative Lateral Vowel Affricative Fricative
Nasal Lateral Vowel Affricative Plosive
Lateral Nasal Vowel
Affricative Fricative Vowel

Verbs

For more information on Verbs see Umbrean/Verbs

Conjugation

Perfective Retrospective Prospective Inceptive Continuative Pausative Terminative Genericative
Past Aortis Historal Causum Consequentum Past Initio Ingressus Finitum Plerum
Present — Causum Initio Present Pausa
Future Futurum Futurum Consequenta Futurum Initio Initio Futurum Termius


The umbrean verbs are conjugated for tense, aspect, mood and voice mainly. There is a residual conjugation for person and the grammatical gender of items but much of it has been lost. The conjugation is done by a primary vowel first followed by some sounds. The primary vowel is depended on which tense, mood and which gender and or person of the subject, agent or object noun is, which of the three depends on the verb.. The vowel comes in three classes, First, Second and Third kind. The vowel table tells which vowel is used while the Voice-Aspect-Tense, VAT, table tells which set to use on which VAT combination along with the remaining sounds around.


Negation:

Negation is done though the VAT vowel, it changes from the +, positive or affirmative coloumn, to the -, negative or negation coloumn of the same sort along with agreeing like the vowel normally is.

Vowels
Indicative Optative Subjunctive
V1 V2 V3 V1 V2 V3 V1 V2 V3
Person + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + -
First -ë -ö -oo -e -u -ö -yy -ë -e -ö -e -u -i -u -aa -u -i -öö
Second -ëë -ii -uu -a -ë
Third Liv -üü -ö -e -y -ö -i
Art -ii -e -ii -üü -e -üü -öö
Non -o -a -aa -ö
Mag -u -aa -ëë -aa -ëë -ë
Perfective Prospective Retrospective Inceptive Continuative Pausative Terminative Genericative
Active Past -V1ssw
(Aortis) 		-V2v
(Historal Causum) 		-V1mjël
(Consequentum) 		-V3b
(Past Initio) 		-V1tsjm
(Ingressus) 		-V1kws
(Finitum) 		-V2lwm
(Plerum)
Present — -V1zw
(Causum) 		-V2ll
(Initio) 		-V1
(Present) 		-V2s
(Pausa)
Future -V2ŋŋl
(Futurum) 		-V3tswf
(Futurum Consequenta) 		-V1sn
(Futurum Initio) 		-V2ll
(Initio) 		V3tj
(Futurum Termius)
Perfective Retrospective Prospective Inceptive Continuative Pausative Terminative Genericative
Anti-
Passive 		Past -V1zvj
(Aortis) 		-V1vv
(Historal Causum) 		-V2muf
(Consequentum) 		-V1tff
(Past Initio) 		-V1ffm
(Ingressus) 		-V3kwf
(Finitum) 		-V2lm
(Plerum)
Present — -V3ssf
(Causum) 		-V2llf
(Initio) 		-V2ts
(Present) 		-V1f
(Pausa)
Future -V1fŋ
(Futurum) 		-V3tsfj
(Futurum Consequenta) 		-V1fn
(Futurum Initio) 		-V2llf
(Initio) 		-V2twf
(Futurum Termius)
Perfective Retrospective Prospective Inceptive Continuative Pausative Terminative Genericative
Passive Past -V1ššw
(Aortis) 		-V2vž
(Historal Causum) 		-V2müš
(Consequentum) 		-V1tš
(Past Initio) 		-V3tšm
(Ingressus) 		-V3kwš
(Finitum) 		-V2leeš
(Plerum)
Present — -V3žž
(Causum) 		-V2šl
(Initio) 		-V1šš
(Present) 		-V2š
(Pausa)
Future -V2šŋ
(Futurum) 		-V3tšf
(Futurum Consequenta) 		-V1šn
(Futurum Initio) 		-V2šl
(Initio) 		-V2džw
(Futurum Termius)
Perfective Retrospective Prospective Inceptive Continuative Pausative Terminative Genericative
Circumstantial Past -V3ǧw
(Aortis) 		-V1 vvn
(Historal Causum) 		-V1dwamj
(Consequentum) 		-V2tǧ
(Past Initio) 		-V2tff
(Ingressus) 		-V3tswëm
(Finitum) 		-V1ljë
(Plerum)
Present — -V1ssǧ
(Causum) 		-V2ǧl
(Initio) 		-V1m
(Present) 		-V2nn
(Pausa)
Future -V2ǧm
(Futurum) 		-V3tšǧ
(Futurum Consequenta) 		-V2šn
(Futurum Initio) 		-V2ǧl
(Initio) 		-V1džm
(Futurum Termius)

Mood

The mood is conjugated on the polarity vowel and the end of the stem.

Indicative Optative Subjunctive Imperative
-tl -tsm -tf -tlw
-sw -nn -ss -zj
-dzj -dzw -nn -dd
-mj -mm -sm -m
-l -ml -lw -ll

Circumstantial Voice

The circumstantial voice is the oddball of the voices, to mark it one has to first mark it on the verb but it requires the postposition it is forcing into the subject position to act as a particle infront of the verb itself with some modifications. The modification is depended upon which case one would use with the postposition

Pst (ë)lj- PP
Int (ë)lj- PP -(ii)tw
Erg (ë)lj- PP -(ii)sw
Acc (ë)lj- PP -(ii)mm

the initial ë disappears if it begins with a vowel and the last one disappears if it ends with a vowel.

Participle

Adjectival

In umbrean participles serves three purposes, the first one is similar to english where it takes on an adjective characteristic describing a noun, "The walking man", but with the differens of having one for every tense.

The second is for relative clauses, "The man whom I like" where the verb is turned into a participle but the sentence itself remains otherwise the same, and is like unlike english placed infront of the noun it describes.

And thirdly they are used to modify the verb in the phrase.

To get the subject or object back into the clause one uses the Postpositions Kwë and Tlë, both highly irregular, before the participle with the noun in their proper case.

Active voice cannot be used in participles.

To form a participle the conjugated verb is taken with the addition of a vowel which is depended on the tense in question and a consonant which depends on the gender of the subject that is being relativized, doesn't matter which of the two uses, and the voice in question.

Participle Tense Vowels
Positive / Negative
Affirmative / Negation
Perfective Retrospective Prospective Inceptive Continuative Pausative Terminative Genericative
Past -e / -üü
(Aortis) 		-a / -ii
(Historal Causum) 		-ë / -ö
(Consequentum) 		-a / -ii
(Past Initio) 		-e / -üü
(Ingressus) 		-e / -üü
(Finitum) 		-ë / -ö
(Plerum)
Present — -e / -üü
(Causum) 		-oo / -e
(Initio) 		-ë / -ö
(Present) 		-e / -üü
(Pausa)
Future -oo / -e
(Futurum) 		-a / -ii
(Futurum Consequenta) 		-ë / -ö
(Futurum Initio) 		-oo / -e
(Initio) 		-ë / -ö
(Futurum Termius)


Number Gender Voice
Anti-Passive Passive Circumstantial
Sg Liv -t -š -gw
Mag -ts -šw
Art -t
Non -ǧ
Pc Mag/Liv -ssw -ǧǧ -pp
Art/Non -tsj -dd
Plural -n -m -ŋ


Base Passive
Present
1p/2p
Liv 		Anti-Passive
Present
3p
Mag
Conjugation Ödz Ödzešš Ödzots
Participle Ödzeššët Ödzetsëlj

Adverbial

The adverbial participle is formed in a similar manner to the adjectival participle but there are differenses.

The verb is conjugated but the VAT vowel is replaced with a different set. and the ending changes only according to the voice.

Indicative Optative Subjunctive
+ - + - + -
V1 -e -üü -ii -u -o -ee
V2 -e -aa -yy -i -ë -öö
V3 -ë -ö -e -ii -o -a


Passive -yn
Anti-passive -im
Circumstantial -yŋ

The adverbial participle can be used in several manners and each manner usually requires a specific set of tempuses to be used

  1. Causual
    • H. Causum or Causum is used
    • Answers "Why?" the verb occures
  2. Temporal
    • Present, Aortis & Futurum is used
    • Answers "When" The verb happened
  3. Locational
  4. Manner
    • Present is used alone, is always contemporary.
    • Answers "how" a verb was done.
  5. Result
    • Consequentum or F. Consequenta is used
    • Tells what outcome the verb has.

Supine

The supine describes actions done for the purpose of something ora result of the action. In english it is often the infitive form of the verb, "We walked over to Ronald To help him".

Supines don't take conjugational affixation but rather these to mark positive or negative, to do or not to do it.

Positive Negative
-lii -lüü

Gerund

The gerund form of the verbs are used to create noun clauses similar to english "That" clauses. "I know that he is a nice guy"

The gerund is formed by adding these endings to the conjugated form and is depended on case and the polarity of the verb.

Case Suffix
+ -
Int -ël -öl
Erg -ëssl -ösl
Acc -ëml -öml
Pst -ëtšwl -ötšwl
Base Passive Present
1p/2p 		Anti-Passive
Present
1p/2p
Conjugation Ödz Ödzešš Ödzots
Noun Clause Ödzeššël Ödzotsël

Modal Forms

Umbrean verbs can take on 8 modal forms which is used for both modality purposes as a verb but can also function as adjectives on their own.

Verb form

The verb form is used along as any normal verb, the positive form and negative form refers to the polarity of the modality. While there is general derivation of each of the three forms some verbs do not follow it and have other forms in the quadrouplet.

Adjectival form

The adjectival form works as the name itself suggests like an adjective, the suffixes are put onto the verb and then treated like a normal adjective that has to take on adjectival affixes. The anti-passive form focuses on the subject while the passive one focuses on the object.


Adjectival Modality
Verb form Adjective Form
Positive Negative Passive Anti-passive
Base -Ø -žwaaC1 - -
Gerundive -mjoC -dzwëëC
Abilitative -veC -pjuC
Hypothetical -njyC -müüC
  • Gerundive: Marks that the noun it modifies is needs or ought to be the object or subject of the verb
  • Abilative: Marks that the noun it modifies is can or is able to be the object or subject of the verb
  • Hypothetical: Marks that the noun it modifies could be the object or subject of the verb

1 C Refers to the original ending, tl, l, sw, dzj or mj

Sequence of tenses

Umbrean uses Relative Tenses[*] meaning subclauses are put into present tense if they happened at the sametime as the main verb, past if it occured before the verb and future if it occured after the main verb.

Nominalization

Ditransitive Verbs

For more information on Ditransitive verbs see Umbrean/Ditransitive verbs


Ditransitive Verbs[*] in the umbrean language are arranged in the fashion of O1SO2V. The first object is the recipient, direct object, and the second object is the theme (indirect object) and the Subject is the Donor.

English Examples: "I give him a book" vs "I gave a book to him", "He asked me a question" vs "He asked a question to me"

Donor: The donor is the one that does verb, in case of the verb "give" it gives something. "I gave him a book" "He asked me a question."

Theme: The theme is the object which is transferred or undergoing the verb directly, like a book in giving. "I gave him a book" ""He asked me a question"

Recipient: The recipient recieves the Theme in some manner in an indirect manner, it is common for the recipient to be said by a prepositional phrase in english. "I gave him a book" "He asked me a question".

Cases

The donor takes on the Ergative case, Theme takes the accusative case and Recipient takes on postpositional case.

Nouns

For more information on nouns see Umbrean/Nouns

Declension

Umbrean nouns are declined according to 4 things, Gender (Magical, Living, Articial and Non-moving), Case (Intransitive, Ergative, Accusative And Postpositional), State (Indefinate, Definate, Constructive) and Number (Plural, Singular and Paucal).

Suffixes are used to mark the declension and the declension paradigms differs mostly by vowels and are hence named after the 3 main vowels that are changed within the given paradigm.


Case Desription:
Ergative Ref The grammatical case that identifies the subject of a transitive verb in ergative-absolutive languages
Accusative Acc The grammatical case used to mark the direct object of an transitive verb
Intransitive Int The grammatical case used in some languages to mark the subject of an transitive verb
Postpositional Pst The grammatical case primarely used for postpositional phrases
Name Amount
Singular 1
Paucal 2-6
Plural 6<
General declension
State→ Indef. Def. Const.
Number→
Case↓ 		Sg. Pc. Pl. Sg. Pc. Pl. Sg. Pc. Pl.
Int -V -V -Vv -Vlw -Vll -Vvjl -Vtl -Vtl -Vtl
Erg -Vss -Vsw -Vsw -Vsl -Vzwlj -Vlz -Vtsw -Vdzw -Vsswëtl
Acc -Vm -Vmjy -Vnw -Vlwmj -Vljym -Vnl -Vtlom -Vmlw -Vsn
Pst -Vts -Vdzm -Vdzv -Vtsl -Vdzl -Vdzv -Vttw -Vtlö -Vtwlj


Declensions
Name Vowels
1st a-ee-u
2nd ii-o-e
3rd y-o-öö
4th ee-i-ë
5th ü-uu-e
6th o-a-üü
7th y-uu-o

Possession

For more information on Possession see Umbrean/Possession

In umbrean the possession of something differ on wether it is alienable or inalienable possession.

Alienable possession refer to a possession that can change in the course of time, a coin can switch owners over time and hence is alienable. In alienable possession the noun that is possessed, the coin in "my coin" is put into construct state while the possessor, me/my, is in ordinary indefinate state, both having the same case to match their grammatical position.

Inalienable possession refer to possession that is static through time, your arm will always be your arm, parents will always be parents even if disowned. In this case both are in indefiniate state but the same case.

In both cases the possessed comes before the possessor in the word order.

Adjective

Declension

Base form
Singular Paucal Plural
Mag Liv Art Non Mag/Liv Art/Non
Int -t -s -tt -t -t -d -dz
Erg -sj -s -sj -ssw -ssw -ts -dz
Acc -mj -m -m -m -mm -mm -mj
Pst -tsw -tsw -tt -sw -tsj -tsj -ssw


Forms
Form Suffix
Negative -öššw
Equative -yž
Positive -oovj

Predicate

Postposition

For more information on Postpositions see Umbrean/Postpositions

Being a head final language the Umbrean language utilizes postpositions rather than prepositions and adpositional phrases would come before the noun. "On the table" would be said as"The table on" and a noun phrase like "The cat on the table" is said "The table on the cat", in an essence the opposite of english. Similar to greek and other languages the case of the noun that is within its phrase affects often the acctual meaning of the postposition.

Postpositions are inflected according to Gender and Case of the noun within its phrase, if it is first or second person it is inflected according to the living gender.

If the postposition does not get an inflection on it, it is a particle used for the circumtational voice for verbs.

Inflection

Sg Pc Pl
3rd Mag -a -ëssw -eŋj
Liv -ö
Art -y -os
Non -o
2nd -itw -osw -enw
1st -itj -osj -ymj

Pro-Forms

As a highly fusional and inflectional language the umbrean language is rich in its morphology of pro-forms. The pro-forms retain some ancient cases which is used as nouns and it has no adverbial pro-forms like english "here" or "There" which is replaced with nouns. Quite a few things can be confusing for an english speaker as Umbrean makes distinctions that english does not.

Determiner[*]: They occure before the noun and refers to the noun somehow. "This hat" "That hat" "Some hats"

Demonstratives: These are diectic in their nature, refers to a noun by context. "This hat" "That hat" "yon hat" "This is fun" "That was fun"

Quantifiers: These refer to most often an unfixed quantity, with the exception of "All" or "no", "All men" "no men" "Some men" "few men"

Quantifiers
Quantifier English
Elective Any
Whichever
Existensial Some
Universal All
Every
Most Most
Negative No
None
Collective as a group
Togather
Distrubutive Each individually
Each
Each on their own


Case Desription Exampel
Vialis Via Through or by by the way of the house
Through the house
Lative Lat motion to location To the house
Ablative Abl motion away from location away from the house
Locative Loc Location of at the house
Temporative Tmp At the time of at the time of now
Antessative Ant Before before now
Postive Psv After after now/Later
Casual Csl Due to, because of, by method of, by manner of How
Quantive Qvt The quantity of How many
Instrumental Ins By means of With a hammer
Interrogative Demonstrative Quantifier
Proximal Semi-distal Distal Existential Elective Universal Most Negative Collective Distributive
sg. pc. pl. sg. pc. pl. sg. pc. pl. sg. pc. pl. sg. pc. pl. sg. pc. pl. sg. pc. pl. sg. pc. pl. sg. pc. pl. sg. pc. pl. sg. pc. pl.
Discourse Ø mle
(This) 		mlje
(That) 		mlwe
(Yon) 		Ø Ø Ø Ø Ø Ø Ø
Determiner Mag Int kwivj kwavj kwëvj lma lmu lme - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Erg kwizj kwazj kwëzj lmasw lmusw lmesw - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Acc kwim kwam kwëm lmjam lmjum lmjem - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Pst kwits kwats kwëts lmadzw lmudzw lmedz - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Liv Int - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Erg - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Acc - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Pst - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Art Int - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Erg - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Acc - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Pst - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Non Int - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Erg - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Acc - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Pst - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Pro-noun One of Sapient Int - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Erg - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Acc - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Pst - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Mag Int - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Erg - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Acc - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Pst - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Liv Int - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Erg - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Acc - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Pst - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Art Int - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Erg - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Acc - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Pst - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Non Int - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Erg - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Acc - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Pst - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Out of few Int - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Erg - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Acc - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Pst - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Out of many Int - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Erg - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Acc - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Pst - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Info Lat - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Abl - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Loc Tak Taaktw Takffj - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Tmp - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Ant - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Psv - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Csl - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Ins - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Qvt - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Personal Pronouns

Umbrean pronouns makes distinctions according to the 5 cases, 3 numbers, 4 genders, T-V[*], Collective vs Distributive and Inclusive vs exclusive.

Cases: Intransitive, Ergative, Accusative, Postpositional and Reflexive

Numbers: Singular, Paucal and Plural, Same number must be used as the noun that it replaces.

Genders: The genders are noticible only in third person where the pronoun with a gender matching the noun it replaces must be used.

T-V: This distinction is a politeness distinction that only occures in second person, One is polite that is used to be polite or people of higher rank while the other is impolite, lower ranking or someone you are close to.

Coll vs Distr: This distinction only occures in Paucal and Plural and tells if the group did it individually (Distributive) or as a group (Collective). "The five of us ate 3 kg of apples togather" (No more than 3 kg was used, Collective) vs "The five of us ate 3 kg of apples each" (A grand total of 15 kg of apples were eaten then, Distributive)

Inclusive vs Exclusive: Occures only in first person paucal and plural where it distinguisher if the one spoken to, second person, is included (Inclusive) or not (Eclusive)

Case Intransitive Ergative Accusative Postpositional Reflexive
sg. pc. pl. sg. pc. pl. sg. pc. pl. sg. pc. pl. sg. pc. pl.
coll. distr. coll. distr. coll. distr. coll. distr. coll. distr. coll. distr. coll. distr. coll. distr. coll. distr. coll. distr.
1st inc. ntswë slo mlo tšes liss mliis Tsümj lyym mmlu Tswutš looš
exc.
2nd Common mǧö ǧöss uumj gum
Respect
3rd Object Magical
Living
Artificial
Non-Move
Person General
Male
Female
General



abdefgǧhijklmnŋñoprsštstuvyzžüëö

Conditional Sentence

For more information on Conditional Sentence see Umbrean/Conditional sentence


Generalizations Conditional sentences expresses factual things that always occur, "If water is heated to 10 degrees it boils" and the If can be replaced with "when" or "whenever".

Hypothetical Conditional sentence expresses a hypothetical situation that could be possible

Factual Conditional sentence states it as factual that the result will occur if condition is meet. It may also be used to express that if the condition had been meet result should also have occurred but didn't.

Contra-factual sentence expresses a situation against known facts.

Kind Condition Result
Tempus Mood Modality Tempus Mood Modality
Generalizations Causum Indicative Base Plerum Indicative Base
Hypothetical Any but H.Causum, Causum
Consequenta, F.Consequenta 		Subjunctive Base Futurm Consequenta Optative Abilative
Factual Likely Past Initio Indicative Base Futurm Consequenta Optative Gerundive
Unlikely Causum Indicative Abilative Initio Subjunctive Hypothetical
Contra-Factual Historal Causum Subjunctive Base Ingressus Subjunctive Hypothetical

Modality

For more information on Modality see Umbrean/Modality


Copula Usage

There exist technicly no copula in umbrean, they have other methods of achiving it.

Noun Predicate

Example: He is an idiot

This is achived by putting the noun into intransitive construction state and then use it as an ordinary verb.

mǧö mtomöökwlë
mǧö mto>möökw<l-ë
2.sg <acc.const.sg>Idiot-1/2.sg.ind.prs.ctn
You're an idiot

Adpositional Predicate

Example: We are with him

Adpositional predicates are constructed by taking the adposition and add the proper Circumfix and then use it as a verb where the object that was being modified by it is the agent while the object in the adpositional phrase is treated as an ordinary object. the ë in the ëlj- prefix is ommited if the postposition begins with a vowel.

Case Prefix
Int (ë)lj- -tatl
Erg (ë)lj- -satl
Acc (ë)lj- -matl
Pst (ë)lj- -atl
mǧö mtomöökwlë
mǧö mto>möökw<l-ë
2.sg <acc.const.sg>Idiot-1/2.sg.ind.prs.ctn
You're an idiot

Locative Predicate

Example: We are at the store

See Adpositional Predicate


Adjectival Predicate

Example: We are blue

Adjectival predicates are achived through using the adjective as a verb all on its own but replaces the last consonant with -tl


Existential

Example: I am


tswümj: v.t.a

Question

Questions are formed by inverting the position of the Agent and the Object if its transitive, otherwise it remains the same with the Subject. The question word and particles does the rest to signify it is a question.

Yes or no question

A particle is placed before the part one desires to place emphesis on or behidn the verb if no emphesis is desired

Yes: Swom

No: Zy


General Question

General questions uses no particle and you simply uses the question word in their appropiate spot, no Fronting[*]

Dictionary

See a verb list here

Open or Closed

Class Open/Closed
Adjectives Open
Nouns Open
Pro-nouns Closed
Postpositions Open
Pro-Forms Closed
Verbs Open

Polarity

A common way to negate or inverse a words meaning is to change the polarity vowel within it to its opposite, though which vowel is the polarity vowel is individual to each word.

Short vowel Long vowel
+
Positive		 -
Negative 		+
Positive		 -
Negative
a ii aa a
e üü ee y
i u ii uu
o ë oo e
u aa uu a
y ëë yy ii
ü i üü ee
ë ö ëë u
ö öö öö ë

Direction

Directions are divided on from whos perspective it is, first, second or third person.

Directions
Person
First Second Third
Right Pjodwia Amodwia Migna
Left Bjana Bjuma Bfignina
Up [Term?] [Term?] [Term?]
Down [Term?] [Term?] [Term?]
Forward [Term?] [Term?] [Term?]
Backward [Term?] [Term?] [Term?]

Verbs of motion

Motion
By own means By animal By Machine By Magic
Slow Medium Fast Slow Medium Fast
Land Travel Toward Ot
(Walk toward)
(Jog toward)
(Run toward)
(Ride/Walk toward)
(Ride/Trott toward)
(Ride/Gallop toward) 		Ëššw
(Drive toward)
Away From Sitw
(Walk away from)
(Jog away from)
(Run away from)
(Ride/Walk away from )
(Ride/Trott away from )
(Ride/Gallop away from )
(Drive away from)
In Mëǧ
(Walk into)
(Jog into)
(Run into)
(Ride/Walk into)
(Ride/Trott into)
(Ride/Gallop into)
(Drive into )
Out
(Walk out of)
(Jog out of)
(Run out of)
(Ride/Walk out of)
(Ride/Trott out of)
(Ride/Gallop out of)
(Drive out of )
Across
(Walk across)
(Jog across)
(Run across)
(Ride/Walk across)
(Ride/Trott across)
(Ride/Gallop across)
(Drive across)
Arrival
(Walk and arrive at)
(Jog and arrive at)
(Run and arrive at)
(Ride/Walk and arrive at)
(Ride/Trott and arrive at)
(Ride/Gallop and arrive at)
(Drive and arrive at)
Multi
Directional
(Walk around)
(Jog around)
(Run around)
(Ride/Walk around)
(Ride/Trott around)
(Ride/Gallop around)
(Drive around)
Climb Upward
(Climb upward)
(Climb upward while
riding an animal)
(Climb upward while
using a machine)
Downward
(Climb down)
(Climb down while
riding an animal)
(Climb down while
using a machine)
Along
(Climb along the side)
(Climb along the side while
riding an animal)
(Climb along the side while
using a machine)
Water In water
(Swim) 		Toward
(Swim toward)		 (Swim fast toward)
(Swim toward with
an animal)		 (Swim fast toward with
an animal)
(Swim toward with
an machine)
Away from
(Swim away from)		 (Swim fast away from)
(Swim away from with
an animal)		 (Swim fast away from with
an animal)
(Swim away from with
an machine)
Upward
(Swim up)
(Swim up with
an animal
(Swim up with
an machine)
Downward
(Dive)
(Dive with
an animal)
(Dive with
an machine)
On water
(Sail) 		Toward Ø
Away from
Float Toward
(Float aimlessly)
Away from
Air Fly
Float

Kinship

Kinship
Grandmother Grandfather Grandmother Grandfather
 
 
 
Uncles Wife Uncle Uncles Wife Uncle Uncles Wife Uncle Aunts husband Aunt Aunts husband Aunt Aunts husband Aunt Kjymmösj
(Father) 		Kjynnösj
(Mother) 		Uncles Wife Uncle Uncles Wife Uncle Uncles Wife Uncle Aunts husband Aunt Aunts husband Aunt Aunts husband Aunt
 
 
 
Male Cousin Female Cousin Male Cousin Female Cousin Male Cousin Female Cousin Male Cousin Female Cousin Male Cousin Female Cousin Male Cousin Female Cousin Male Cousin Female Cousin Male Cousin Female Cousin Male Cousin Female Cousin Male Cousin Female Cousin Male Cousin Female Cousin Male Cousin Female Cousin
 
 
Twin Sisters Husband Twin Sister Little Sisters Husband Little Sister Big Sisters Huband Big Sister Wife Self Husband Big Brother  Big Brothers Wife Little Brother Little Brothers Wife Twin Brother Twin Brothers Wife
 
 
 
Niece Nephew Niece Nephew Niece Nephew Son Daughter Son Daughter Niece Nephew Niece Nephew Niece Nephew

Derivation

To Noun

To Adjective

To Verb

Numbers

Number Cardinal Ordinal Fractal Collective Distributive Multiple Additional Subtractal Power Root
English Umbrean English Umbrean English Umbrean English Umbrean English Umbrean English Umbrean English Umbrean English Umbrean English Umbrean English Umbrean
0 Zero Tlits Zeroth Tlidzw One Zeroth All Zero Zero Zero Zero Zero Zero Zero
1 One Otwii First Omtjyz Whole All One One One One One One One
2 Two Tlaal Second Tljuuzw Half All Two Two Two Two Two Two Two
3 Three Mlu Third Mluzw One Third All Three Three Three Three Three Three Three
4 Four Kjlwa Fourth Kjlwazz One Fourth Four Four Four Four Four Four Four
5 Five ellts Fifth One Fifth Five Five Five Five Five Five Five
6 Six Vjëtsw Sixth One Sixth Six Six Six Six Six Six Six
7 Seven Zzjy Seventh One Seventh Seven Seven Seven Seven Seven Seven Seven
8 Eight eedzwl Eighth One Eighth Eight Eight Eight Eight Eight Eight Eight
9 Nine ppalw Nineth One Nineth Nine Nine Nine Nine Nine Nine Nine
10 Ten lesm Tenth One Tenth Ten Ten Ten Ten Ten Ten Ten
11 Eleven mtsu Eleventh Eleven Eleven Eleven Eleven Eleven Eleven Eleven Eleven
12 potens
Potense 12^x Cardinal Ordinal Fractal Collective Distributive Multiple Additional Subtractal Power Root
Suffix Word Suffix Word Suffix Word Suffix Word Suffix Word Suffix Word Suffix Word Suffix Word Suffix Word Suffix Word
1 12 (10) -ut / -tl Utl
2 144 (100)
4 20736 (10000)
8 429981696 (100000000)

Numbers in umbrean has to agree by gender to the noun and changes wether it is ordinal, cardinal, fractal or multiple

  • Cardinal: Normal number, One, Two, Three, Four, Five
  • Ordinal: in order, First, Second, Third, Fourth, Fifth
  • Fractal: Division, Half, One third, One fourth, one fifth
  • Multiple: Multiple of a number, Twice, Trice, Four times, Five times
  • Additional: Plus it. Plus one, plus two, plus three, plus four, plus five
  • Subtractional: Minus it, Minus one, minus two, minus three, minus four, minus five
  • Collective: Counting as a single unit, All four, All five
  • Distributive: Singly, Twicly, answers "how many at a time?)
  • Power: to the nth power
  • Root: the nth root of something

Rational Numbers

To express a rational like "Two and two thirds" one would do this for the general "n and p q's" (n+p/q)

n and p q's
n + 1 p q
Ordinal Multiple Fractal

Compound words

Compound words are formed by taking the original stem, lacking grammatical genders, conjugations or declensions.

Umbrean has a fondness of Portmanteau[*] in compounding.

)
Class Structure
Verb-Verb Modifying-Head
Noun-Verb Object-Verb
Noun-Noun Modifying-Head
Adjective-Noun
Postposition-Verb
)
Type English Umbrean Parts
Verb-Verb
Noun-Verb
Adjective-Noun
Postposition-Verb

Word Classes

While english division here is shown the umbrean language divides its own words a bit differently

  • Nouns ()
    • Items, objects, concepts and ideas
  • Adjectives ()
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