Glommish
Vurdbák (Lexicon)
Swadesh list
Þize síde in þiúszczenь (This page in Þiúsьk)
Kióls szíte
| Glommish | |
|---|---|
| þiúsьk | |
 | |
| Pronunciation | [/ɬʲuːsʲk/] |
| Created by | IlL |
| Setting | Lõis |
| Native to | Thiudland |
| Native speakers | 100 million (2015) |
Indo-European
| |
Glommish (þiúsьk /ɬʲuːsʲk/ or þe þiúsьke mál /ɬə ˈɬʲuːsʲkə maːɫ/; from Proto-Germanic *þiudiskaz) is a Germanic (more precisely, Þiúdic) language spoken in Lõis's Þiúdland (our Northern France and Western Germany). It has the most speakers of any Germanic language on Lõis. Glommish is intended to have a pseudo-Irish/Slavic aesthetic.
Todo
kw gw hw > p b f
awj > ój: strójen 'sow', fróje 'queen'
szczip = 'ship'
-skapie = '-ship'
ízer, ízre, ízers = 'iron'
-í (stressed): Hebrew nisba adjectives (leumí = 'national'; yn leumíe fírdag 'a national holiday')
avsun = 'bastard son; son of a bitch'
friuþ = 'peace'
liúdie, liúdiem, liúdie = 'people'
geliór = 'galore' (< Irish go leor)
andie (f) = 'end'
ýre (f) = 'honor'
Ýrland = 'Ireland'
triú = loyal
triúe = 'loyalty'
viár = 'true'
viérþie = 'truth'
þanczen út, þachtie út, útþacht = 'make up'
vý, výe = 'woe'
tale, taler = 'number'; attale = 'number as a data point or statistical figure'
ferbióden, ferbód, ferbuden = forbid, prohibit
Þí útþanczing isь ferbuden in þier tidrószet! = 'Making things up/imagination is not allowed in the academia!'
kniéfat, kniéfa, kniéfár, kniéfanь, kniéfí = 'something, someone, somewhere, sometime, somehow'
Orthography
Cyrillization
Vowels in stressed syllables:
a á ia/ja iá/já e é ie/je ié/jé y ý i í o ó io/jo ió/jó u ú iu/ju iú/jú ъ ь = а а: я я: э э: е е: ы ы: и и: о о: ё ё: у у: ю ю: ъ ь
Unstressed e ie = а е
Consonants: m n p t c cz k b d dż g f s þ sz ch h v z l r j = м н п т ц ч к б д дж г ф с ԕ ш х һ в з л р й
Vowels after cz, dż, sz: cza cze czi czo czu = чя че чи чё чю
Ale mansьken sinь buren frí ok gelík an vurþie ok anriachtem. Sí sinь biedżávd mid ferstande ok gevítie ok þurven biedríven ýn gaszt niáfsьte in bráþierhýder gýste.
Ала манськан синь буран фри: ок гали:к ан вурԕе ок анряхтам. Си: синь беджа:вд мид фарстанда ок гави:те ок ԕурван бедри:ван ы:н гашт ня:фсьта ин бра:ԕерһы:дар гы:ста.
Phonology
Like many European languages on Lõis, Glommish phonology is characterized by pairs of hard and soft consonants.
Consonants
| Labial | Dental/Alveolar | Lateral | Postalveolar | Velar | Glottal | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | pal. | plain | pal. | plain | pal. | pal. | plain | ||||
| Nasal | m m | mь mʲ | n n̪ | nь nʲ | |||||||
| Stop | voiceless | p p | pь pʲ | t t̪ | tь tʲ | kь kʲ | k k | ||||
| voiced | b b | bь bʲ | d d̪ | dь dʲ | gь gʲ | g g | |||||
| Affricate | voiceless | c ts | cь tsʲ | cz tʃ | |||||||
| voiced | dż dʒ | ||||||||||
| Fricative | voiceless | f f | fь fʲ | s s | sь sʲ | þ ɬˠ | þь ɬʲ | sz ʃ | chь, hь ç | ch x | h h |
| voiced | v v | vь vʲ | z z | zь zʲ | |||||||
| Resonant | r ɾ | rь ɾʲ | l ɫ | lь lʲ | j j | ||||||
/tʃ, dʒ, ʃ/ are soft alternants of /k, g, x/ in native Glommish. /kʲ, gʲ/ are mainly found in foreign loans: e.g. skiél /sʲkʲeːɫ/ 'happening, situation' (from Irish scéal 'story'), kiúnь /kʲuːnʲ/ 'shy' (from Irish ciúin 'quiet, silent, tranquil'), hegigí /hegʲɪˈgʲiː/ 'solemn' (from Hebrew חגיגי ħəgigi).
Orthographical notes:
- The ь is replaced with an i when followed by a vowel (the i is pronounced as palatalization).
- The soft sign ь and the palatalizing i soften every consonant in the cluster that precede it by default; however, the hard sign ъ prevents the softening of consonants to the left of the hard sign.
- Notes
- Hard /ɬ/ is strongly velarized [ɬˠ].
- word final -rC (but not -lC) is pronounced [ɾəC]: hard [ˈhaɾəd] 'hard, difficult'.
Vowels
Naively speaking, there are five phonemic vowel qualities with length, but the exact number of vowel phonemes is up for debate (cf. the phonemic status of short vowels in Irish). y ý can be considered non-palatalizing allophones of i í.
| Front | Central | Back | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| short | long | short | long | short | long | |
| Close | i /ɪ/ | í /iː/ | (y /ɨ/) | (ý /ɨː/) | u /ʊ/ | ú /uː/ |
| Mid | e /ɛ/ | é /eː/ | (e [ə]) | o /ɔ/ | ó /oː/ | |
| Open | a /a/ | á /aː/ | ||||
When /ɪ/ or /iː/ occurs word-initially, they become [jɪ] and [jiː]
Morphology
Nouns
Like German, Glommish has 4 cases; however, nominative and accusative are only distinguished in pronouns. There are two genders, masculine and feminine (the neuter has merged with the masculine).
Articles
Glommish uses the indefinite article yn and the definite article þe. The indefinite article is also used in the plural for indefinite amounts ("some" or "a few"), as in Spanish.
| case | singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| m. | f. | ||
| nom. | þe | þí | þí |
| dat. | þem | þier | þím |
| gen. | þes | þier | þier |
| case | singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| m. | f. | ||
| nom. | yn | ne | ne |
| dat. | me | ner | nem |
| gen. | yns | ner | ner |
Consonant stems
| a-stem: vulf (m.) 'wolf' | ||
|---|---|---|
| Case | Singular | Plural |
| Nominative | vulf | vulfe |
| Dative | vulfe | vulfem |
| Genitive | vulfs | vulfe |
| ja-stem: bazь (m.) 'berry' | ||
|---|---|---|
| Case | Singular | Plural |
| Nominative | bazь | bazie |
| Dative | bazie | baziem |
| Genitive | bazies | bazie |
| u-stem: sun (m.) 'son' | ||
|---|---|---|
| Case | Singular | Plural |
| Nominative | sun | sunie |
| Dative | sune | suniem |
| Genitive | suns | sunie |
| z-stem: lamb (m.) 'lamb' | ||
|---|---|---|
| Case | Singular | Plural |
| Nominative | lamb | lambie |
| Dative | lambe | lambiem |
| Genitive | lambs | lambie |
n-stems
Declined like weak adjectives. These nouns are masculine, except for nominalized feminine adjectives.
| biare (m.) 'bear' | ||
|---|---|---|
| Case | Singular | Plural |
| Nominative | biare | biaren |
| Dative | biarenь | biarem |
| Genitive | biarenь | biaren |
| name (m.) 'name' | ||
|---|---|---|
| Case | Singular | Plural |
| Nominative | name | namen |
| Dative | namenь | namem |
| Genitive | namenь | namen |
Also: ave 'river', funie 'fire', mage 'stomach, maw', vatie 'water'.
Vowel stems
Nouns with this declension type are always feminine in modern Glommish. Nouns with certain suffixes like -yng (deverbal noun) or -hýd (abstract noun) also belong to this class, and feminine nouns in foreign vocabulary also belong in this class.
| ō-stem: naze (f.) 'nose' | ||
|---|---|---|
| Case | Singular | Plural |
| Nominative | naze | nazer |
| Dative | naze | nazem |
| Genitive | nazer | naze |
| ōn-stem: dżáve (f.) 'gift' | ||
|---|---|---|
| Case | Singular | Plural |
| Nominative | dżáve | dżáver |
| Dative | dżáve | dżávem |
| Genitive | dżáver | dżáve |
| i-stem: sundie (f.) 'crime, offense' | ||
|---|---|---|
| Case | Singular | Plural |
| Nominative | sundie | sundier |
| Dative | sundie | sundiem |
| Genitive | sundier | sundie |
(The religious concept of sin is conveyed by a different word chiét, a Hebrew loan.)
| īn-stem: starcze (f.) 'strength, starch' | ||
|---|---|---|
| Case | Singular | Plural |
| Nominative | starcze | starczer |
| Dative | starcze | starczem |
| Genitive | starczer | starcze |
| ō-stem: riaknyng (f.) 'balance, bottom line, result' | ||
|---|---|---|
| Case | Singular | Plural |
| Nominative | riaknyng | riaknynger |
| Dative | riaknyng | riaknyngem |
| Genitive | riaknynger | riaknyng |
| u-stem: honde (f.) 'hand' | ||
|---|---|---|
| Case | Singular | Plural |
| Nominative | honde | hondier |
| Dative | honde | hondiem |
| Genitive | honder | hondie |
Grab bag
| r-stem: fadier (m.) 'father' | ||
|---|---|---|
| Case | Singular | Plural |
| Nominative | fadier | fadrie |
| Dative | fadrie | fadriem |
| Genitive | fadiers | fadrie |
Also: mádier 'mother', bráþier 'brother', sviestier 'sister', dútier 'daughter'.
Adjectives
Declension
Predicative adjectives use the bare stem. For attributive adjectives, the weak declension is used when the noun is preceded by a definite article or demonstratives: þí móren báke 'the big books'. The strong declension is used otherwise: ne móre báke 'some big books'. Below are the strong and weak declensions of the adjective gád 'good':
Template:Col-2| case | singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| m. | f. | ||
| nom. | gáde | gáde | gáde |
| dat. | gádme | gáder | gádem |
| gen. | gádes | gáder | gáder |
| case | singular | plural |
|---|---|---|
| nom. | gáde | gáden |
| dat. | gádenь | gádem |
| gen. | gádenь | gáden |
Soft-stem adjectives such as skónь 'beautiful' are declined similarly.
| case | singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| m. | f. | ||
| nom. | skónie | skónie | skónie |
| dat. | skónьme | skónier | skóniem |
| gen. | skónies | skónier | skónier |
| case | singular | plural |
|---|---|---|
| nom. | skónie | skónien |
| dat. | skónienь | skóniem |
| gen. | skónienь | skónien |
Degree
The comparative and superlative are formed with the suffixes -ier and -sьt (k, g, ch, s, z + -sьt > -czt, -dżt, -szt, -siest, -ziest): svát, svátier, svátsьt 'sweet, sweeter, sweetest'. The same applies for loaned adjectives: ruhoní, ruhoníer, ruhoníst 'spiritual, more spiritual, most spiritual'.
There are a few irregular adjectives, which are listed in the table below.
| Meaning | Positive | Comparative | Superlative |
|---|---|---|---|
| "good" | gád, vial (adv.) | batier | basьt |
| "bad" | druk | virsier | virsьt |
| "much, many" | fiel | mýr | mýsьt |
| "near" | niáv | niávier | niáfsьt (also 'next') |
Pronouns
Personal
The 2pl úr is also used as a polite 2nd person pronoun.
et only survives as a dummy pronoun, along with þat.
| case | 1sg. | 2sg. | 3sg. | 1pl. | 2pl. | 3pl. | reflexive | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| m. | f. | n. | |||||||
| nom. | ik | þú | er | sí | et | vír | úr | sí | - |
| acc. | mik | þik | ín | í | et | unsь | ú | í | sik |
| dat. | mir | þir | im | jar | - | unsь | ú | ím | sir |
| gen. | mín | þín | is | jar | - | unsier | úrer | jar | sín |
To form possessive pronouns, strong adjective endings are added to the genitive of the personal pronouns; however, unsier and úrer become unsьre and úre.
Demonstrative
- þize = this; jéne = that
- fa, fan, fam, fase = who; fat = what
- fanь = when
- fí = how; só = like this/that, so, thus
- fár = where; hiér = here; þár = there
- farup = why
- filьke = which
- solьke = such
- ale = all, every
- ale X ok X = each and every X
Adpositions
Prepositions taking both the dative and the accusative
- an = on
- befur = before, in front of
- at = at
- in = in
- uvier = over
- úp = on
Prepositions taking the accusative
- furь = for
- gaszt = against
- sunder = without
- þruch = through
- um = around
Prepositions taking the dative
- av = of, off, from
- mid = with
- út = out of, from
Prepositions taking the genitive
Verbs
Verbs are less conservative than in Ufirlandisg. For example:
- There is one set of personal endings for both thematic and athematic verbs.
- The past subjunctive has disappeared except viárie 'were, would be' and dżendże 'would'.
- The use of the present subjunctive is limited, and is used similarly to the present subjunctive in English.
Weak verbs
For the past dental suffix -ti- is added if the stem ends in a voiceless consonant (other than t(i) or d(i)); -edi- is added if the stem ends in a t(i) or d(i); -di- is added otherwise.
Hard weak
| tense | ik | þú | er/sí/it | vír | úr | í |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present indicative | lióve | lióver | lióveþь | lióvem | lióveþ | lióvenь |
| present subjunctive | lióve | lióves | lióve | lióvem | lióveþ | lióvenь |
| past | lióvъdie | lióvъdier | lióvъdie | lióvъdiem | lióvъdieþ | lióvъdienь |
| imperative | - | lióv! / lióve! | - | - | lióveþ! | - |
| present participle | lióvend | |||||
| past participle | lióvd | |||||
Other examples: maken 'make', lirnen 'learn'
Soft weak
| tense | ik | þú | er/sí/et | vír | úr | í |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present indicative | varmie | varmier | varmþь | varmiem | varmieþ | varmienь |
| present subjunctive | varmie | varmies | varmie | varmiem | varmieþ | varmienь |
| past | varmdie | varmdier | varmdie | varmdiem | varmdieþ | varmdienь |
| imperative | - | varmь! / varmie! | - | - | varmieþ! | - |
| present participle | varmiend | |||||
| past participle | varmied | |||||
Other examples: arbýdien 'work'; hórien 'hear'; lýrien 'teach'; sadżen 'say'; ertalien 'tell, recount'; ranien 'execute, set into motion'
Some verbs with velar/palatal stems, e.g. brindżen, brachtie, bracht 'bring'; budżen, buchtie, bucht 'buy'; þanczen, þachtie, þacht - 'think' form a small subclass of soft stem thematic verbs.
Strong verbs
Strong class 1
| tense | ik | þú | er/sí/et | vír | úr | í |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present indicative | bíte | bítier | bítieþь | bítem | bítieþ | bítenь |
| present subjunctive | bíte | bítes | bíte | bítem | bíteþ | bítenь |
| past | bit | biter | bit | bitem | biteþ | bitenь |
| imperative | - | bítь! / bítie! | - | - | bítieþ! | - |
| present participle | bítend | |||||
| past participle | biten | |||||
Also: szczínen, szczin, szczinen 'shine', dríven, driv, driven 'walk', klíven, kliv, kliven 'stick, cling', vríten, vrit, vriten 'write'
Strong class 2
| tense | ik | þú | er/sí/et | vír | úr | í |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present indicative | czóze | czózier | czózieþь | czózem | czózieþ | czózenь |
| present subjunctive | czóze | czózes | czóze | czózem | czózeþ | czózenь |
| past | kóz | kózer | kóz | kózem | kózeþ | kózenь |
| imperative | - | czózь! / czózie! | - | - | czózieþ! | - |
| present participle | czózend | |||||
| past participle | kuzen | |||||
Also: bióden, bód, buden 'offer, bid', biógen, bóg, bugen 'bow', fliógen, flóg, flugen 'fly', flión, fló, fluen 'flee, escape', friózen, fróz, fruzen 'freeze'
Strong class 3
| tense | ik | þú | er/sí/et | vír | úr | í |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present indicative | binde | bindier | bindieþь | bindem | bindieþ | bindenь |
| present subjunctive | binde | bindes | binde | bindem | bindeþ | bindenь |
| past | band | bander | band | bandem | bandeþ | bandenь |
| imperative | - | bindь! / bindie! | - | - | bindieþ! | - |
| present participle | bindend | |||||
| past participle | bunden | |||||
Also: biedżinen, biegan, biegunen 'begin'; drinken, drank, drunken 'drink'; finþen, fanþ, funþen 'find'; grinden, grand, grunden 'grind'; rinen, ran, runen 'flow'; springen, ssprang, sprungen 'jump, burst, explode'; simben, samb, sumben 'sing'; viarpen, varp, vurpen 'throw'; þrimben, þramb, þrumben 'push'.
Strong class 4
In Glommish, Proto-Germanic class 3b strong verbs have merged with class 4 strong verbs.
| tense | ik | þú | er/sí/et | vír | úr | í |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present indicative | biare | bierier | bierieþь | biarem | bierieþ | biarenь |
| present subjunctive | biare | biares | biare | biarem | biarþ | biarenь |
| past | bar | barer | bar | barem | barþ | barenь |
| imperative | - | bierь! / bierie! | - | - | bierieþ! | - |
| present participle | biarend | |||||
| past participle | buren | |||||
Also: briaken, brak, bruken 'break', niamen, nam, numen 'take', piamen, pam, pumen 'come', stialen, stal, stulen 'steal', hialpen, halp, hulpen 'help', driasken, drask, drusken 'thresh', stiarven, starv, sturven 'die'
Strong class 5
| tense | ik | þú | er/sí/et | vír | úr | í |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present indicative | dżave | dżevier | dżevieþь | dżavem | dżevieþ | dżavenь |
| present subjunctive | dżave | dżaves | dżave | dżavem | dżaveþ | dżavenь |
| past | gav | gaver | gav | gavem | gaveþ | gavenь |
| imperative | - | dżevь! / dżevie! | - | - | dżevieþ! | - |
| present participle | dżavend | |||||
| past participle | dżaven | |||||
Also: driapen, drap, driapen 'hit', ferdżaten, fergat, ferdżaten 'forget', liasen, las, liasen 'read', sión, só, sión 'see'. There are also the j-present verbs bidien, bad, biaden 'beg, pray', liedżen, lag, liagen 'lie'
Strong class 6
| tense | ik | þú | er/sí/et | vír | úr | í |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present indicative | grave | gravier | gravieþь | gravem | gravieþ | gravenь |
| present subjunctive | grave | graves | grave | gravem | graveþ | gravenь |
| past | gráv | gráver | gráv | grávem | gráveþ | grávenь |
| imperative | - | gravь! / gravie! | - | - | gravieþ! | - |
| present participle | gravend | |||||
| past participle | graven | |||||
Also: slagen, slág, slagen 'kill', standen, stánd, standen 'stand', vaksen, váks, vaksen 'grow', vasken, vásk, vasken 'wash', jaten, ját, jaten 'eat' (reclassified from class 5)
Strong class 7
hýten, hít, híten - to be called
lópen, lióp, liópen - to run
stóten, stiót, stióten - encounter
halden, hiald, hialden - to hold
liáten, lít, liáten - to let
Preterite-present verbs
viten 'to know'
| tense | ik | þú | er/sí/et | vír | úr | í |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present indicative | výt | výst | výt | vitem | viteþ | vitenь |
| present subjunctive | vite | vites | vite | vitem | viteþ | vitenь |
| past | vistie | vistier | vistie | vistiem | vistieþ | vistienь |
| imperative | - | výt! / výte! | - | - | viteþ! | - |
| present participle | vitend | |||||
| past participle | vist | |||||
kunen 'can, be able to'
| tense | ik | þú | er/sí/et | vír | úr | í |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present indicative | kan | kanst | kan | kunem | kunþ | kunenь |
| present subjunctive | kune | kunes | kune | kunem | kuneþ | kunenь |
| past | kundie | kundier | kundie | kundiem | kundieþ | kundienь |
Similarly skulen 'should', þurven 'have to'.
máten 'may'
This verb is derived from from PGmc *mōtaną (~ Eng. must).
| tense | ik | þú | er/sí/et | vír | úr | í |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present indicative | mát | mást | mát | mátem | máteþ | mátenь |
| present subjunctive | máte | mátes | mát | mátem | máteþ | mátenь |
| past | mástie | mástier | mástie | mástiem | mástieþ | mástienь |
Other irregular verbs
vín 'want'
| tense | ik | þú | er/sí/et | vír | úr | í |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present indicative | ví | vír | ví | vím | víþ | vínь |
| present subjunctive | ví | vís | ví | vím | víþ | vín |
| past | vildie | vildier | vildie | vildiem | vildieþ | vildien |
bión 'be'
| tense | ik | þú | er/sí/et | vír | úr | í |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present indicative | jem | jer | isь | sim | siþ | sinь |
| present subjunctive | bió | biós | bió | bióm | bióþ | biónь |
| past indicative | vas | vast | vas | viárem | viárþ | viárenь |
| past subjunctive | viárie | viárier | viárie | viáriem | viárieþ | viárienь |
| imperative | - | bió! | - | - | bióþ! | - |
| present participle | biónd | |||||
| past participle | viáren | |||||
dán 'do'
| tense | ik | þú | er/sí/et | vír | úr | í |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present indicative | dá | dár | dáþь | dám | dáþ | dánь |
| present subjunctive | dá | dás | dá | dám | dáþ | dánь |
| past | dié | diér | dié | diém | diéþ | diénь |
| imperative | - | dá! | - | - | dáþ! | - |
| present participle | dánd | |||||
| past participle | dán | |||||
gán 'go, (future tense auxiliary)'
| tense | ik | þú | er/sí/et | vír | úr | í |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present indicative | gá | gár | gáþь | gám | gáþ | gánь |
| present subjunctive | gá | gás | gá | gám | gáþ | gánь |
| past indicative | dżang | dżanger | dżang | dżangem | dżangþ | dżangenь |
| past subjunctive1 | dżendże | dżendżer | dżendże | dżendżem | dżendżeþ | dżendżenь |
| imperative | - | gá! | - | - | gáþ! | - |
| present participle | gánd | |||||
| past participle | dżangen | |||||
1 Grammaticalized as the subjunctive/conditional marker.
Also: fán - to get, to obtain
Derivational morphology
- bie-: "be-", forms applicatives
- -bier: '-able'
- end-: 'de-, dis-'
- er-: telic
- fer-: "for-"
- fur-: "fore-"
- -ful: "-ful"
- ge-
- -hýd: -ness, -hood
- -i: forms adjectives from nouns
- -lóz: "-less"
- andielóz: 'endless' < andь 'end'
- -lik: "-ly"; forms adjectives from noun
- dadżlik 'daily' < dag 'day'
- vurdlik 'literal' < vurd 'word'
- mis-: "mis-"
- -nes: forms nouns from verbs
- -nie: feminine suffix
- lýrernie 'teacher (female)' < lýrerь 'teacher'
- fuksnie 'vixen' < fuks 'fox'
- -sam: "-some"
- ýnsam 'lonely' < ýn 'one'
- gefiársam 'dangerous' < gefiár 'danger'
- -sьk: "-ish"
- tier-: German zer-
- un-: "un-" (negation or opposite)
- unró 'unrest, unease'
- -yng/-ing: forms nouns from verbs
- hýting 'heating' < hýtien 'to heat'
Syntax
Word order is V2.
Negation
The negative particle is yncz.
Possession
Usually the genitive is placed after the noun: þí dżáve míns fadiers 'my father's gift', but genitive before noun is acceptable too: míns fadiers dżáve.
For predicative possession Glommish, instead of using 'have' like other Germanic languages, uses a construction similar to Irish: Et fins at mir tvý sunie. "I have two sons." (lit. There are two sons at me, like Irish Tá dhá mhac agam)
Simple tenses
Simple present
The simple present denotes habitual actions or generally true states of the world, like the English simple present.
Simple past
The simple past is like the English simple past.
Present subjunctive
High register in modern Glommish.
Imperative
Exactly what it says on the tin.
Compound tenses
Celtic influence. Unlike in other Germanic languages, the past participle is not used grammatically.
Progressive
Progressive tenses denote ongoing actions. An Irish-like construction is used: the auxiliary bión is used (which carries the tense), and the lexical verb becomes at 'at' + infinitive, and the infinitive is put at the end of the clause. An object of the verb becomes the possessor of the verbal noun.
- Ik em at jaten þes apels. "I am eating the apple." (lit. I am at the apple's eating, like Irish Táim ag ith an úill)
Perfect
The perfect is used like the English perfect. Formed similarly to the progressive, but with after instead of at.
- Ik em after jaten þas apels. "I have eaten the apple." (lit. I am after the apple's eating, cf. Hiberno-English)
Future
Clauses
Conjunctions
- ok = and
- jeþ = or
- nierь = but
- þóch = although
- þá, als (literary) = when
- vaþier... eþ... = either... or...
- niáþier... nieþ... = neither... nor...
- saker = because
- iv = if (used for conditions that could be true, like Irish má; also used in indirect questions; from *jabai)
- sadь = if (used for counterfactual conditions, like Irish dá; from *sagdēdī "if it were said")
- þanь = then; than
Numbers
Glommish uses a base-120 numeral system (derived from the native Germanic long hundred).
0-10: afs, ýn, tvý, þrí, fiór, finf, siaks, sieven, acht, nión, tién /afs, ɨːn, tvɨː, ɬʲrʲiː, fʲoːr, fʲinf, sʲæks, sʲɛvən, axt, nʲoːn, tʲeːn/
11-19: ýlьf, tvalьf, þrítién, fiórъtién, finfъtién, siaksъtién, siefъtién, achtién, nióntién /ɨːlʲf, tvalʲf, ɬʲrʲiːtʲeːn, fʲoːrtʲeːn, fʲinftʲeːn, sʲækstʲeːn, sʲɛftʲeːn, axtʲeːn, nʲoːnʲtʲeːn/
20-110: tvýntich, þrítich, ... achtich, nióntich, tiántich, ýlftich /tvɨːnʲtʲɪx, etc./
21: ýn-an-tvýntich
120: hunderþ /hundərɬ/
14400: revove /rə'vɔvə/
Ordinal numbers are formed with -t- or -þ-: ýrst, tvýþ, þridь, fiórþ, finfþ, ...
Phrasebook
- Vilьpum! = Welcome!
- Gáde murgen!/Gáde dag!/Gáde jévenþ!/Gáde nachtie! = Good morning!/Good afternoon!/Good evening!/Good night!
- Þank! = Thank you!
- Fí hýtieþ úr?/Fat isь úre name? = 'What is your name?'
- Ik hýte ... = 'My name is ...'
- Fans piemieþ úr? = 'Where are you from?'
- Ik piame út... = 'I'm from ...'
- Þiúdland. = 'Thiudland.'
- Ýrland. = 'Ireland.'
- Rótsland. = 'Rotsland.'
- Fins at ú ... = 'Do you speak ...'
- ... ýrsьk? = '... Irish?'
- ... gyversьk? = '... Hebrew?'
- ... tiurensьk? = '... Türiŋit?'
- ... saksiesьk? = '... Siaksisz?'
- ... teryczk? = '... Cascadian Turkic?'
- Rió isь mir. = 'I'm sorry.'
- Et fins yncz at mir þiúsьk. = 'I can't speak Þiúdьsk.'
- Mát ik ú þúten? = 'May I address you informally (i.e. using þú)?'
Sample texts
UDHR, Article 1
- Ale mansьken sinь buren frí ok gelík an vurþie ok anriachtem. Sí sinь biedżávd mid ferstande ok gevítie ok þurven biedríven ýn gaszt niáfsьte in bráþierhýder gýste.
- [ˈaɫə ˈmanʲsʲkən sʲɪnʲ ˈbʊrən fʲrʲiː ək gəˈlʲiːk an ˈvurɬʲɪ k ˈanrʲaxtəm || sʲiː sʲɪnʲ bʲɪˈdʒaːvd mʲɪd fərˈstandə k gəˈvʲiːtʲɪ ək ˈɬˠʊrvən bʲɪˈdʲrʲiːvənɨ̽ːn gaʃt nʲaˈfʲstə jɪŋ ˈbraːɬʲɪrhɨ̽ːdər gɨ̽ːstə]
- All human beings are free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act toward one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
Gettysburg Address
Achtich-sieven jarþer þier isь et, after unsьre fadrie gebaren an þisme jarþdýlie yn niúe ume, tiúszt in fríhýd, ok ervíszt þem belóvnese þat ale mansьken sindь skafen gelík.