Verse:Hmøøh/Suwáábyíq/Literature
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| Hmøøh/Suwáábyíq/Literature | |
|---|---|
| Wiebermüđel | |
| Pronunciation | [/ˈvibɚˌmyɡ!əl/] |
| Created by | IlL |
| Setting | Hussmauch |
| Extinct | Developed into Middle Wiebian in 400 v.C. |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | qwb |
Sandbox
Lexicon
Wiebian verse
About Wiebian music
Wiebian/Wiebian
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Ancient Wiebian is one of the major ancient Quihum languages, alongside Naquian, Sjowaazheƞ and Old Bhadhagha. It is intended to be German gibberish with clicks.
Todo
- Abhang (m.) 'a devotional music form' (lit. "up-call"?)
- Wittel (m.) name of a god
Background
Hmøøh/Suwáábyíq/Literature is the oldest attested form of Wiebian, used as a spoken language until 200 v.C.
Notes on notation
- i - denotes i-umlaut of the root.
Orthography
- See also: Wiebian/Script.
The native Wiebian orthography is essentially a cipher of the German orthography; the letters and orthographical rules correspond one-to-one to that of Standard German, but with the addition of two letters ⟨ŧ⟩ /!/ and ⟨đ⟩ /g!/.
Phonology
Hmøøh/Suwáábyíq/Literature phonology is mostly based on Modern Standard German, with the addition of two clicks ŧ /ǃ/ and đ /ɡǃ/ which patterns similarly to t and d. However, Ancient Wiebian allows more initial clusters than German due to a layer of Tie-Dye and Tergetian loans in the vocabulary. Notably, initial ng- is allowed, as well as non-German clusters such as schng-, tn-, tng-, pn-, png-, kng-, ...
Voiceless plosives are aspirated unless after a fricative. Auslautverhärtung (final obstruent devoicing) occurs as in German or Dutch.
Proto-Wiebian
Proto-Wiebian describes the stage of the language immediately after it underwent the High German consonant shift (which did not affect clicks).
Consonants
Vowels
Early Ancient Wiebian
In this article Early Ancient Wiebian is represented using the Middle High German orthography used in standardized texts.
Consonants
Early Ancient Wiebian has the following consonants:
| Labial | Lamino-dental | Apico-alveolar | Co-articulated | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m /m/ | n /n/ | đ [ŋǃ] | ng /ŋ/ | ||||
| Plosive | voiceless | p /p/ | t /t̪/ | ŧ /ǃ/ | k /k/ | /ʔ-/ | ||
| voiced | b /b/ | d /d̪/ | đ /ɡǃ/ | g /ɡ/ | ||||
| Fricative | f /f/ | ʒ /s̻/ | s /s̺/ | sch /ɧ/ | ch /x/ | h /h/ | ||
| Affricate | pf /pf/ | z, tz /ts̻/ | ||||||
| Trill | r /r/ | |||||||
| Approximant | w /w/ | l /l/ | j /j/ | |||||
Vowels
In Early Hmøøh/Suwáábyíq/Literature each vowel had an independent length. This changed in Standard Hmøøh/Suwáábyíq/Literature when vowels before single consonants were lengthened, so that the orthographic final came to determine vowel length. Final -h was also deleted to trigger compensatory lengthening of the vowel, which is why open long vowels are often written with an -h after the vowel.
| Front | Central | Back | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| unrounded | rounded | |||||||
| short | long | short | long | short | long | short | long | |
| Close | i /i/ | î /iː/ | ü /y/ | iu /yː/ | u /u/ | û /uː/ | ||
| Close-mid | ë /e/ | |||||||
| Mid | e /ɛ/ | ê /ɛː/ | ö /ø/ | œ /øː/ | e /ə/ | o /o/ | ô /oː/ | |
| Open | ä /æ/ | æ /æː/ | a /a/ | â /aː/ | ||||
Diphthongs: ie /iə/ üe /yə/ uo /uə/ ei /ɛɪ/ öu, eu /eʏ~øʏ~eu/ ou /ɔu/
Classical Wiebian
The beginning of the Standard Ancient Wiebian (SAW), Classical Wiebian (CW), or Late Ancient Wiebian (LAW) period is taken to be the standardization of the orthography under the ruler Kait-Neumer (2300 HM years before present).
Standard accent
Consonants
| Labial | Dental/Alveolar | Postalveolar | Click | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m /m/ | n /n/ | nđ /ŋǃ/ | ng /ŋ/ | |||||
| Plosive | voiceless | p /p/ | t /t/ | ŧ /ǃ/ | k /k/ | /ʔ/ | |||
| voiced | b /b/ | d /d/ | đ /ɡǃ/ | g /ɡ/ | |||||
| Fricative | voiceless | f /f/ | ss, ß /s/ | sch /ʃ/ | schr /ʂ/ | ch /ç~x/ | h /h/ | ||
| voiced | w /v/ | s /z/ | r /ʐ/ | ||||||
| Affricate | voiceless | pf /pf/ | z /ts/ | tsch /tʃ/ | |||||
| voiced | (ds /dz/) | dsch /dʒ/ | |||||||
| Approximant | l /l/ | [ɻ] | j /j/ | ||||||
- Notes
- Voiceless stops and affricates are strongly aspirated as in German or English. However, they are unaspirated after fricatives and stressed syllables.
- Final stops are unreleased.
- /ʐ/ is pharyngealized retroflex [ʐˁ]. Adjacent to a consonant it becomes [ɻ], which may be retroflex or bunched.
- [x] is an allophone of /ç/ after back vowels.
- Consonants have a tendency to mildly palatalize before front vowels.
Vowels
Vowel length has been lost in the standard accent of AW.
| Front unrounded | Front rounded | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Close | ie /i/ | üh /y/ | uh /u/ | |
| Near-close | i, ir /ɪ/ | ü, ür /ʏ/ | u, ur /ʊ/ | |
| Near-close | eh /e/ | öh /ø/ | oh /o/ | |
| Mid | e, ä, er, är /ɛ/ | ö, ör /œ/ | /ə/ | o, or /ɔ/ |
| Near-open | a /ɐ/ | |||
| Open | ah, ahr /a/ |
Diphthongs: au eu/äu eh/äh öh oh ir ür ur er/är/ehr/ähr ör/öhr or/ohr/euer ar/eier/auer /æʊ oɪ eɪ~ɛɪ øʏ~œʏ ɘʊ ɪɻ ʏɻ ʊɻ ɛɻ œɻ ɔɻ ɑɻ/
Accent 2
Consonants
| Labial | Dental/Alveolar | Postalveolar | Click | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | /m/ | /n/ | /ŋǃ/ | /ŋ/ | |||||
| Plosive | lenis | /p~b/ | /t~d/ | /ǃ~g!/ | /tɕ~dʑ/ | /k~g/ | /ʔ/ | ||
| fortis | /pʰ/ | /tʰ/ | /ǃʰ/ | /tɕʰ/ | /kʰ/ | ||||
| Fricative | voiceless | /f/ | /s/ | /ʃˁ/ | /ɕ/ | /x/ | /h/ | ||
| voiced | /v/ | /z/ | /ʒˁ/ | /ʁ/ | |||||
| Approximant | /l/ | /j/ | [ʁ̞] | ||||||
- Notes
- /pʰ/ corresponds to standard /pf/.
- Lenis consonants have voiced allophones between vowels, and correspond to Standard voiced/lenis consonants.
- /s, z/ are lamino-dental [s̪, z̪]. /s/ is more weakly fricated than in the standard accent, almost becoming [h] at times.
- /tɕ~dʑ/ corresponds to Standard z and dsch (the latter in loanwords).
- /ɕ/ corresponds to Standard /ç/.
- /ʃˁ/ corresponds to Standard /ʃ/.
- /ʃˁ/ is realized as a non-pharyngealized retracted apical [s̠] in the clusters /ʃˁp, ʃˁt, ʃˁk/.
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| short | long | short | long | short | long | |
| Close | /i/ | /iː/ | /ʉ/ | /ʉː/ | /u/ | /uː/ |
| Close-mid | /e/ | /eː/ | /ə/ | /ɵː/ | /o/ | /oː/ |
| Open-mid | /ɛː/ | /ɞː/ | /ɔː/ | |||
| Open | /ɐ/ | /aː/ | ||||
Diphthongs: /aʊ oɪ aɪ iɐ ʉɐ uɐ auɐ oɪɐ aɪɐ/
- Notes
- /i/, /iː/, /ʉ/, /ʉː/, /u/, /uː/ corresponds to standard /ɪ/, /i/, /ʏ/, /y/, /ʊ/, /u/.
- /e/, /ə/, /ɵː/, /o/ corresponds to standard /ɛ/, /œ/, /øy/, /ɔ/.
- /ɛː/, /ɞː/, /ɔː/ corresponds to standard /ɛɹ/, /œɹ/, /ɔɹ/.
- /iɐ/, /ʉɐ/, /uɐ/ corresponds to standard /iɹ/, /yɹ/, /uɹ/.
Stress
Syllables may have primary or secondary stress. The first syllable of the root is heavily stressed, at the expense of prefixes and endings. The first component of compounds receives primary stress while the subsequent parts receive secondary stress.
Grammar
Parts of speech
Hmøøh/Suwáábyíq/Literature inflected determiners and adjectives according to case and number. The inflection of adjectives in addition depended on their position and definiteness.
Nouns
Nouns can be preceded by a definite article ein.
The definite article (possessive pronouns nein, mein, winder, wein, rein, linder, lein are inflected similarly):
Gender
Nouns have two genders, masculine and feminine. Nouns of each gender take their respective verb endings and pronouns in Hmøøh/Suwáábyíq/Literature.
Case endings
In Hmøøh/Suwáábyíq/Literature, noun phrases are inflected in 3 cases:
- Nominative: subject
- Accusative: direct object, some adverbial expressions
- Genitive: possession, prepositional objects.
| Ahn 'father' - masculine | ||
|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | |
| Indef. nom. | eine Ahn | einen Ahn |
| Def. nom. | ein Ahn | einer Ahn |
| Indef. acc. | ein Ahn | einer Ahn |
| Def. acc. | einem Ahn | eines Ahn |
| Indef. gen. | einem Ahn | eines Ahn |
| Def. gen. | eine Ahn | einen Ahn |
| Mahl 'mother' - feminine | ||
|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | |
| Indef. nom. | einem Mahl | eines Mahl |
| Def. nom. | eine Mahl | einen Mahl |
| Indef. acc. | eine Mahl | einen Mahl |
| Def. acc. | ein Mahl | einer Mahl |
| Indef. gen. | ein Mahl | einer Mahl |
| Def. gen. | einem Mahl | eines Mahl |
| Ŧeib 'chalice' - neuter | ||
|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | |
| Indef. nom. | ein Ŧeib | einer Ŧeib |
| Def. nom. | einem Ŧeib | eines Ŧeib |
| Indef. acc. | einem Ŧeib | eines Ŧeib |
| Def. acc. | eine Ŧeib | einen Ŧeib |
| Indef. gen. | eine Ŧeib | einen Ŧeib |
| Def. gen. | ein Ŧeib | einer Ŧeib |
Case and adpositions
Adpositions combine with the definite article ein, e.g. ehrner Heste (< *ehr einer...) 'for the wife'.
- bach - with
- đei - partitive
- ehr, ehro - for
- gar - to, towards
- lie - from
- pfalt - before
- sie - onto/on
- tarb - towards/at
- trieg - around
- und - into/in
- zecker - after
Determiners
Determiners inflect like adjectives.
- war, wie, wem, wen, was, wer: "that"
- da, die, dem, den, das, der: "what"
- all-: "one's own"
Adjectives
Predicative adjectives: no ending
Attributive adjectives: See above.
Degree
Wiebian makes no distinction between the comparative and the superlative, which are both are formed with the suffix U-lich. The equative is formed with an-. "Less" and "least" are indicated with the suffix -bar.
Example: garm 'heavy', gärmlich 'heavier', angarm 'as heavy', garmbar 'less heavy'
Adverbs
Adverbs are formed from adjectives with the suffix -st: späglichst 'more tightly'.
Pronouns
| Person → | 1 | 2 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number → | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural |
| Case ↓ | ||||
| Nominative | nu | wich | rei | sich |
| Accusative | nun | wir | rien | sir |
| Genitive | nur | wie | rir | kie |
| Possessive pronouns |
nein | wein | rein | kein |
Wiebian lacks true third-person pronouns. The closest equivalent is so ein "this".
Possessive pronouns were derived from combining genitive pronouns with another element, such as the definite article ein or an adjectival suffix -er.
Verbs
Verbs have stem forms for present, past and verbal noun which are not always distinct. (A similar but more well preserved system is found in Themsarian). Verbs are often additionally marked by auxiliary words to disambiguate the tense, because most forms are identical or very similar.
The three principal parts are thus the present imperative, the past 2s form and the verbal noun.
The citation form is the present stem, which is also the short 2nd person singular imperative in Hmøøh/Suwáábyíq/Literature.
Jussive endings are only found in special registers.
Personal endings
In Hmøøh/Suwáábyíq/Literature, the verb is also inflected for person.
Athematic stems umlaut in the present for certain persons; thematic stems always umlaut in the preterite.
| Imperative endings | ||
|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | |
| 1.in | - | -n |
| 2 | -Ø | -l |
| Indicative endings | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | ||
| 1 | -n | -nd | |
| 2 | i-er | -isch | |
| 3 | i-n | i-t | |
Formation of verbal principal parts
Verbal nouns are irregular.
Numerals
Cardinals 0-10: kam, dieser, neich, đauf, säl, stuhm, rut, lerz, barb, kier, dell (100), seit (1000)
Ordinals are formed with the suffix -er: pfalter, stefter, narger, đaufer, säler, stuhmer, ruter, lerzer, pfarber, kierer
Syntax
Word order
Constituents are arranged in V2 order in Hmøøh/Suwáábyíq/Literature (with more variation allowed in poetry) unlike in most modern Wiebian topolects. Noun modifiers (adjectives and possessors) almost always precede the modified noun.
Use of "es"
es is a particle borrowed from the Primitive Tergetian emphasis clitic =is. Originally an emphatic particle, in Late Ancient Wiebian it became mandatory in certain contexts.
Es goes to the front (followed by the verb) in polar questions.
Truth value
For negation, Hmøøh/Suwáábyíq/Literature uses a negative verb ihren: Nu haffen 'I eat' is negated to Nu ihren haffs 'I do not eat'.
The past tense is negated differently: Nu häffen 'I ate' vs. Nu ihren haffung 'I did not eat'.
Passive
Conjunctions
Conjunctions
- zu - and
- in - or
- für - but
- auf - because
- mit - if
- nöter - while
- einstein - right when
- euler - until
Relative clauses
Serial verbs
Derivational morphology
Some suffixes are pronounced differently depending on the final consonant of the root.
- be-: intensive/applicative/denominal verb prefix (can be ge- before labials)
- berasten 'make powerful, strengthen' < Rast 'power'
- gebeulen 'justify, straighten' < beul 'just'
- U-chen / U-elchen: a nominalizer
- U-e: abstract noun, -ness/-hood
- U-el: a nominalizer; an adjectivizer
- -eln: a frequentative affix
- -en: patientive
- ent- (sometimes emp- before f): perfective; causative/valency-incrementing
- -er: collective, augmentative, place noun, resultative
- Pfuger 'throne' < Pfug 'chair'
- Ruger 'statue' < rug, rieg, Rugs 'carve'
- Jenger 'ocean, sea' < Jeng 'water'
- -ern: an intensifying verbal suffix
- -igen: an intensifying verbal suffix
- ge-: an adjectivizer; a nominalizer; a diminutive
- -heit agent noun, someone associated with [NOUN]
- miss-: negative
- missbeul 'not straight, unjust' < beul 'straight, just'; Missverbeul 'injustice'
- -ke: deverbal nouns
- -lein: person
- Winklein 'mortal' < winken 'die'
- -nung, -ung: singulative/diminutive
- -s (~ Thn. infinitve -s): verbal nouns, nominalization
- -st: suffix sometimes used on adjectives. Sometimes causes umlaut.
- Variant: -nis
- -t: adjectivalizer or nominalizer
- -ung: singulative, patient noun; past participle
- ur-: augmentative
- Urahn, Urmahl 'grandfather, grandmother' < Ann, Mahl 'father, mother'
- ver-: an adjectivalizer or nominalizer
- zer-: passive
- zu- (stressed): collective?
Phrasebook
Sample texts
Schünge bäßes mei Karfs Schünge;
meist Brack bäßen.
Geuls bäßen mei Karfs Geuls;
meist Körde bäßes.
- Martin Luther King ein Steftere
The North Wind and the Sun
Ein Simmhall zu eine Unde.
Wahmer besprillt es ein Simmhall zu eine Unde, ja luhs feudlich, westers ein bach ŧächer Zemme Desŧolzes Schammerlein zerzweiden. Đer geröckt es, hin ein pfalts gar 'nem Schammerlein quetzen đir Zemme beđecken, grechs hin luhs feudlich brühnen. Ein Simmhall zerschwichten es bach bieser Rast, für jahr aust schwichten es đa, đahner späglichst ŧölzen es ein Schammerlein đir Zemme trieg đie, zu berten berts desflästen es ein Simmhall đei đir Zernurts. Immer enthächten es eine Uunde đir ŧächern Fleiden, zu irrsterŧes quitzen es ein Schammerlein đir Zemme. Mieder fügeln es ein Simmhall Bereugs, hin eine Unde luhn eine Feudliche đei 'nen disser.
The North Wind and the Sun
The North Wind and the Sun were disputing which was the stronger, when a traveler came along wrapped in a warm cloak. They agreed that the one who first succeeded in making the traveler take his cloak off should be considered stronger than the other. Then the North Wind blew as hard as he could, but the more he blew the more closely did the traveler fold his cloak around him; and at last the North Wind gave up the attempt. Then the Sun shined out warmly, and immediately the traveler took off his cloak. And so the North Wind was obliged to confess that the Sun was the stronger of the two.
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 1
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.