Chlouvānem

Chlouvānem
Pronunciation	[[Help:IPA|c͡ɕʰɴ̆ɔʊ̯ˈʋaːnaʊ̯mʲi dæɴ̆ˈdaː]]
Created by	Lili21
Date	Dec 2016
Setting	Calémere
Ethnicity	Chlouvānem
Native speakers	1,450,000,000 (4E 133)
Language family	Lahob Chlouvānem Chlouvānem
Official status
Official language in	lands of the Inquisition, Mǎng Tì pọk, Brono
Regulated by	Inquisitorial Office of the Language (dældāyi flušamila)

Chlouvānem, natively Chlouvānaumi dældā ("language of the Chlouvānem people"), is the most spoken language on the planet of Calémere (Chl.: Liloejāmna). It is the official language of the Inquisition (murkadhāna) and its country, the Chlouvānem land (Chlouvānaumi bhælā), and a lingua franca in many areas of the eastern part of the continent of Evandor. Despite the fact that local vernaculars in most of the Inquisition are in fact daughter languages of Chlouvānem or creoles based on it, the Chlouvānaumi dældā is a fully living language as every Chlouvānem person is bilingual in it and in the local vernacular, and in fact in the last half century the Chlouvānem language itself has been replacing some vernaculars as internal migrations have become more and more common. About 1,4 billion people on the planet define themselves as native Chlouvānem speakers, more than for any other Calémerian language.

External History

Chlouvānem is the ninth radically restructured version of Laceyiam; I started creating it in late November 2016 as I found some parts of my conworld which were too unrealistic to work - and as such by changing the whole conworld I had to change the language. I took that opportunity to change some things in the grammar that, while I liked them and they worked well, I wanted to do in some different way — mainly this arises from my love of more complex inflection patterns. As such, compared to Laceyiam, Chlouvānem has much more influences from Sanskrit and Lithuanian (which always were my main influences anyway); other natlangs that influenced me a lot are Russian, Latvian, Icelandic, Proto-Indo-European, (Biblical) Hebrew, Latin, and Japanese. Still it is an a priori language and, despite having much in common with all of these (particularly with the IE ones), is also strikingly different (the Austronesian morphosyntactic alignment, morphological expression of evidentiality and more broadly the particular emphasis on moods probably being the most noticeable things). Moreover, I tried to create a language very different from my native language (Italian) while keeping many - not so apparent - similarities.
The morphology of Chlouvānem is very different from Laceyiam, though many words are still the same (like smrāṇa (spring), junai (foot), jāyim (girl), saṃhāram (boy)).

As I mentioned before, Chlouvānem is the latest version of the conlang for my main conculture. I started sketching conlangs back when I was 9 or 10 but only started interesting myself into linguistics seven years later - in 2014 - and since then I started doing more "serious" conlangs (the earlier ones were more like relexes of my native language, Italian). Ideally, Chlouvānem is the refined version of all of these languages, but except for a few recurring words (like maila (water) or hulyn (woman)) it is only comparable to those languages I have been creating since July 2015.

Chlouvānem is mainly thought for my conworld, but more than any other conlang of mine it is quite on the border between an art- and a heartlang.

Phonology - Yuiçtarlā

Consonants - Hīmbeyuiçai

Chlouvānem has a large consonant inventory, with 53 different consonants, divided into seven categories: labials, dentals, palatalized dentals, retroflexes, palatals, velars, and laryngeals. The Chlouvānem term for "consonant" is hīmbeyuiça, a compound of hīmba (colour) and yuiça (sound).

	Labials	Dentals	Palat. dentals	Retroflexes	Palatals	Velars	Laryngeals
Nasals	m mʲ	n	nʲ	ɳ	ɲ	ŋ	N*
Unvoiced stops	p pʰ	t̪ t̪ʰ	tʲ tʲʰ	ʈ ʈʰ		k kʰ	ʔ
Voiced stops	b bʱ	d̪ d̪ʱ	dʲ dʲʱ	ɖ ɖʱ		g gʱ
Unvoiced affricates		t̪͡s̪ t̪͡s̪ʰ	t͡sʲ t͡sʲʰ		c͡ɕ c͡ɕʰ
Voiced affricates		d̪͡z̪ d̪͡z̪ʱ	d͡zʲ d͡zʲʱ		ɟ͡ʑ ɟ͡ʑʱ
Fricatives	f	s	sʲ	ʂ	ɕ		ɦ
Approximants	ʋ			ɻ	j		ʀ ʀʲ ɴ̆ ɴ̆ʲ

Vowels - Camiyuiçai

The vowel inventory of Chlouvānem is fairly large too, consisting of 25 phonemes: 14 monophthongs, 9 diphthongs, and 2 syllabic consonants.
Phonetically, there are also nasal vowels, but they are phonetically /VN/ sequences. On the contrary, breathy-voiced vowels may phonetically surface as [Vh] or [Vχ] in some contexts (most notably before stops) in some pronunciations — e.g. tąkis /tɑ̤kis/ (a kind of herb) pronounced in Cami as [ˈtaxkʲis].

The term for vowel is camiyuiça, from cami (great, large, important) and yuiça (sound), as these sounds are necessary in building syllables.

	Front	Central	Back
High	i iː i̤		u uː ṳ
Mid	e eː e̤		ɔ
Low	æ	a aː	ɑ̤
Diphthongs	aɪ̯ eɪ̯ eɐ̯ a̤ɪ̯ e̤ɪ̯	ɔə̯	aʊ̯ ɔu̯ a̤ʊ̯
Syllabic consonants		ʀ̩ ʀ̩ː

Writing system - Jīmalāṇa

Chlouvānem has been written since the late First Era in an alphabet called Chlouvānaumi jīmalāṇa ("Chlouvānem alphabet", the noun jīmalāṇa is actually a collective derivation from jīma "character"), developed with influence of the script used for the ancient Kūṣṛmāthi language, which, however, was an abugida. The orthography for Chlouvānem represents how it was pronounced in Classical times, but it's completely regular to read in all present-day local pronunciations. The Chlouvānem alphabet is actually a defective script, at least in normal writing, as the phoneme /a/ is usually not written. It can be written with a diacritic sign, but this is only done in books aimed at children or language learners, in dictionaries, or in some rare cases where disambiguation is necessary, as two following letters may represent either a consonant cluster or there could be an /a/ between them; word-initial /a/ is however written with the character that represents the glottal stop otherwise. To make some examples, in the Chlouvānem script a word like marta "city" is written <mrt>, while avyāṣa "time, moment" is written <ʔvyāṣ>: Chlouvānem speakers are however able in the vast majority of cases to tell which word is meant due to context. Note that, however, the letter <a> is a proper letter of the alphabet, usually written as <ʔ> with the <a> diacritic.

The romanization used for Chlouvānem avoids this problem by giving each phoneme a single character or digraph, but it stays as close as possible to the native script. Aspirated stops and diphthongs are romanized as digraphs and not by single letters; geminate letters, which are represented with a diacritic in the native script, are romanized by writing the consonant twice - in the aspirated stops, only the first letter is written twice, so /ppʰ/ is <pph> and not *<phph>. The following table contains the whole Chlouvānem alphabet as it is romanized, following the native alphabetical order:

Letter	m	p	ph	b	bh	f	v	n	t	th
Sound	/m/	/p/	/pʰ/	/b/	/bʱ/	/f/	/ʋ/	/n/	/t̪/	/t̪ʰ/
Letter	d	dh	ç	çh	x	xh	s	ṇ	ṭ	ṭh
Sound	/d̪/	/d̪ʱ/	/t̪͡s/	/t̪͡sʰ/	/d̪͡z/	/d̪͡zʱ/	/s/	/ɳ/	/ʈ/	/ʈʰ/
Letter	ḍ	ḍh	ṣ	ř	ñ	c	ch	j	jh	š
Sound	/ɖ/	/dʱ/	/ʂ/	/ɻ/	/ɳ/	/c͡ɕ/	/c͡ɕʰ/	/ɟ͡ʑ/	/ɟ͡ʑʱ/	/ɕ/
Letter	y	k	kh	g	gh	ṃ	ʔ	h	r	l
Sound	/j/	/k/	/kʰ/	/g/	/gʱ/	/N/	/ʔ/	/ɦ/	/ʀ/	/ɴ̆/, /ŋ/
Letter	ь	i	ī	į	u	ū	ų	e	ė	ę
Sound	/ʲ/	/i/	/iː/	/i̤/	/u/	/uː/	/ṳ/	/e/	/eː/	/e̤/
Letter	o	æ	a	ā	ą	ai	ąi	ei	ęi	ea
Sound	/ɔ/	/æ/	/a/	/aː/	/ɑ̤/	/aɪ̯/	/a̤ɪ̯/	/eɪ̯/	/e̤ɪ̯/	/eɐ̯/
Letter	oe	au	ąu	ou	ṛ	ṝ
Sound	/ɔə̯/	/aʊ̯/	/a̤ʊ̯/	/ɔʊ̯/	/ʀ̩/	/ʀ̩ː/

Some orthographical and phonological notes:

• /ŋ/ is written as <l> before <k g kh gh n>; <ll> before other consonants; and <nll> intervocalically.
• The sequences /eɦe aɦa uɦu iɦ(ʲ)i/ are written <ęe ąa ųu įi>; the digraph <ęa> represents /eɦa/ but only in optative verbal stems, used for the optative and propositive moods.

Letter names are formed following these simple rules, which depend by phoneme type:

• Voiceless unaspirated stops and fricatives are phoneme + /uː/ (pū, tū, fū, sū...) except for <ʔ> which is aʔū. Voiceless aspirated stops are phoneme + /au̯/ (phau, thau...).
• Voiced unaspirated stops and fricatives are phoneme + /iː/ (bī, vī, dī...), while aspirated ones use /ai̯/ (bhai, dhai...). This latter diphthong is also used for yai, hai, and lai.
• Nasals and <r> use /ei̯/ (mei, nei, rei...), but <ṃ> is, uniquely, nālkāvi.
• Short unrounded vowels are vowel + /t/ + vowel (iti, ete...); short rounded ones have /p/ instead of /t/ (upu, opo).
• Long vowels are vowel + /n/ if unrounded (īn, ėn, ān), or /m/ if rounded (ūm). Oral diphthongs all have diphthong + /m/ + first element (aima, eime...).
• Breathy-voiced vowels are vowel + /ɦ/ + vowel (įi, ųu, ęe, ąa). Breathy-voiced diphthongs are diphthong + /ɦ/ + oral second element (ąihi, ęihi, ąuhu).

Morphology - Maivāndarāmita

Nouns - Halenī

The Chlouvānem noun (haloe, pl. halenī) is highly inflected: it declines for three numbers (singular, dual, plural), and eleven cases (direct, vocative, accusative, ergative, genitive, translative, exessive, essive, dative, ablative, and locative). Nouns also have grammatical gender, being divided in three classes (called dragon, lotus, and parrot based on nouns included in them).

Gender

Genders and declensions are dependent on the form of the noun. Due to the prevailing endings in direct case, dragon nouns are also called the s-class; lotus nouns the m-class; and parrot nouns the h-class:

Dragon nouns (kaṃšūlñī halenī):

• 1s: nouns ending in -as or -ās
• 2s: nouns ending in -us or -ūs
• 3s: nouns ending in -is or -īs
• 4s: nouns ending in -oe /ˈɔə̯/

Lotus nouns (yujamñī halenī):

• 1m: nouns ending in -am, -em, -ām, -ėm, or any vowel plus -n
• 2m: nouns ending in -um or -ūm
• 3m: nouns ending in -im or -īm
• 4m: nouns ending in -ai

Parrot nouns (geltařñī halenī):

• 1h: nouns ending in -a, -ah, -ā, or -āh
• 2h: nouns ending in -ė, -eh, or -ėh
• 3h: nouns ending in -uh or -ūh
• 4h: nouns ending in -ih or -īh (plus a few exceptional ones in -i)
• 5h: nouns ending in -a which have ablaut-conditioned variations in their stems in different cases

Dragon nouns - Kaṃšūlñī halenī

The first declension of dragon nouns is also the most common one for that gender. Like all other nominal declensions, the vocative is only distinct in the singular, and dual and plural have the same forms for translative, exessive, essive, dative, ablative, and locative.

1s	Singular	Dual	Plural	2s	Singular	Dual	Plural	3s	Singular	Dual	Plural	4s	Singular	Dual	Plural
Direct	prātas "wind"	prātudi	prāte		kældus "wax"	kældudi	kælduvī		kumis "bamboo"	kumidi	kumiye		haloe "name"	haloedi	halenī
Vocative	prātau	prātudi	prāte		kældu	kældudi	kælduvī		kumi	kumidi	kumiye		haloe	haloedi	halenī
Accusative	prātu	prātudau	prātānu		kældau	kældudau	kældūnu		kumiu	kumidau	kumiānu		halenu	haloedau	halenænu
Ergative	prāteṃs	prātudeni	prātān		kældoṃs	kældudeni	kældān		kumiei	kumideni	kumiān		halenei	haloedeni	halenān
Genitive	prāti	prātudais	prātumi		kældavi	kældudais	kældoumi		kumieyi	kumideis	kumiumi		halenies	haloedais	halenyumi
Translative	prātan	prātyoh	prātyoh		kældun	kældyoh	kældyoh		kumian	kumiyoh	kumiyoh		halenan	halenyoh	halenyoh
Exessive	prātat	prātyās	prātyās		kældut	kældyās	kældyās		kumiæt	kumiyās	kumiyās		halenat	halenyās	halenyās
Essive	prātą	prātvin	prātvin		kældęs	kældvin	kældvin		kumiæs	kumivin	kumivin		haleṃs	halemvin	halemvin
Dative	prātui	prātouti	prātouti		kældui	kældouti	kældouti		kumiui	kumievuti	kumievuti		halenui	halenouti	halenouti
Ablative	prātų	prātenīs	prātenīs		kældų	kældunīs	kældunīs		kumių	kumienīs	kumienīs		halenų	haleninīs	haleninīs
Locative	prāte	prātilīm	prātilīm		kælduve	kældilīm	kældilīm		kumie	kumiælīm	kumiælīm		halenive	haleṃlīm	haleṃlīm

Lotus nouns - Yujamñī halenī

1m	Singular	Dual	Plural	2m	Singular	Dual	Plural	3m	Singular	Dual	Plural	4m	Singular	Dual	Plural
Direct	yujam "lotus"	yujandi	yujye		tūlum "worm"	tūlundi	tūluvye		jāyim "girl"	jāyiñxi	jāyiñe		lunai "tea"	lunaidi	lunāye
Vocative	yujam	yujandi	yujye		tūlu	tūlundi	tūluvye		jāyī	jāyiñxi	jāyiñe		lunai	lunaidi	lunāye
Accusative	yujamu	yujandau	yujāmūn		tūlau	tūlundau	tūlumūn		jāyimu	jāyiñxau	jāyimin		lunāyu	lunaidau	lunainū
Ergative	yujamei	yujandeni	yujamān		tūluṃs	tūlundeni	tūlumān		jāyimei	jāyiñxeni	jāyimān		lunea	lunaideni	lunæyān
Genitive	yujami	yujandais	yujammi		tūlumvi	tūlundais	tūloumi		jāyimi	jāyiñxeis	jāyiñumi		lunayi	lunaidais	lunæyumi
Translative	yujaman	yujyoh	yujyoh		tūluman	tūluvyoh	tūluvyoh		jāyiman	jāyiñyoh	jāyiñyoh		lunāyan	lunāyoh	lunāyoh
Exessive	yujamat	yujamyās	yujamyās		tūlumat	tūlumyās	tūlumyās		jāyimæt	jāyiñyās	jāyiñyās		lunāyat	lunāyās	lunāyās
Essive	yujamą	yujamvin	yujamvin		tūlumą	tūlumvin	tūlumvin		jāyimą	jāyimvin	jāyimvin		lunąis	lunaivin	lunaivin
Dative	yujamui	yujyouti	yujyouti		tūlumui	tūluvyouti	tūluvyouti		jāyimui	jāyimėti	jāyimėti		lunāmui	lunāyouti	lunāyouti
Ablative	yujamų	yujamñis	yujamñis		tūlumų	tūlumñis	tūlumñis		jāyimų	jāyimñīs	jāyimñīs		lunāyų	lunaiñīs	lunaiñīs
Locative	yujamñe	yujailīm	yujailīm		tūlumñe	tuluilīm	tuluilīm		jāyimñe	jāyælīm	jāyælīm		lunaiñe	lunæyilīm	lunæyilīm

Parrot nouns - Geltařñī halenī

1h	Singular	Dual	Plural	2h	Singular	Dual	Plural	3h	Singular	Dual	Plural	4h	Singular	Dual	Plural	5h	Singular	Dual	Plural
Direct	māra "mango"	māradi	mārai		javilė "apple"	javiladi	javilei		camūh "group"	camūdi	camūvai		xamih "arrow"	xamīdi	xamīye		lila "person"	lildi	leliė
Vocative	māra	māradi	mārai		javili	javiladi	javilei		camū	camūdi	camūvai		xamī	xamīdi	xamīye		lila	lildi	leliė
Accusative	māru	māradau	mārānu		javilu	javiladau	javilėnu		camou	camūdau	camounu		xamīyu	xamīdau	xameinu		lilu	lildau	leliu
Ergative	mārei	māradeni	mārān		javiliai	javiladeni	javilėn		camūvei	camūdeni	camoun		xamīyi	xamīdeni	xamein		lilei	lildeni	leliei
Genitive	māri	māradais	mārumi		javili	javiladais	javilumi		camūvi	camūdais	camūmi		xamīyi	xamīdais	xamiūmi		leli	lildais	laili
Translative	māran	māryāh	māryāh		javilan	javilyāh	javilyāh		camūn	camūyāh	camūyāh		xamīn	xamīyāh	xamīyāh		lilan	lelian	lelian
Exessive	mārat	māryās	māryās		javilet	javilyās	javilyās		camūt	camūyās	camūyās		xamīt	xamīyās	xamīyās		lilat	leliat	leliat
Essive	māręs	mārvin	mārvin		javilęs	javilein	javilein		camųs	camūvin	camūvin		xamįs	xamīvin	xamīvin		liląs	lailąs	lailąs
Dative	mārui	mārauti	mārauti		javilui	javiliauti	javiliauti		camvui	camvauti	camvauti		xamiui	xamiauti	xamiauti		lilui	leliui	leliui
Ablative	mārų	mārenīs	mārenīs		javilių	javilenīs	javilenīs		camųu	camūnīs	camūnīs		xamių	xamīnīs	xamīnīs		lilų	lelių	lelių
Locative	māre	mārilīm	mārilīm		javileyi	javililīm	javililīm		camve	camuilīm	camuilīm		xamie	xamīlīm	xamīlīm		lile	laile	laile

Adjectives and adverbs

Adjectives, in Chlouvānem, are actually a subset of nouns which have different forms depending on gender. They can function as attributes to nouns, but they can also be used without any noun, usually replacing it (and taking its gender) as a means of anaphora. Adjectives decline much like nouns, except for a few small differences. Their dragon gender form, direct case, singular number, is the citation form.

Dragon gender (kaṃšūlñis)

There are three main adjectival declensions: -as, -us, and -is; a small subset of -es adjectives (mainly ordinal numbers) follows the -is pattern except for plural direct and vocative (having -eye instead of -ī) and having -e as a thematic vowel instead of -i before endings.
Translative, exessive, essive, dative, ablative, and locative forms are exactly the same as for nouns. Forms that are different from the nominal declensions are in bold:

1s	Singular	Dual	Plural	2s	Singular	Dual	Plural	3s	Singular	Dual	Plural
Direct	prātūkas "windy"	prātūkadi	prātūke		mālthus "last"	mālthudi	mālthuvī		tarlausis "scientific"	tarlausidi	tarlausī
Vocative	prātūka	prātūkadi	prātūke		mālthu	mālthudi	mālthuvī		tarlausi	tarlausidi	tarlausī
Accusative	prātūku	prātūkadu	prātūkānu		mālthau	mālthudau	mālthūnu		tarlausiu	tarlausidau	tarlausiānu
Ergative	prātūkai	prātūkaden	prātūkān		mālthoṃs	mālthudeni	mālthān		tarlausiei	tarlausideni	tarlausiān
Genitive	prātūkuyi	prātūkadais	prātūkumi		mālthuyi	mālthudais	mālthūmi		tarlausiai	tarlausideis	tarlausieis

Verbs - Daradhūvī

The Chlouvānem verb (daradhūs, pl. daradhūvī) is the most inflected part of speech; its most basic forms are fusional, but many more specific formations are more agglutinative due to their origin from old Proto-Lahob particles or participles.

The first and most important division we can find in Chlouvānem verbs is the distinction between exterior (kauyāva) and interior (nañyāva) verbs. This may at first seem a voice system, but it must be distinguished from the true voices in Chlouvānem conjugation. The difference between them is mostly lexical: native grammarians distinguish exterior verbs as describing "activities or states that involve interactions with outside the self", and interior verbs as affecting principally the self. Exterior verbs are those we could most easily compare to active verbs in English, while interior verbs are a somewhat "catch-all" category including many distinct meanings, most notably middle-voice, reflexive and reciprocal ones but also all adjectival verbs as well as peculiar and somewhat independent meanings for some verbs. As many verbs can be conjugated both as exterior and as interior; they often have differences in meaning - e.g. gṇyauke means “to give birth” as exterior and “to be born” as interior.

Potentially every Chlouvānem verb, no matter if exterior or interior, has a causative conjugation which is considered an inflection and not a derivation, even if the meanings may vary: mišake is an extreme example as each form has a different meaning (with particularly interior forms having many meanings) - non-causative exterior mešu "I am seen", interior meširu "I know; I see myself"; and causative exterior maišaxhā "I am shown", interior maiširxhā "I learn; I show myself (trans.)".

Chlouvānem verbs also conjugate for seven voices, each one putting one of five different core elements as the direct-case argument, usually for means of topicalization or definiteness; they reflect the Austronesian-type morphosyntactical alignment of the language. The five voices are, for exterior verbs:

• patient-trigger or patientive (unmarked);
• agent-trigger or agentive (transitive and ditransitive verbs only);
• benefactive-trigger or simply benefactive;
• antibenefactive-trigger or simply antibenefactive;
• locative-trigger or simply locative;
• dative-trigger or simply dative (mostly ditransitive verbs);
• instrumental-trigger or simply instrumental (morphologically possible for all verbs, but not always meaningful).

Interior verbs only have six voices, as they do not have an agentive voice; the patientive, unmarked voice, is here called common voice.

Chlouvānem verbs also conjugate for five different tense-aspect combinations: three imperfective ones - present, imperfect, and future - and two perfective ones - perfect and aorist; two other tenses are built periphrastically (pluperfect and future perfect). Tenses are the “basic unit” verbs conjugate in: all tenses conjugate for nine persons (1st-2nd-3rd in singular, dual and plural; note though that 3rd singular and 3rd plural are identical in the perfect).

Some pronouns have a clitic form in accusative and ergative case which may be added to specify other arguments - e.g. mešėça "he sees" + -æl (clitic 1sg acc.) > mešėçæl "he sees me" - equivalent to læl mešėça.

However, the most complex part of Laceyiami verbs is the mood. Chlouvānem is particularly mood-heavy and its concept of mood is quite broad, conjugating verbs in what are called primary moods and secondary moods; a single verb form may have a single primary mood but up to two secondary moods. 

The ten primary moods are:

• indicative - the realis mood;
• imperative - used for giving orders or commands;
• desiderative - used to express a desire or will (e.g. I want to X);
• necessitative - used to express need or obligation (e.g. I have to X);
• potential - used to express the ability to do something (e.g. I can [= am able to] X)
• permissive - used to express the permission to do something (e.g. I can [= I’m allowed to] X)
• optative - used to express wishes or hopes;
• propositive - used to express proposals (e.g. let’s X; why don’t you X);
• hypothetical - used to express things that may happen or might have happened;
• subjunctive - used to express general advices (jussive use), purpose (supine use), and also syntactically conditioned by some particles.

The eight secondary moods are:

• five of them express evidentiality, namely: certainty (also energetic mood), deduction, dream, specifically invented situation, and hearsay (also inferential mood);
• interrogative, used for questions;
• two consequential moods: one expressing cause (e.g. “because X”), the other opposition (e.g. “although X”).

Chlouvānem verbs also has a non-finite form (the -ke form, called infinitive hereafter) and a small number of preverbal modifiers that add a particular meaning to the verb.

Finally, Chlouvānem has a large number of attributive and adverbial participles, with forms for most voices and tenses and a distinction into modal adverbs, homofocal gerundives and heterofocal gerundives.

Verb classes

Verbs, in Chlouvānem, are conjugated depending on verb classes or conjugations. There are five main patterns:

• a-root, or thematic: the most basic and regular, formed by adding a to the root before non-vocalic endings.
• Athematic: as above, without a; endings are added directly to the root.
• Ablauting root: formed by the root with ablaut changes in its main vowel, plus a before non-vocalic endings.
  • Athematic ablauting root: a small subset conjugating as above, but without a.
• nā/nī verbs: verbs which add nā (na in some forms) or nī, or nothing, to the root depending on form.
• ah verbs: verbs which add -ah (or its allomorphs -ar, -aš, -ą) to the root.

There are, in addition to these, a few particular verb types with either some kind of suffix added to the root in some forms, or irregular ablaut, or totally irregular (usually suppletive). The majority of verbs, anyway, is either thematic or thematic ablauting.

Present indicative

Regular

The regular present indicative has a distinct form for all verb types.
Ablauting verbs have middle grade ablaut in all exterior forms and in the singular interior ones.
nā/nī verbs have -nā in singular and plural and -nī in the dual. Exterior forms:

Person	nāmvake "to crush, press" (a-root)	halke "to call" (athem.)	mišake "to see" (ablaut)	khlunāke "to search, look for" (nā/nī)	lilke "to live" (ah)
1SG	nāmvu	halu	mešu	khlunau	lilah
2SG	nāmvi	hali	meši	khlunāði	lilaši
3SG	nāmvė	halė	mešė	khlunā	lilah
1DU	nāmvodām	haldām	mešodām	khlunīdām	lilardām
2DU	nāmvodās	haldās	mešodās	khlunīdās	lilardās
3DU	nāmvodāvo	haldāvo	mešodāvo	khlunīdāvo	lilardāvo
1PL	nāmvamui	halmui	mešamui	khlunāmui	liląmui
2PL	nāmvakui	halkui	mešakui	khlunākui	liląkui
3PL	nāmvyąt	halyąt	mešyąt	khlunāyąt	lilašąt

Interior forms:

Person	dældake "to speak" (a-root)	gṇyauke "to be born" (athem.)	tṛlake "to know" (ablaut)	chleināke "to smile" (nā/nī)	hañilke "to remember" (ah)
1SG	dældiru	gṇyāviru	tarliru	chleinairu	hañiląiru
2SG	dældiris	gṇyāviris	tarliris	chleinairis	hañiląiris
3SG	dældire	gṇyāvire	tarlire	chleinaih	hañiląire
1DU	dældirðām	gṇyāvirðām	tṛlirðām	chleinīrðām	hañilęrðām
2DU	dældirðās	gṇyāvirðās	tṛlirðās	chleinīrðās	hañilęrðās
3DU	dældirðāvo	gṇyāvirðāvo	tṛlirðāvo	chleinīrðāvo	hañilęrðāvo
1PL	dældirmui	gṇyāvirmui	tṛlirmui	chleinairmui	hañilęrmui
2PL	dældirkui	gṇyāvirkui	tṛlirkui	chleinairkui	hañilęrkui
3PL	dældirųt	gṇyāvirųt	tṛlirųt	chleinairųt	hañilęrųt

Causative

Causative forms are the same regardless of conjugation; they are formed basically with an extended stem with -(a)xh-. Ablauting verbs always have the highest grade vowel, while inverse ablaut verbs have the "lowered" vowel in front of the normal stem.
All causative verbs have both exterior and interior forms. Exterior forms:

Person	nāmvake "to make crush, press" (normal)	mišake "to show" (ablaut)	valde "to make open" (inverse ablaut)
1SG	nāmvaxhā	maišaxhā	uvaldaxhā
2SG	nāmvaxhie	maišaxhie	uvaldaxhie
3SG	nāmvaxhāt	maišaxhāt	uvaldaxhāt
1DU	nāmvanxhām	maišanxhām	uvaldanxhām
2DU	nāmvanxhās	maišanxhās	uvaldanxhās
3DU	nāmvanxhū	maišanxhū	uvaldanxhū
1PL	nāmvaxhumi	maišaxhumi	uvaldaxhumi
2PL	nāmvaxhuši	maišaxhuši	uvaldaxhuši
3PL	nāmvaxhįs	maišaxhįs	uvaldaxhįs

Interior forms:

Person	nāmvake "to make each other crush, press" (normal)	mišake "to learn; to show each other" (ablaut)	valde "to open; to make each other open" (inverse ablaut)
1SG	nāmvirxhā	maiširxhā	uvaldirxhā
2SG	nāmvirxhie	maiširxhie	uvaldirxhie
3SG	nāmvirxhāt	maiširxhāt	uvaldirxhāt
1DU	nāmvirenxhām	maiširenxhām	uvaldirenxhām
2DU	nāmvirenxhās	maiširenxhās	uvaldirenxhās
3DU	nāmvirenxhū	maiširenxhū	uvaldirenxhū
1PL	nāmvirxhumi	maiširxhumi	uvaldirxhumi
2PL	nāmvirxhuši	maiširxhuši	uvaldirxhuši
3PL	nāmvirxhįs	maiširxhįs	uvaldirxhįs

Imperative

Regular

The imperative is a defective paradigm, lacking all dual forms; it is formed from the bare root, so it is formed in the same way for all verbs.

Note that, due to the politeness system of Chlouvānem, the imperative is somewhat rare, as other methods are used. The first person imperative is an exception, being often used with the meaning “I/we must”.

Person	nāmvake "to crush, press” (exterior)	dældake “to speak” (interior)
1SG	nāmvikṣam	dældikuru
2SG	nāmvikṣa	dældikuh
3SG	nāmvikṣai	dældikurė
1DU	—	—
2DU	—	—
3DU	—	—
1PL	nāmvikṣumi	dældikurum
2PL	nāmvikṣus	dældikurus
3PL	nāmvikṣat	dældikurat

Causative

Causative forms follow the same pattern as non-causative ones, but the stem is the specifically causative one.

Person	nāmvake "to make crush, press" (exterior)	mišake "to learn; to show each other" (interior)
1SG	nāmvaxhiṣam	maišaxhiuru
2SG	nāmvaxhiṣa	maišaxhiuh
3SG	nāmvaxhiṣai	maišaxhiurė
1DU	—	—
2DU	—	—
3DU	—	—
1PL	nāmvaxhiṣumi	maišaxhiurum
2PL	nāmvaxhiṣus	maišaxhiurus
3PL	nāmvaxhiṣat	maišaxhiurat

Aorist Indicative

Regular

In the aorist indicative, -ah verbs are not distinguished as a conjugation, behaving instead like root verbs. -nā/nī verbs have no root extension in the singular exterior and interior, and -nā- in all other forms.
Ablauting verbs always have their base grade, except for inverse ablaut roots which use the reduced vowel, and plural interior forms. Exterior forms:

Person	nāmvake "to crush, press" (a-root)	halke "to call" (athem.)	mišake "to see" (ablaut)	khlunāke "to search, look for" (nā/nī)
1SG	nāmvau	halau	mišau	khluvau
2SG	nāmvei	halei	mišei	khluvei
3SG	nāmvitь	halitь	mišitь	khlutь
1DU	nāmvādram	halādram	mišādram	khlunādram
2DU	nāmvādras	halādras	mišādras	khlunādras
3DU	nāmvādru	halādru	mišādru	khlunādru
1PL	nāmvalīmi	hallīmi	mišalīmi	khlunālīmi
2PL	nāmvalīši	hallīši	mišalīši	khlunālīši
3PL	nāmvāli	halāli	mišāli	khlunāli

Interior forms:

Person	dældake "to speak" (a-root)	gṇyauke "to be born" (athem.)	tṛlake "to know" (ablaut)	chleināke "to smile" (nā/nī)
1SG	dældirau	gṇyāvirau	tṛlirau	chleyirau
2SG	dældirei	gṇyāvirei	tṛlirei	chleyirei
3SG	dældiritь	gṇyāviritь	tṛliritь	chleyiritь
1DU	dældeldram	gṇyāveldram	tṛleldram	chleinaildram
2DU	dældeldras	gṇyāveldras	tṛleldras	chleinaildras
3DU	dældeldru	gṇyāveldru	tṛleldru	chleinaildru
1PL	dældielīmi	gṇyāvyelīmi	tarlielīmi	chleinailīmi
2PL	dældielīši	gṇyāvyelīši	tarlielīši	chleinailīši
3PL	dældirāli	gṇyāvirāli	tarlirāli	chleinairāli

Causative

Causative forms use the same stems as in the present indicative. Exterior forms:

Person	nāmvake "to make crush, press" (normal)	mišake "to show" (ablaut)	valde "to make open" (inverse ablaut)
1SG	nāmvaxhiou	maišaxhiou	uvaldaxhā
2SG	nāmvaxhei	maišaxhei	uvaldaxhie
3SG	nāmvaxhitь	maišaxhitь	uvaldaxhāt
1DU	nāmvaxhādram	maišaxhādram	uvaldaxhādram
2DU	nāmvaxhādras	maišaxhādras	uvaldaxhādras
3DU	nāmvaxhādru	maišaxhādru	uvaldaxhādru
1PL	nāmvaxhalīm	maišaxhalīm	uvaldaxhalīm
2PL	nāmvaxhalīs	maišaxhalīs	uvaldaxhalīs
3PL	nāmvaxhāli	maišaxhāli	uvaldaxhāli

Interior forms:

Person	nāmvake "to make each other crush, press" (normal)	mišake "to learn; to show each other" (ablaut)	valde "to open; to make each other open" (inverse ablaut)
1SG	nāmvirxhiou	maiširxhiou	uvaldirxhiou
2SG	nāmvirxhei	maiširxhei	uvaldirxhei
3SG	nāmvirxhitь	maiširxhitь	uvaldirxhitь
1DU	nāmvirxhādram	maiširxhādram	uvaldirxhādram
2DU	nāmvirxhādras	maiširxhādras	uvaldirxhādras
3DU	nāmvirxhādru	maiširxhādru	uvaldirxhādru
1PL	nāmvirxhalīm	maiširxhalīm	uvaldirxhalīm
2PL	nāmvirxhalīs	maiširxhalīs	uvaldirxhalīs
3PL	nāmvirxhāli	maiširxhāli	uvaldirxhāli

Perfect Indicative

The perfect is formed with the same terminations for all verbs. The particularity of this tense is that it uses a special stem, formed by prefixing the root vowel (shortened and with the basic root ablaut) to the stem. Examples:

• nāmvake “to crush, press” = nāmv- → anāmv-
• khlunāke “to search, look for” = khlu- → ukhlu-
• hilkake “to dye, colour” = hilk- → ihilk-
• męlike “to give” = męlь → emęlь-

æ uses i; o and ṛ use a; diphthongs usually only take their first component, exceptions being ai (→ e) and au (→ o):

• dældake “to speak” = dæld- → idæld-
• kolkake “to be acid” = kolk- → akolk-
• tṛlake “to know, understand” = tṛl- → atṛl-
• yaudake “to catch” = yaud- → oyaud-
• laitake “to row” = lait- → elait-

Causative stems with ablaut have a full reduplication, using the first consonant plus the basic vowel grade, like miš- → maiš- → mimaiš-.

A few verbs have irregular stems:

• lilke “to live” = lælī-
• dṛke “to do” = dadrā-

Regular forms (3rd person singular and plural are the same for all verbs):

Person	nāmvake "to crush, press" (exterior)	dældake “to speak” (interior)
1SG	anāmvam	idældiram
2SG	anāmves	idældires
3SG	anāmva	idældirā
1DU	anāmvonda	idældirunda
2DU	anāmvodes	idældirudes
3DU	anāmvot	idældirut
1PL	anāmvamia	idældiramia
2PL	anāmvasia	idældirasia
3PL	anāmva	idældirā

Causative forms:

Person	nāmvake "to make crush, press" (exterior)	mišake "to learn; to show each other" (interior)
1SG	anāmvixam	mimaišerxam
2SG	anāmvixes	mimaišerxes
3SG	anāmvixa	mimaišerxa
1DU	anāmvixunda	mimaišerxunda
2DU	anāmvixudes	mimaišerxudes
3DU	anāmvixut	mimaišerxut
1PL	anāmvixmia	mimaišerxmia
2PL	anāmvinxia	mimaišerinxia
3PL	anāmvixa	mimaišerxa

Future indicative

The future tense does not vary between conjugations, and the stem is always the one used in the infinitive.

Regular forms:

Person	nāmvake "to crush, press" (exterior)	dældake “to speak” (interior)
1SG	nāmviṣyam	dælderiṣyam
2SG	nāmviṣyes	dælderiṣyes
3SG	nāmviṣya	dælderiṣya
1DU	nāmviṣṭām	dælderiṣṭām
2DU	nāmviṣṭās	dælderiṣṭās
3DU	nāmviṣṭāvo	dælderiṣṭāvo
1PL	nāmviṣmāmi	dælderiṣmāmi
2PL	nāmviṣmāsi	dælderiṣmāsi
3PL	nāmviṣmāta	dælderiṣmāta

Causative forms:

Person	nāmvake "to make crush, press" (exterior)	mišake "to learn; to show each other" (interior)
1SG	nāmvaxhiṣyam	maiširxhiṣyam
2SG	nāmvaxhiṣyes	maiširxhiṣyes
3SG	nāmvaxhiṣya	maiširxhiṣya
1DU	nāmvaxhiṣṭām	maiširxhiṣṭām
2DU	nāmvaxhiṣṭās	maiširxhiṣṭās
3DU	nāmvaxhiṣṭāvo	maiširxhiṣṭāvo
1PL	nāmvaxhiṣmāmi	maiširxhiṣmāmi
2PL	nāmvaxhiṣmāsi	maiširxhiṣmāsi
3PL	nāmvaxhiṣmāta	maiširxhiṣmāta

The subjunctive mood

The subjunctive mood only distinguishes aspects and not tense; it is formed by special terminations and has exterior, interior, regular and causative forms.

The subjunctive is fairly regular for all verbs, using (except in the causative conjugation) the most basic form of the root — that is, without nā/nī suffixes and in basic grade ablaut; the only exceptions being inverse ablauting roots which use their weakened form (e.g. valde uses uld- and not vald-). 3rd person singular, 2nd plural, and 3rd plural, are identical in all verbs.

Imperfective aspect

Regular:

Person	nāmvake "to crush, press” (exterior)	dældake "to speak” (interior)
1SG	nāmvup	dældimmup
2SG	nāmveap	dældimmep
3SG	nāmvāsi	dældirāsi
1DU	nāmvumbu	dældirumbu
2DU	nāmvumbe	dældirumbe
3DU	nāmvumbap	dældirumbap
1PL	nāmvicham	dældilcham
2PL	nāmvāsi	dældirāsi
3PL	nāmvāsi	dældirāsi

Causative:

Person	mišake “to show” (exterior)	mišake “to learn; to show each other” (interior)
1SG	maišaxhup	maiširxhup
2SG	maišaxheap	maiširxheap
3SG	maišaxhāsi	maiširxhāsi
1DU	maišaxhumbu	maiširxhumbu
2DU	maišaxhumbe	maiširxhumbe
3DU	maišaxhumbap	maiširxhumbap
1PL	maišaxicham	maiširxicham
2PL	maišaxhāsi	maiširxhāsi
3PL	maišaxhāsi	maiširxhāsi

Perfective aspect

Regular:

Person	nāmvake "to crush, press" (interior)	dældake "to speak” (exterior)
1SG	nāmvatup	dældiṭṭup
2SG	nāmvateap	dældiṭṭeap
3SG	nāmvetāsi	dældiṭṭāsi
1DU	nāmvatumbu	dældiṭṭumbu
2DU	nāmvatumbe	dældiṭṭumbe
3DU	nāmvatumbap	dældiṭṭumbap
1PL	nāmvañcham	dældireñcham
2PL	nāmvetāsi	dældiṭṭāsi
3PL	nāmvetāsi	dældiṭṭāsi

Causative:

Person	mišake “to show” (causative)	mišake “to learn; to show each other” (causative)
1SG	maišaxhetup	maiširxhetup
2SG	maišaxhetep	maiširxhetep
3SG	maišaxhetāsi	maiširxhetāsi
1DU	maišaxhetumbu	maiširxhetumbu
2DU	maišaxhetumbe	maiširxhetumbe
3DU	maišaxhetumbap	maiširxhetumbap
1PL	maišaxeñcham	maiširxeñcham
2PL	maišaxhetāsi	maiširxhetāsi
3PL	maišaxhetāsi	maiširxhetāsi

The hypothetical mood

The hypothetical mood is mainly used in if constructions (e.g. yųlatṛ "if it is eaten") and, like the subjunctive, only conjugates for aspect. As all terminations are vocalic, all conjugations form it the same way, starting from the root.

Imperfective aspect

Regular:

Person	nāmvake "to crush, press" (interior)	dældake "to speak” (exterior)
1SG	nāmvatiam	dældirtam
2SG	nāmvaça	dældirça
3SG	nāmvatṛ	dældirtṛ
1DU	nāmvadītim	dældirdītim
2DU	nāmvadītis	dældirdītis
3DU	nāmvadītṛ	dældirdītṛ
1PL	nāmvantim	dældiratim
2PL	nāmvantis	dældiratis
3PL	nāmvantṛ	dældiratṛ

Causative:

Person	mišake “to show” (causative)	mišake “to learn; to show each other” (causative)
1SG	maišaxhitam	maiširxhitam
2SG	maišaxhiça	maiširxhiça
3SG	maišaxhitṛ	maiširxhitṛ
1DU	maišaxhidītim	maiširxhidītim
2DU	maišaxhidītis	maiširxhidītis
3DU	maišaxhidītṛ	maiširxhidītṛ
1PL	maišaxhintim	maiširxhintim
2PL	maišaxhintis	maiširxhintis
3PL	maišaxhintṛ	maiširxhintṛ

Perfective aspect

Regular:

Person	nāmvake "to crush, press" (interior)	dældake "to speak” (exterior)
1SG	nāmvāttiam	dældertiam
2SG	nāmvānça	dælderaça
3SG	nāmvātara	dælderatra
1DU	nāmvāndītim	dælderadītim
2DU	nāmvāndītis	dælderadītis
3DU	nāmvāndītara	dælderadītra
1PL	nāmvātatim	dældertatim
2PL	nāmvātatis	dældertatis
3PL	nāmvātatra	dældertatra

Causative:

Person	mišake “to show” (causative)	mišake “to learn; to show each other” (causative)
1SG	maišaxhettiam	maiširxhettiam
2SG	maišaxhença	maiširxhença
3SG	maišaxhetara	maiširxhetara
1DU	maišaxhendītim	maiširxhendītim
2DU	maišaxhendītis	maiširxhendītis
3DU	maišaxhendītara	maiširxhendītara
1PL	maišaxhetatim	maiširxhetatim
2PL	maišaxhetatis	maiširxhetatis
3PL	maišaxhetatra	maiširxhetatra

The optative and propositive moods

Optative and propositive moods are made starting from the same stem; these stem use the same terminations as regular (a-type verbs) present for the imperfective aspect and regular aorist for the perfective; propositive mood uses the imperative ones.

The stem is formed by taking the root and adding -ouna- after consonants and -vūna- after vowels. Note that, while adding terminations, a is deleted between a single sonorant and a single non-sonorant consonant (e.g. 1sg propositive causative -ounxhiṣam < -oun-a-xhiṣam)

Example (nāmvake “to crush, press”):

• Imperfective: exterior nāmvounu, nāmvouni, nāmvounė, … interior nāmvouniru, …; causative ext. nāmvounaxhā, …; caus. int. nāmvounirxhā, …
• Perfective: ext. nāmvounau, nāmvounei, nāmvounitь, … int. nāmvounirau, …; caus. ext. nāmvounaxhiou, …; caus. int. nāmvounirxhiou, …
• Propositive: ext. nāmvounikṣam, nāmvounikṣa, nāmvounikṣai, … int. nāmvounikuru, …; caus. ext. nāmvounxhiṣam, …; caus. int. nāmvounxhiuru, ...

The desiderative mood

The desiderative mood, unlike the optative, hypothetical, and subjunctive moods, conjugates in all tenses and aspects just like the indicative; the difference being the special stem it uses, formed with reduplication of the root plus -s (except for -ora- and -ьouš- verbs). The resulting stem conjugates as any root verb.

Reduplication adds the first consonant of the verb (except prefixes) and its first vowel (always oral short).There are however some special rules followed in reduplicating:

• Aspirated stops are always reduplicated as unaspirated;
• g- is always reduplicated as h-, except for a few irregular verbs;
• h- is reduplicated as k-;
• k- as š-;

• f- as p-;
• l- in the initial clusters lk-, lkh-, lg-, or lgh- reduplicates as n-.
• Initial clusters which begin with s-, ṣ-, š-, or v- use the first consonant which is not one of them (but šv- reduplicates as š-);


* Verbs with ablaut always have middle-grade ablaut; ṛ reduplicates as a; 
* Inverse-ablaut verbs have the consonant of the unreduced root but the reduced vowel;

• Roots beginning with vowels are regular, reduplicating the otherwise allophonic initial ʔ.
• Prefixes are added before the reduplicated root.

Final added -s has some special saṃdhi rules, too (in addition to the usual ones):

• -d-s and -dh-s both become -ts (always written so and never as *ç);
• After voiced stops, -s becomes -r and aspirated stops lose aspiration. -j-s and -jh-s both become -jl;
• -š-s becomes -kṣ;
• -y-s becomes -š;
• -l-s becomes -lь when prevocalic and -lš when preconsonantal, but -rl-s always becomes -relь-.


 Causative forms just add the causative endings, without further modifying the stem.

-ora- and -ьouš- verbs use -oreka- and -ьoušca- respectively, without other modifications, but they're often substituted by infinitive + daudike constructions. In many of the northeastern and northwestern lands of the Inquisition, this analytic construction is used instead of the synthetic desiderative in almost any case.

Examples of desiderative mood stems are:


• peithake “to go (multid.)”, root peith- → pe-peith-s → pepeits-

• lgutake “to buy”, root lgut- → nu-lgot-s → nulgots-
• khlunāke “to search, look for”, root khlu- → ku-khlu-s → kukhlus-

• nilyake “to think”, root nily- → ni-nely-s → ninelš-
• tṛlake “to do”, root tṛl- → ta-tarl-s > tatarelь-
• valde “to open”, root vald- → v-uld-s > vults-



A few verbs have completely irregular stems:

• gyake “to be”: muñj-
• lilke “to live”: lėlikṣ-
• męlike “to give”: mimęñ-

• milke “to take”: mūṃchl-.

The necessitative mood

The necessitative mood is formed and conjugates much like the desiderative; it uses a stem formed by reduplication and adding -asya-, with normal saṃdhi changes.

Examples:

• peithake “to go (multid.)”, → pepeithasya-
• khlunāke “to search, look for” → kukhlūvsya-


* nilyake “to think” → ninelyasya-

• valde “to open” → vuldasya-

The potential mood

The potential mood also conjugates in all tenses and aspects and has a stem formed with initial reduplication. It is formed by adding -(e)nā- to the root and behaves as a fourth conjugation verb, adding an epenthetic -n before vocalic endings. Note that -r-nā- (like e.g. in all -ora- verbs) becomes -rṇā- due to saṃdhi.

Examples: peithake → pepeithnā- ; gṇyauke → gagṇyaunā- ; nilyake → ninelyenā-.

A special case of saṃdhi occurs in roots which end in a single -g or -k: this consonant becomes -gh and the -n in the suffix becomes retroflex, e.g. mūmikke "to dance", root mūmik- > mumūmighṇā- ; dilge “to pour", root dig- > dideghṇā-.

The permissive mood

The permissive mood also conjugates in all tenses and aspects and is formed, without reduplication, by adding -ippu- before consonantal endings and -īpr- before vocalic ones.

Examples: mišake → mišippu- > mišipru "I am allowed to see", mišippum “I was allowed to see”.

Bisyllabic roots which have as their second syllable an unstressed vowel between two consonants that may form an allowed cluster (thus sonorant-vowel-stop/fricative, except -m-velar) lose this vowel while adding the suffix, e.g. hañilke > halñippu- (-ñl- → -lñ- is a fairly regular saṃdhi change).

The verb "to be" (gyake)

The verb "to be" is suppletive as it uses various different stems (from Proto-Lahob *gəjó, *woŋ—*uŋ, *mōws respectively) and irregularly — for example, the future indicative is morphologically a present.

Note that the indicative present is very rarely used, as the copula is usually dropped in most cases.

Indicative mood

Person	Present	Aorist	Perfect	Future
1SG	valu	mos	egyam	mavū
2SG	vali	moçi	egyes	mavei
3SG	væl	mitь	egya	mavė
1DU	undām	mordam	egyonda	maudām
2DU	undās	mordas	egyodes	maudās
3DU	undau	mordu	egyot	maudāvo
1PL	ummi	molīm	egyamia	maumui
2PL	ulki	molīs	egyasia	maukui
3PL	uñyąt	moli	egya	mavyąt

Pronouns

Chlouvānem has a series of pronouns which are irregular when compared to other nouns, yet they follow a mostly similar pattern among themselves. As with nouns and adjectives, in Chlouvānem there is mostly no difference between possessive and demonstrative pronouns and adjectives. Note that pronouns here are defined as a morphological category, as there are many pronominal locutions or nouns acting as pronouns in the Chlouvānem honorific system. Familiar and neutral styles of Chlouvānem speech use these only.

Standard Chlouvānem as spoken today uses the following pronouns:

• 1st person lili (sg.), lileidi (dual), and mayin (pl.).
• 2nd person sāmi (sg.), sāmeidi (dual), and nagin (pl.).
• 3rd person parrot tami (sg.), tameidi (dual), and taṃšān (pl.).
• 3rd person dragon tayuši (sg.) and taimāsi (pl.), and 3rd person lotus tayumi (sg.) and taimām (pl.) — they are only distinct from the parrot forms in direct, accusative, and ergative; tameidi is used as dual for all three genders.
• Reflexive demi (mandatory for 3rd person, commonly used also for 1st and 2nd).

The pronouns doubling as adjectives are:

• Three demonstrative series, all declining for gender but not for number: proximal nenė (parrot), neneis (dragon), neneim (lotus); medial nunū (p.), nunuis (d.), nunuim (l.); distal nanā (p.), nanās (d.), nanām (l.).
• The possessives: liliā (lilem, liles); meyā (meyem, meyes); sāmiā (sāmim, sāmis); negā (negim, negis); tamiā (tamim, tamis); tašñā (tašñem, tašñes); demiā (demim, demis).

Note that both the demonstrative and the possessives are often not declined for gender in common speech in certain areas, most notably the densely populated area of the Lower Plains, including Līlasuṃghāṇa, Līlta, Galiākina, Ilėnimarta, and a few areas near Līṭhalyinām, Talliė, and Lāltaṣveya — an area inhabited by around 100 million people. This also happens in and near Līlikanāna, fourth largest city of the Inquisition, largest in the Far East.

In addition, yani is an emphatic pronoun not properly part of common speech (demi is used instead) but sometimes found in high style. Archaic Chlouvānem had a demonstrative series consisting of proximal ami (em, es), medial uteni (utam, utas), and distal āteni (ātam, ātas), which declined in use throughout Classical times, when they were replaced by the newer nenė — nunū — nanā forms.

Personal pronouns

Singular

1sg	Singular	2sg	Singular	refl	Singular
Direct	lili		sāmi		demi
Accusative	læl (-æl)		saim (-isė)		deim (-idė)
Ergative	lį (-elī)		sąi (-ąsī)		dęi (-ędī)
Genitive	liliā		sāmiā		demiā
Translative	liñ		sāñ		deñ
Exessive	litь		sātь		detь
Essive	lęsь		sąsь		dęsь
Dative	liū		sāyū		deyū
Ablative	lųu		sāhų		dehų
Locative	liė		sāyė		deyė

(parrot)	Singular	(dragon)	Singular	(lotus)	Singular
Direct	tami		tayuši		tayumi
Accusative	taim (-et)		temuis (-et)		temum (-et)
Ergative	tę (-tę)		tęvis (-tę)		tęvum (-tę)
Genitive	tamiā		tamiā		tamiā
Translative	tañ		tañ		tañ
Exessive	tatь		tatь		tatь
Essive	tąsь		tąsь		tąsь
Dative	tayū		tayū		tayū
Ablative	tahų		tahų		tahų
Locative	tayė		tayė		tayė

Dual

1du	Dual	1du	Dual	1du	Dual
Direct	lileidi		sāmeidi		tameidi
Accusative	lildū		sādhū		tadhū
Ergative	lilden		sādhen		tadhen
Genitive	lildes		sādhes		tadhes
Translative	lildoh		sādhoh		tadhoh
Exessive	lildās		sādhās		tadhās
Essive	lildūn		sādhūn		tadhūn
Dative	lildotь		sādhotь		tadhotь
Ablative	lildīs		sādhīs		tadhīs
Locative	lildīm		sādhīm		tadhīm

Plural

Honorific pronouns

(note: this section still needs expansion)

There are many different pronouns used for second and third person in honorific speech. The rules for using them are mostly dictated by the distance between the two speakers, and, for third persons, the relative distance between them.
Note that female and male is still a relic of traditional Chlouvānem society; nonbinary people, unless clearly towards the feminine end of the spectrum, are usually treated as women if they are of higher rank and as men if they are of lower rank. Also note that plural pronouns are also used for dual number.

Second person generally used these pronouns:

• sāmi, the morphological pronoun, is used in familiar registers and between females or between males if they are not strangers and they're all of the same rank or of similar age.
• nujyā is used by females for all strangers and for male of the same rank as them; males use it for male strangers and males of higher rank.
• yonujyā is a somewhat more formal alternative to nujyā.
• ṭaniā is used by females for all non-stranger females of higher rank. Males use it for all females except close friends and relatives.
• yomyė is a moderately familiar pronoun, kinda intermediate between sāmi and ṭaniā/nujyā.
• uṣṭām is used by females for people of lower rank, and by males for lower rank males.
• gopūrṭham is an extremely formal pronoun, used with public officials.
  • (go)pūrṭhami brausa or yo-brausa is used for the highest ranked Inquisitors and for the Baptist.
    • lalla yo-brausa is used exclusively for the Great Inquisitor.
• ya-kaleyuṭhā is a plural pronoun, used when speaking to a representative of a specifically defined group (institution or company).
• yavyāta is a plural pronoun used for generic, less defined groups.

Third person pronouns vary according to whether the third person referent is higher, lower, or equal to the second person, and for each of these cases the relative rank of first and second person further determine which pronoun should be used. In some cases, a third person feminine person requires a different pronoun from a masculine one.
Note that all forms here are for singular pronouns; unless noted they're all nouns (except tami) and they are pluralized regularly if needed.

If 3S is higher than 2S and...

• ...1S is lower than 2S, lalla yañša is used.
• ...1S is equal to 2S, lalla yañša is used, or just tami in familiar registers.
• ...1S is higher than 2S, then:
  • if 3S is lower than 1S, āte-liluyani (inflects as the pronoun yani) is used invariably if 1S is female; for male 3S only if 1S is male too.
  • if 3S is lower than 1S, yañša is used for female 3S by male 1S; it is optional by female 1S.
  • if 3S is equal to 1S, yo-yardam is used.
  • if 3S is higher than 1S, lallayuṭhā is used (rarely pluralized even if referring to a plural subject).

If 3S is equal to 2S and...

• ...1S is lower than both, yo-yardam is used.
• ...1S is equal to both, kemura is used, or just tami in familiar registers.
• ...1S is higher than both, yardam is used.

If 3S is lower than 2S and...

• ...1S is also lower than 2S, tami is invariably used by females and by 1S males for 3S males; ui-hulyn is used by 1S males for 3S females.
• ...1S is equal to 2S, kemura is used, or just tami in familiar registers.
• ...1S is higher than both, kemura is used for all 3S males and usually by 1S females for 3S females; yañsa is mandatory by 1S males for 3S females, and optional by 1S females.

Note that familiar registers (which often include code-switching between Chlouvānem and a local vernacular), when used, may override any convention: as an extreme example, any very close friend or relative of the Great Inquisitor would refer to her as sāmi (and not lalla yo-brausa); however this is obviously only possible in private contexts (while same-ranked people may use a familiar register in public - e.g. on the workplace).

Numerals - Mālūye

Chlouvānem has a decimal numeral system which has however a base-5 sub-base for some numbers (mainly 5 and 11-19) and a base-20 borrowed one for the tens.

Numbers have six different forms: cardinal, ordinal, collective, distributive, adverbial/multiplicative, and fractionary. Cardinal 1, 2, and 3 are adjectives, as are all ordinal and collective ones; 1-4 have separate adverbial forms, while all other ones have an invariable adjective used as multiplicative and a derived adverb used as adverbial. All distributive, fractionary, and cardinal (except 1-3) numbers are invariable.

Digit	Cardinal	Ordinal	Collective	Distributive	Adv./Multiplicative	Fractionary
0	ajrā	(ajrāyendes)	(ajrājes)	(ajrauṣā)	(lājrā)	—
1	leil leilum leila	lahīlas	leilajāsis	leiluṣā	leilammit / lāleil (lāleilum, lāleila)	leilaskā
2	dani danīm danīh	hælinaikas	daniajāsis	daniṣā	danimmit / lādani (lādanīm, lādanīh)	danīrṣkā
3	tarvas tarvam tarvė	tarvendes	tarvajāsis	tarvuṣā	tarvammit / lātarvas (lātarvam, lātarvė)	tarveṃskā
4	nahė	nahėbindes	nahėñjāsis	nahėbuṣā	nahėbāmmit / lānahė	nahėbiṃskā
5	švā	švājindes	švāyajāsis	švauṣā	lāšvā	švajiṃskā
6	tulūʔa	tulūʔendes	tulūʔajāsis	tulūʔuṣā	lātulūʔa	tulūʔeṃskā
7	chīka	chīkendes	chīkajāsis	chīcuṣā	lāchīka	chīkeṃskā
8	teitė	teitendes	teitajāsis	teiteṣā	lāteitė	teiteṃskā
9	moja	mojendes	mojajāsis	mojuṣā	lāmoja	mojeṃskā
10	na'ikām	na'ikāmindes	na'ikāñjes	na'ikāṃṣā	lāna'ikām	na'ikāmiṃskā
11	lelišvatī	lelišvatīlindes	lelišvatījes	lelišvatīṣā	lālelišvatī	lelišvatīliṃskā
12	danešvatī	danešvatīlindes	danešvatījes	danešvatīṣā	lādanešvatī	danešvatīliṃskā
13	tarošvati	tarošvatīlindes	tarošvatījes	tarošvatīṣā	lātarošvatī	tarošvatīliṃskā
14	nahėšvatī	nahėšvatīlindes	nahėšvatījes	nahėšvatīṣā	lānahėšvatī	nahėšvatīliṃskā
15	švāmašvatī	švāmašvatīlindes	švāmašvatījes	švāmašvatīṣā	lāšvāmašvatī	švāmašvatīliṃskā
16	tulūšvatī	tulūšvatīlindes	tulūšvatījes	tulūšvatīṣā	lātulūšvatī	tulūšvatīliṃskā
17	chīcæšvatī	chīcæšvatīlindes	chīcæšvatījes	chīcæšvatīṣā	lāchīcæšvatī	chīcæšvatīliṃskā
18	teitašvatī	teitašvatīlindes	teitašvatījes	teitašvatīṣā	lāteitašvatī	teitašvatīliṃskā
19	moješvatī	moješvatīlindes	moješvatījes	moješvatīṣā	lāmoješvatī	moješvatīliṃskā
20	ekāma	ekāmendes	ekāmajāsis	ekāṃṣā	laikāma	ekāmeṃskā

Using numerals

Cardinal numerals may be used in two ways, depending on whether emphasis is given to the number or to the thing counted.

• In the most common use, the counted thing is emphasized: the numeral is put before the noun and the noun is always singular (except for "two", see below) plus the appropriate case: e.g. leilum yujam (a lotus flower); danīh māra (two mango fruits); tarvas haloe (three names), lelišvatī ñaiṭa (eleven stars), and so on.
• If emphasis is given to the number, then the counted thing comes first, and, if it should be in direct, ergative, or accusative case, it is in genitive singular instead; the semantic direct, ergative, or accusative case is taken by the numeral itself if it is one, two, three, or compounds. Examples: yujami leilum (one lotus flower), māri danīh (two mango fruits), halenies tarvas (three names), ñaiṭi lelišvatī (eleven stars). In other cases, the noun follows the semantic case (but is always singular anyway), e.g. marti tarvė (three cities) but marte tarviyė (in the three cities).
  This form is increasingly less common in everyday use.
• "Two" may be used with either singular or dual number: danīh māra or māri danīh are both as correct as danīh māradi and māradais danīh - note that the dual number alone, without the numeral, has the same meaning. Outside of literary texts, it is however more common to specify "two" with the numeral.

Derivational morphology - Kokampeithausięe maivāndarāmita

Chlouvānem has an extensive system of derivational morphology, with many possibilities of deriving words from verbal roots and even from other nouns.

Nouns

-a (unstressed) or -ā (stressed) is a common derivative to make basic words from verbal roots. It does not have any fixed meaning, though it's always pretty close to the root. Nouns with the unstressed suffix and an ablautable vowel usually belong to the ablauting declension. ṛ in a root is always strengthened to middle-grade.

• dṛ (to do, to make) → dara (activity)
  
• lil (to live) → lila (person; living thing)
  
• tṛl (to know) → tarlā (science)

-as is another common derivative, without fixed meaning, but usually denoting objects or things done by acting. It is used to derive positions from positional verbs.

• tug (to beat) → tugas (beat)
  
• jlitiā (jlitim-) (be to the right of) → jlitimas (right)
  
• āntiā (āntim-) (be above, be on) → āntimas (part above)

-ūm is another derivative without fixed meaning, overlapping with -as.

• lgut (to buy) → lgutūm (something bought)
  
• peith (to go, walk (multidirectional)) → peithūm (walk)
  
• yālv (to be sweet (taste)) → yālvūm (sweet taste)

-laukas is a singulative suffix, denoting either a single thing of a collective noun, or a single constituent of a broader act. Unlike the previous ones, it is most commonly applied to other nouns.

• flun (to go, walk (monodirectional)) → fluṃlaukas (step)
  
• lil (to live) (or liloe (life)) → lillaukas (moment, instant)
  
• daša (rain) → dašilaukas (raindrop)

-anah, with middle-grade ablaut if possible, denotes an act or process, or something closely related to that.

• dig (to pour) → deganah ((act of) pouring)
  
• miš (to see) → mešanah (sight)
  
• lgut (to buy) → lgotanah (shopping)

-yāva plus either middle- or high-grade ablaut denotes a quality.

• māl (to keep together) → mālyāva (union)
  
• hælvė (fruit) → hælvėyāva (fertility)
  
• blut (to clean) → blotyāva (cleanliness)

-išam has the same meaning as -yāva, but it's rarer.

• yųlniltas (edible) → yųlniltešam (edibility)
  
•  yālv (to be sweet (taste)) → yālvišam (sweetness)
  
• ñailūh (ice) → ñailuišam (coldness)

-āmita, often with high-grade ablaut, is another suffix forming quality nouns, but it is often more abstract, being translatable with suffixes like English -ism.

• çuliė (friend (female)) → çuliāmita (friendship)
  
•  ėmīla (tiger) → ėmīlāmita (nobility (quality); most important people in society)
  
•  ñæltah (sister (for a male)) → ñæltāmita (brotherhood)

-ūyas, with middle-grade ablaut, has various generic and sometimes unpredictable meanings.

•  māl (to keep together) → mālūyas (number)
  
•  lij (to sing) → lejūyas (choir)
  
•  yālv (to be sweet (taste)) → yālvūyas (dessert, cake; something sweet)

-rṣūs (-ṛṣūs after a consonant) denotes a tool, namely something used in doing an action.

• yaud (to catch) → yaudṛṣūs (trap)
  
• miš (to see) → meširṣūs (eye (literary, rare))
  
• hær (to kiss) → hærṣūs (lips (pair of))
  

-gis denotes something used for doing an action, not always synonymous with -rṣūs. -t-gis becomes -ñjis.

•  mešīn (eye) → mešīlgis (glasses (pair of))
  
•  tug (to beat) → tulgis (drumstick)
  
•  lgut (to buy) → lguñjis (money, currency)

-oe (with middle-grade ablaut) often denotes a result, but has lots of various meanings.

•  hal (to call) → haloe (name, noun)
  
•  peith (to go, walk (multidirectional)) → peithoe (development; the way something is carried out)
  
• yųl (to eat) → yąloe (meal)

-īn plus middle grade-ablaut denotes a doer (roughly equivalent to English -er); usually it is a person, but not always.

• bhi (to take care of; to care for) → bhayīn (someone who takes care; guardian)
  
• tug (to beat) → togīn (heart)
  
•  lgut (to buy) → lgotīn (buyer)

-āvi denotes something derived from X. It is also used in forming matronymics.

•  lameṣa (coconut palm) → laṃṣāvi (coconut)
  
•  mešanah (sight) → mešanąvi (knowledge)
  
• yųl (to eat) → yųlāvi (strength (literary, rare))

-āmis means "made of X".

• tāmira (rock, stone) → tāmirāmis (stone tool)
  
•  tarlā (knowledge, science) → tarlāmis (wisdom)
  
•  lil (to live) → lilāmis (a blissful place)

-ikā has various meanings, often somewhat abstract, intensive, or related to highly valued things/roles.

•  daša (rain) → dāšikā (monsoon)
  
•  hær (to kiss) → hærikā (love (literary, rare))
  
• lalāruṇa (giant domestic lizard) → lalārauṇikā (knight mounting a lalāruṇa)

-dhūs means "having X".

•  dara (activity) → daradhūs (verb)
  
•  šaṇṭrās (field, soil) → šaṇṭrādhūs (countryside)
  
•  hælvė (fruit) → hælvidhūs (fruiting tree; literary: pregnant woman)

-bān and -ūrah are two roughly equivalent suffixes used for locations. The first one is generally used after vowels, the second after consonants, but it's no strict rule.

• hælvė (fruit) → hælvėbān (orchard)
  
•  lil (to live) → lilūrah (world)
  
• peith (to go, to walk (multidirectional)) → peithūrah (passage)

-(l)āṇa forms a true collective noun:

• çuliė (friend (female)) → çulielāṇa (group of friends)
• jīma (character, symbol, letter) → jīmalāṇa (writing system)
• maiva (word) → maivalāṇa (lexicon)

-(l)ænah denotes a tree or a plant having a certain fruit.

•  haiçah (pineapple) → haiçænah (pineapple tree)
  
•  maʔika (uncooked rice) → maʔikænah (rice plant)
  
• šikālas (prickly pear) → šikālænah (prickly pear cactus)

-yus (-yūs if there are only short syllables) is used with toponyms and is one of the most common ways to form denonymal nouns. As many of the nouns these words are derived from are proper nouns and of non-Chlouvānem origin, there are often irregular formations, e.g. using only a part of the original word.

• Līlasuṃghāṇa → līlasuṃghāṇyus
  
• Cami → camiyūs
  
• Galiākina → Galiākyus

Verbs

The main denominal verb-forming suffix is -ora-, used mainly with the meaning of "to make/create X" or "to have X":

• āmaya (collection) → āmayorake (to collect)
• yuiça (sound) → yuiçorake (to make a sound)
• çuliė (friend (f)) → çuliyorake (to befriend, to become friends with)

-ьouš- (alternating with preconsonantal -ьouki-) forms a verb with the meaning of "to make something X(-like)" or something related to using X:

• raikas (smoke) → raicouške (to smoke food)
• lallāmita (future) → lallāmitiouške (to plan)
• brausa (sainthood) → brausiouške (to sanctify, hallow)

Positional prefixes can be used to derive new, more specific verbs, from other ones; see the section under Positional verbs for more.

Prefixes are a common way to form many specific forms of verbs, especially related to how much or how an action is carried out. As all of these derive verbs from other verbs, only the root is given in examples:
ñavu- (ñau- before a nasal, v or r) forms verbs meaning "a bit more than needed". Verbs whose root has ṛ as the main vowel do not ablaut and always have middle-grade ar, except if there is another prefix (see second example):

• dṛ- (to do) → ñavudar- (to do something a bit more than needed)
  • āndṛ- (to build, create) → ñavāndṛ- (to build/create a bit more than needed)
• vald- (to open) → ñauvald- (to open a bit more than needed)
• flun- (to go, walk (monod.)) → ñavuflun- (to walk somewhat further ahead than needed)

vīvai- forms verbs meaning "too much"; verbs with ṛ always have ar and are non-ablauting:

• dṛ- (to do) → vīvaidar- (to do something too much)
• pugl- (to sleep) → vīvaipugl- (to sleep too much)
• flun- (to go, walk (monod.)) → vīvaiflun- (to walk too much ahead)

trān- (trā- before voiced stops, nasals, or r; it combines with a following y to form trāñ-) forms verbs of repetition or continuative actions, or "to keep X-ing"; verbs with ṛ always have ar and are non-ablauting:

• dṛ- (to do) → trādar- (to do something repetitively, to keep doing something)
• yųl- (to eat) → trāñųl- (to eat repetitively, to keep eating)
• khlu- (to search, look for) → trālkhlu- (to keep searching)

yavi- (yav- before y) forms resultative verbs, with the meaning of "to finish X-ing" or "to X everything":

• dṛ- (to do) → yavidṛ (to finish, complete (transitive))
• yųl- (to eat) → yavyųl (to finish eating; to eat everything)
• mūmik- (to dance) → yavimūmik (to finish dancing; idiomatic: to start working, to get back to work)

tæ(m)- forms mainly dynamic verbs from stative ones (being often synonymous with their causative patientive forms) and from adjectives. It is also used with nouns, forming verbs with the meaning of "to become a(n) X":

• murkas (black) → tæmurk- (to become black; causative: to make/paint something black)
• jāyim (girl) → tæjāyim- (to become a girl)
• būṃṣ- (to be dry; causative: to dry something) → tæmbūṃṣ- (to become dry; causative: to dry something (rarely used))

nare- (nar- before another prefix) forms verbs with applicative meanings:

• pugl- (to sleep) → narepugl- (to sleep during something)
• yųl- (to eat) → nareyųl- (to have a meal with someone, to go eating with someone)
• ta-flun- (to arrive on foot) → nartaflun- (to reach a place on foot)

Syntax

Verb phrase

Positional verbs

Positional verbs are among the most complex features of Chlouvānem grammar. In order to build verbs such as "to stay", "to be seated", and "to lie", Chlouvānem uses a base which is then prefixed with a locative particle, building verbs meaning "to stay on", "to stay under", "to stay in", and so on. There are 26 prefixes for each of the three verbs:

Prefix	To stay (-tiā/-tim)	To be seated (-vāst)	To lie (-ūlg)
Generic position (ta-)	tatiāke (tatimu; tatimau; taʔatimum)	tavāske (tavāstu; tavāstau; tostim)	tolge (tolgu; tolgau; tavūlgam)
On(to), above (ān-)	āntiāke	āmvāske	anūlge
Under, below (šu-)	šutiāke	šuvāske	šūlge
In the middle of, between (khl-)	khlatiāke	khluvāske	khlūlge
Together with, among (kus-)	kustiāke	kusvāske	kusūlge
Within inside (glь-)	glitiāke	glivāske	gliūlge
Near (mū(g)-)	mūtiāke	mūgvāske	mūgūlge
Far (bog-)	bogdiāke	bogvāske	bogūlge
Physically attached; mounting an animal/a bike (tad-)	tandiāke	tadvāske	tadūlge
Hanging from; upside down (smi-)	smitiāke	smivāske	smiyūlge
In(to), inside (na(ñ)-)	natiāke	navāske	nañūlge
Outside, outwards (kau-)	kautiāke	kauvāske	kavūlge
Opposite to; somewhere else (viṣ-)	viṣṭyāke	viṣvāske	viṣūlge
Around (keil-)	keiltiāke	keilvāske	keilūlge
Behind (prь-)	pritiāke	privāske	priūlge
In front of (mai-)	maitiāke	maivāske	mayūlge
In a corner; on a border; at the limits of (vai-)	vaitiāke	vaivāske	vayūlge
Next to; alongside (ř-)	řatiāke	řavāske	řūlge
In the center of (lū(s)-)	lūtiāke	lūvāske	lūsūlge
On the left (vyā-)	vyātiāke	vyāvāske	vyolge
On the right (jlь-)	jlitiāke	jlivāske	jliūlge
Facing; towards (kami-)	kamitiāke	kamivāske	kamyūlge
Facing inside (na-kam-)	nakantiāke	nakamvāske	nakamūlge
Facing outside (kau-kam-)	kokantiāke	kokamvāske	kokamūlge
Near to the center (mū-lū(s)-)	molūtiāke	molūvāske	molūsūlge
Far from the center (bog-lū(s)-)	boglūtiāke	boglūvāske	boglūsūlge

These basic forms have static meanings, and are always intransitive exterior verbs.
Their causative forms translate the English verbs "to put", "to seat" and "to lay" respectively, and are transitive when exterior and intransitive (middle) when interior. Verbs equivalent to English to remain are formed by attaching these prefixes to the verb lįnake for the analogues of -tiā/-tim (e.g. tatiāke → lįnake; āntiāke → āṃlįnake; šutiāke → šulįnake and so on), while for the others (to remain seated; to remain lying) the construction lįnake + positional infinitive is used.

These verbs all use two different place arguments: actual position, which requires locative case, and relative position, requiring exessive case. The latter often denotes non-inclusion in the mentioned place. Some examples:

1. jñūmat jlitimu.
   tree-EX.SG. stand.right.of.IND.PRES-1SG.EXT.PATIENT.TRG.
   I'm standing to the right of the tree.
2. domañe vaivāstu.
   room-LOC.SG. be.seated.in.corner.IND.PRES-1SG.EXT.PATIENT.TRG.
   I'm sitting in a corner of the room.
3. domanat vaivāstu.
   room-EX.SG. be.seated.in.corner.IND.PRES-1SG.EXT.PATIENT.TRG.
   I'm sitting in a corner outside the room.
4. jñūmat ūnime priūlgu.
   tree-EX.SG. street-LOC.SG. lie.behind.IND.PRES-1SG.EXT.PATIENT.TRG.
   I'm lying in the street, behind the tree.

Positional prefixes as derivational affixes

Positional prefixes are commonly used as derivational affixes, often with only a figurative representation of the positional meaning. Some examples:

• mai- (in front of) is often used for something done in advance, or to someone.
• ān- (above) and na(ñ)- (in, inside) may be used as intensives (but cam- is more common) or inceptives.
• šu- (down, below) (and also kau (outside), especially for states) may be used with a terminative meaning.

The root męlь- (to give) is a good example for this: from the basic verb męlike we can find derivations such as primęlike (to give back (exterior), to return (interior)), maimęlike (to prepare), āmmęlike (to dedicate oneself (mentally) to), namęlike (to dedicate oneself (physically) to), or šumęlike (to renounce). An inceptive/terminative pair is pugle (to sleep) → nampugle (to fall asleep) and kaupugle (to wake up).

Vocabulary

Territorial subdivisions of the Inquisition

Note: text in this section is a stub, to be expanded soon

The Chlouvānem lands are a huge territory with three major levels of local administration: the diocese, the circuit, and the parish. The generic term for "territorial subdivision" is bhælālaukas.

The highest level is the diocese (juṃšañāña), comparable to a federate state; their head is a bishop (juṃša). Many dioceses in an area with shared economical and cultural characteristics are grouped in an administrative unit called tribunal (camimaivikā), which intervenes in common regional economic planning and is as well an important statistic unit.
Some dioceses consist of two separate administrative units with a single religious head - these are mostly newer developments, where effectively a new "state" has been created for all matters except the most strictly religious ones. Depending on the diocese, these separate units may be called province (ṣramāṇa) - for larger but less densely populated areas - or quaestorship (loṭikam) - for smaller, mostly urban areas. Quaestorships are a special kind of administrative division, as they are only divided in municipalities, but they are normally counted as cities statistically - for example the capital city of the Inquisition, Līlasuṃghāṇa, is listed as the nation's largest city, with 29.8 million inhabitants - there is however no such entity as the city of Līlasuṃghāṇa, but only its quaestorship.

The next local level is the circuit (lalka), whose denomination changes in some dioceses — including hālgāra (district) and others — without major differences in competences (though it should be noted that competences of circuits or equivalent administrations are not centralized, but defined by the diocese or province).

The lowest level of local administration is the "municipality" one — whose names are in most dioceses either parish (mānai), city (marta), or sometimes village (poga). The distinction between them is mostly of population, with municipalities above a certain population (in many dioceses 70,000 people) being considered cities. The distinction between villages and parishes is more blurry and varies more between each diocese, with villages usually being independent municipalities whose populations are either very small in size compared to nearby ones, or located in sparsely populated areas.
Clusters of nearby mid-small parishes often form an entity called inter-parish territory (maimānāyusięe ṣramāṇa), sharing between them some basic services like recycling, local transport, or fire protection.

While the lowest independent division is the parish (including cities and villages), a minor area in a parish may be recognized as a hamlet (mūrė) (note that some dioceses use the term for village (poga) instead), which for cities is usually a borough (martausięe poga, literally "urban village"). Note that cities may also have hamlets: boroughs are usually defined as such if many of them form a large contiguous urban area; smaller inhabited places in rural areas administered by a city are still hamlets.

Large uninhabited or extremely sparsely populated areas are often not assigned to any municipality, but are administered by the circuit and defined as an extra-parish territory (řimāṇāyusięe ṣramāṇa).