Verse:Hmøøh/Suwáábyíq/Literature

Hmøøh/Suwáábyíq/Literature
Wiebermüđel
Pronunciation	[/ˈvibɚˌmyɡ!əl/]
Created by	IlL
Setting	Hussmauch
Extinct	Developed into Middle Wiebian in 400 v.C.
Language family	Quihum Pfeunic Wiebic Hmøøh/Suwáábyíq/Literature
Language codes
ISO 639-3	qwb

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Ancient Wiebian is one of the major ancient Quihum languages, alongside Naquian, Sjowaazheƞ and Old Bhadhagha. It is intended to be German gibberish with clicks.

Todo

• Abhang (m.) 'a devotional music form' (lit. "up-lift"?)
• Seib (n.) 'snow'
• queien 'scream, cry'

Background

Hmøøh/Suwáábyíq/Literature is the oldest attested form of Wiebian, used as a spoken language until 200 v.C.

Notes on notation

• ⁱ - denotes i-umlaut of the root.

Orthography

See also: Wiebian/Script.

Wiebian is written in a script identical to Fraktur, but with the addition of two letters ⟨ŧ⟩ /!/ and ⟨đ⟩ /g!/. The letter names differ from the German names, however.

Phonology

Hmøøh/Suwáábyíq/Literature phonology is mostly based on Modern Standard German, with the addition of two clicks ŧ /ǃ/ and đ /ɡǃ/ which patterns similarly to t and d. However, Ancient Wiebian allows more initial clusters than German due to a layer of Tie-Dye and Naengic loans in the vocabulary. Notably, initial ng- is allowed, as well as non-German clusters such as schng-, tm-, tn-, tng-, pn-, png-, kng-, ngr-, ngl-, ...

Voiceless plosives are aspirated unless after a fricative. Auslautverhärtung (final obstruent devoicing) occurs as in German or Dutch.

Proto-Wiebian

Proto-Wiebian describes the stage of the language immediately after it underwent the High German consonant shift (which did not affect clicks).

Early Ancient Wiebian

In this article Early Ancient Wiebian is represented using the Middle High German orthography used in standardized texts.

Consonants

Early Ancient Wiebian has the following consonants:

Early Hmøøh/Suwáábyíq/Literature consonants

		Labial	Lamino-dental	Apico-alveolar	Co-articulated	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		m /m/		n /n/	đ [ŋǃ]		ng /ŋ/
Plosive	voiceless	p /p/	t /t̪/		ŧ /ǃ/		k /k/	/ʔ-/
	voiced	b /b/	d /d̪/		đ /ɡǃ/		g /ɡ/
Fricative		f /f/	ʒ /s̻/	s /s̺/	sch /ɧ/		ch /x/	h /h/
Affricate		pf /pf/	z, tz /ts̻/
Trill				r /r/
Approximant		w /w/		l /l/		j /j/

Vowels

In Early Hmøøh/Suwáábyíq/Literature each vowel had an independent length. This changed in Standard Hmøøh/Suwáábyíq/Literature when vowels before single consonants were lengthened, so that the orthographic final came to determine vowel length. Final -h was also deleted to trigger compensatory lengthening of the vowel, which is why open long vowels are often written with an -h after the vowel.

Early Hmøøh/Suwáábyíq/Literature vowels

	Front				Central		Back
	unrounded		rounded
	short	long	short	long	short	long	short	long
Close	i /i/	î /iː/	ü /y/	iu /yː/			u /u/	û /uː/
Close-mid	ë /e/
Mid	e /ɛ/	ê /ɛː/	ö /ø/	œ /øː/	e /ə/		o /o/	ô /oː/
Open	ä /æ/	æ /æː/			a /a/	â /aː/

Diphthongs: ie /iə/ üe /yə/ uo /uə/ ei /ɛɪ/ öu, eu /eʏ~øʏ~eu/ ou /ɔu/

Classical Wiebian

The beginning of the Standard Ancient Wiebian (SAW), Classical Wiebian (CW), or Late Ancient Wiebian (LAW) period is taken to be the standardization of the orthography under the ruler Kait-Neumer (2300 HM years before present).

Standard accent

Consonants

Classical Wiebian consonants (Kurm accent)

		Labial	Dental/Alveolar	Postalveolar	Click	Retroflex	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		m /m/	n /n/		nđ /ŋǃ/			ng /ŋ/
Plosive	voiceless	p /p/	t /t/		ŧ /ǃ/			k /k/	/ʔ/
	voiced	b /b/	d /d/		đ /ɡǃ/			g /ɡ/
Fricative	voiceless	f /f/	ss, ß /s/	sch /ʃ/		schr /ʂ/	ch /ç~x/		h /h/
	voiced	w /v/	s /z/			r /ʐ/
Affricate	voiceless	pf /pf/	z /ts/	tsch /tʃ/
	voiced		(ds /dz/)	dsch /dʒ/
Approximant			l /l/			[ɻ]	j /j/

Notes

• Final stops are unreleased.
• /ʐ/ is pharyngealized retroflex [ʐˁ]. Adjacent to a consonant it becomes [ɻ], which may be retroflex or bunched.
• [x] is an allophone of /ç/ after back vowels.
• Consonants have a tendency to mildly palatalize before front vowels.

Vowels

Vowel length has been lost in the standard accent of AW.

Classical Wiebian vowels (Kurm accent)

	Front unrounded	Front rounded	Central	Back
Close	ie /i/	üh /y/		uh /u/
Near-close	i, ir /ɪ/	ü, ür /ʏ/		u, ur /ʊ/
Near-close	eh /e/	öh /ø/		oh /o/
Mid	e, ä, er, är /ɛ/	ö, ör /œ/	/ə/	o, or /ɔ/
Near-open			a /ɐ/
Open			ah, ahr /a/

Diphthongs: au eu/äu ei/ai /aʊ oʏ aɪ/

Accent 2

Consonants

Classical Wiebian consonants (Schäber accent)

		Labial	Dental/Alveolar	Postalveolar	Click	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
Nasal		/m/	/n/		/ŋǃ/		/ŋ/
Plosive	lenis	/p~b/	/t~d/		/ǃ~g!/	/tɕ~dʑ/	/k~g/		/ʔ/
	fortis	/pʰ/	/tʰ/		/ǃʰ/	/tɕʰ/	/kʰ/
Fricative	voiceless	/f/	/s/	/ʃˁ/		/ɕ/	/x/		/h/
	voiced	/v/	/z/	/ʒˁ/				/ʁ/
Approximant			/l/			/j/		[ʁ̞]

Notes

• /pʰ/ corresponds to standard /pf/.
• Lenis consonants have voiced allophones between vowels, and correspond to Standard voiced/lenis consonants.
• /s, z/ are lamino-dental [s̪, z̪]. /s/ is more weakly fricated than in the standard accent, almost becoming [h] at times.
• /tɕ~dʑ/ corresponds to Standard z and dsch (the latter in loanwords).
• /ɕ/ corresponds to Standard /ç/.
• /ʃˁ/ corresponds to Standard /ʃ/.
  • /ʃˁ/ is realized as a non-pharyngealized retracted apical [s̠] in the clusters /ʃˁp, ʃˁt, ʃˁk/.

Vowels

Classical Wiebian vowels (Schäber accent)

	Front		Central		Back
	short	long	short	long	short	long
Close	/i/	/iː/	/ʉ/	/ʉː/	/u/	/uː/
Close-mid	/e/	/eː/	/ə/	/ɵː/	/o/	/oː/
Open-mid		/ɛː/		/ɞː/		/ɔː/
Open			/ɐ/	/aː/

Diphthongs: /aʊ oɪ aɪ iɐ ʉɐ uɐ auɐ oɪɐ aɪɐ/

Notes

• /i/, /iː/, /ʉ/, /ʉː/, /u/, /uː/ corresponds to standard /ɪ/, /i/, /ʏ/, /y/, /ʊ/, /u/.
• /e/, /ə/, /ɵː/, /o/ corresponds to standard /ɛ/, /œ/, /øy/, /ɔ/.
• /ɛː/, /ɞː/, /ɔː/ corresponds to standard /ɛɹ/, /œɹ/, /ɔɹ/.
• /iɐ/, /ʉɐ/, /uɐ/ corresponds to standard /iɹ/, /yɹ/, /uɹ/.

Stress

Syllables may have primary or secondary stress. The first syllable of the root is heavily stressed, at the expense of prefixes and endings. The first component of compounds receives primary stress while the subsequent parts receive secondary stress.

Grammar

Parts of speech

Hmøøh/Suwáábyíq/Literature inflected determiners and adjectives according to case and number. The inflection of adjectives in addition depended on their position and definiteness.

Nouns

Nouns do not inflect. However, they are preceded by an article ein.

Gender

Nouns have two genders, masculine and feminine. Nouns of each gender take their respective verb endings and pronouns in Hmøøh/Suwáábyíq/Literature.

Determiners

Determiners include articles, demonstratives, quantifiers, possessive pronouns (namely nein, rein, wein, kein 'my, thy, our, your') and all attributive adjectives, and inflect for gender, case and definiteness.

Attributive adjectives come after any articles and demonstratives. When an adjective modifies a noun, it must be inflected; inflecting other determiners is optional when an attributive adjective is used.

Case endings

In Hmøøh/Suwáábyíq/Literature, noun phrases are inflected in 3 cases:

• Nominative: subject
• Accusative: direct object, some adverbial expressions
• Genitive: possession, prepositional objects.

Ahn 'father' - masculine
	Singular	Plural
Indef. nom.	eine Ahn	einen Ahn
Def. nom.	ein Ahn	einer Ahn
Indef. acc.	ein Ahn	einer Ahn
Def. acc.	einem Ahn	eines Ahn
Indef. gen.	einem Ahn	eines Ahn
Def. gen.	eine Ahn	einen Ahn

Mahl 'mother' - feminine
	Singular	Plural
Indef. nom.	einem Mahl	eines Mahl
Def. nom.	eine Mahl	einen Mahl
Indef. acc.	eine Mahl	einen Mahl
Def. acc.	ein Mahl	einer Mahl
Indef. gen.	ein Mahl	einer Mahl
Def. gen.	einem Mahl	eines Mahl

Ŧeib 'goblet, chalice' - neuter
	Singular	Plural
Indef. nom.	ein Ŧeib	einer Ŧeib
Def. nom.	einem Ŧeib	eines Ŧeib
Indef. acc.	einem Ŧeib	eines Ŧeib
Def. acc.	eine Ŧeib	einen Ŧeib
Indef. gen.	eine Ŧeib	einen Ŧeib
Def. gen.	ein Ŧeib	einer Ŧeib

Case and adpositions

Adpositions combine with the definite article ein, e.g. ehr 'ner Heste (< *ehr einer...) 'for the wife'.

• bach - with
• đei - partitive
• ehr, ehro - for
• gar - to, towards
• lie - from
• pfalt - before
• sie - onto/on
• tarb - towards/at
• trieg - around
• und - into/in
• zecker - after

Important determiners

These determiners must be inflected, even when used with an attributive adjective.

• was, wie, wem, wen, wes, wer: "that"
• das, die, dem, den, des, der: "what, which"

The following determiners have optional inflection when used with an attributive adjective.

• all, alle, allem, allen, alles, aller: "one's own"
  • All can also be used in the following way: all nein "my own"

Determiners (masculine)
	Singular	Plural
Indef. nom.	wie die alle	wen den allen
Def. nom.	was das all	wer der aller
Indef. acc.	was das all	wer der aller
Def. acc.	wem dem allem	wes des alles
Indef. gen.	wem dem allem	wes des alles
Def. gen.	wie die alle	wen den allen

Determiners (feminine)
	Singular	Plural
Indef. nom.	wem dem allem	wes des alles
Def. nom.	wie die alle	wen den allen
Indef. acc.	wie die alle	wen den allen
Def. acc.	was das all	wer der aller
Indef. gen.	was das all	wer der aller
Def. gen.	wem dem allem	wes des alles

Determiners (neuter)
	Singular	Plural
Indef. nom.	was das all	wer der aller
Def. nom.	wem dem allem	wes des alles
Indef. acc.	wem dem allem	wes des alles
Def. acc.	wie die alle	wen den allen
Indef. gen.	wie die alle	wen den allen
Def. gen.	was das all	wer der aller

Adjectives

Unlike attributive adjectives, predicative adjectives take no ending.

Degree

Wiebian makes no distinction between the comparative and the superlative, which are both are formed with the suffix ^U-lich. The equative is formed with an-. "Less" and "least" are indicated with the suffix -bar.

Example: garm 'heavy', gärmlich 'heavier', angarm 'as heavy', garmbar 'less heavy'

Adverbs

Adverbs are formed from adjectives with the suffix ^U-st: späglichst 'more tightly'.

Pronouns

Personal pronouns

Person →	1		2
Number →	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Case ↓
Nominative	nu	wich	rei	sich
Accusative	nun	wir	rien	sir
Genitive	nur	wie	rir	kie
Possessive pronouns	nein	wein	rein	kein

Wiebian lacks true third-person pronouns. The closest equivalent is so ein "this".

Possessive pronouns were derived from combining genitive pronouns with another element, such as the definite article ein or an adjectival suffix -er.

Verbs

Verbs have stem forms for present, past and verbal noun which are not always distinct. (A similar but more well preserved system is found in Themsarian). Verbs are often additionally marked by auxiliary words to disambiguate the tense, because most forms are identical or very similar.

The three principal parts are thus the present imperative, the past 2s form and the verbal noun.

The citation form is the present stem, which is also the short 2nd person singular imperative in Hmøøh/Suwáábyíq/Literature.

Jussive endings are only found in special registers.

Personal endings

In Hmøøh/Suwáábyíq/Literature, the verb is also inflected for person.

Athematic stems umlaut in the present for certain persons; thematic stems always umlaut in the preterite.

Imperative endings
	Singular	Plural
1.in	-	-n
2	-Ø	-isch

Indicative endings
	Singular	Plural
1	-n	-nd
2	i-er	-isch
3	i-n	i-t

Formation of verbal principal parts

Verbal nouns are irregular.

Numerals

Cardinals 0-10: ühm, wahm, dieser, narg, đauf, säl, stuhm, rut, lerz, pfarb, kier, dell (100), seit (1000)

Ordinals are formed with the suffix -er: pfalter, stefter, narger, đaufer, säler, stuhmer, ruter, lerzer, pfarber, kierer

Syntax

Word order

Constituents are arranged in V2 order in Hmøøh/Suwáábyíq/Literature (with more variation allowed in poetry) unlike in most modern Wiebian topolects. Noun modifiers (adjectives and possessors) almost always precede the modified noun.

Use of "es"

Originally an emphatic particle, in Late Ancient Wiebian it became mandatory in certain contexts.

Es goes to the front (followed by the verb) in polar questions.

Truth value

For negation, Hmøøh/Suwáábyíq/Literature uses a negative verb ihren: Nu haffen 'I eat' is negated to Nu ihren haffs 'I do not eat'.

The past tense is negated differently: Nu häffen 'I ate' vs. Nu ihren haffung 'I did not eat'.

Conjunctions

Conjunctions

• zu - and
• in - or
• für - but
• auf - because
• mit - if
• nöter - while
• einstein - right when
• euler - until

Derivational morphology

Some suffixes are pronounced differently depending on the final consonant of the root.

• be-: intensive/applicative/denominal verb prefix (can be ge- before labials)
  • berasten 'make powerful, strengthen' < Rast 'power'
  • gebeulen 'justify, straighten' < beul 'just'
• ^U-chen / ^U-elchen: a nominalizer
• ^U-e: abstract noun, -ness/-hood
• ^U-el: a nominalizer; an adjectivizer
• -eln: a frequentative affix
• -en: patientive
• ent- (sometimes emp- before f): perfective; causative/valency-incrementing
• -er: collective, augmentative, place noun, resultative
  • Pfuger 'throne' < Pfug 'chair'
  • Ruger 'statue' < rug, rieg, Rugs 'carve'
  • Jenger 'ocean, sea' < Jeng 'water'
• -ern: an intensifying verbal suffix
• -igen: an intensifying verbal suffix
• ge-: an adjectivizer; a nominalizer; a diminutive
• -heit agent noun, someone associated with [NOUN]
• miss-: negative
  • missbeul 'not straight, unjust' < beul 'straight, just'; Missverbeul 'injustice'
• -ke: deverbal nouns
• -lein: person
  • Winklein 'mortal' < winken 'die'
• -nung, -ung: singulative/diminutive
• -s (~ Thn. infinitve -s): verbal nouns, nominalization
• -st: suffix sometimes used on adjectives. Sometimes causes umlaut.
  • Variant: -nis
• -t: adjectivalizer or nominalizer
• -ung: singulative, patient noun; past participle
• ur-: augmentative
  • Urahn, Urmahl 'grandfather, grandmother' < Ann, Mahl 'father, mother'
• ver-: an adjectivalizer or nominalizer
• zer-: passive
• zu- (stressed): collective?

Sample texts

Schünge bäßes mei Karfs Schünge;
meist Brack bäßen.
Geuls bäßen mei Karfs Geuls;
meist Körde bäßes.
- Martin Luther King ein Steftere

The North Wind and the Sun

Ein Simmhall zu eine Unde.

Wahmer besprillt es ein Simmhall zu eine Unde, ja luhs feudlich, westers ein bach ŧächer Zemme Desŧolzes Schammerlein zerzweiden. Đer geröckt es, hin ein pfalts gar 'nem Schammerlein quetzen đir Zemme beđecken, grechs hin luhs feudlich brühnen. Ein Simmhall zerschwichten es bach bieser Rast, für jahr aust schwichten es đa, đahner späglichst ŧölzen es ein Schammerlein đir Zemme trieg đie, zu berten berts desflästen es ein Simmhall đei đir Zernurts. Immer enthächten es eine Uunde đir ŧächern Fleiden, zu irrsterŧes quitzen es ein Schammerlein đir Zemme. Mieder fügeln es ein Simmhall Bereugs, hin eine Unde luhn eine Feudliche đei 'nen disser.

The North Wind and the Sun

The North Wind and the Sun were disputing which was the stronger, when a traveler came along wrapped in a warm cloak. They agreed that the one who first succeeded in making the traveler take his cloak off should be considered stronger than the other. Then the North Wind blew as hard as he could, but the more he blew the more closely did the traveler fold his cloak around him; and at last the North Wind gave up the attempt. Then the Sun shined out warmly, and immediately the traveler took off his cloak. And so the North Wind was obliged to confess that the Sun was the stronger of the two.

Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 1

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

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