Tigol/Morphology

Old Bhadhagha is a highly inflected fusional language, much more so than modern Bhadhagha. Much of Proto-Talmic morphology survives in Old Bhadhagha. However, Old Bhadhagha is most notorious for its often unpredictable verbal allomorphy.

Nouns

Nouns fall into one of masculine, feminine and neuter genders and inflect for singular and plural numbers, inherited from the Thensarian singulative and plurative.

The definite article, inherited from the Thensarian demonstrative inom, is in for singular nouns and na for plural nouns; they trigger mutations based on gender.

Nouns are also inflected for construct state and take possessive suffixes, inherited from Thensarian.

Verb prefixes

Object prefixes

Object prefixes are inherited from Proto-Quihum and are placed in a slot between preverbs and the stem.

Verb TAMs

Old Bhadhagha inherits many TAMs directly from Thensarian. In addition, Old Bhadhagha displays extensive verb allomorphy. Verbs can be grouped in two ways: non-prefixed and prefixed, and non-ablauting and ablauting. The verb tables below will use the following example verbs:

• Unprefixed, non-ablauting verbs: e.g. túsaiṁ /ˈtuːsai̯mʰ/ 'he prays', ní·tús /niːˈtuːs/ 'he does not pray' (modern tús)
• Unprefixed, ablauting verbs: e.g. soṁaiṁ /somʰai̯mʰ/ 'he finds (intransitive)', ní·soṁa /niːˈsomʰa/ 'he does not find' (modern somh)
• Prefixed, non-ablauting verbs: e.g. as·tóċ /asˈtoːkʰ/ 'he proves', ní·assaċ /niːˈasːakʰ/ 'he does not prove' (modern stóch)
• Prefixed ablauting verbs: e.g. dor·coḃ /dorˈkobʰ/ 'he tolerates' (< de-ar-cobymis 'at-on-bear'), ní·dérb /niːˈdeːrb/ 'he does not tolerate' (modern déarb)

In case where there is a preverb, the first syllable after the interpunct is stressed.

Present

Person	túsain "pray, request" (non-prefixed, non-ablauting)	soṁain '"find" (non-prefixed, ablauting)	as·tóċan "prove" (prefixed, non-ablauting)	dor·coḃ "tolerate" (prefixed, ablauting)
1SG	túsain < tússanis ní·tús < nīstússan	soṁain < somynis ní·soṁ < nīssomyn	as·tóċan < astósācon ní·assaċ < nīsástosācon	dor·coḃ ní·dérb
2SG	túsair < tússaris ní·túsar < nīstússar	soṁair < somyris ní·soṁar < nīssomyr	as·tóċar < astósācor ní·assaċar < nīsástosācor	dor·coḃar ní·dérbar
3SG.M	túsaiṁ < tússamis ní·tús < nīstússam	soṁaiṁ < somymis ní·soṁ < nīssomym	as·tóċ < astósācom ní·assaċ < nīsástosācom	dor·coḃ ní·dérb
3SG.F	túsaé < tússasis ní·túsaé < nīstússasi	soṁaé < somysis ní·soṁaé < nīssomysi	as·tóċaé < astósācosi ní·assaċ < nīsástosācosi	dor·coḃaé ní·dérbaé
3SG.N	tús < tússas ní·tús < nīstússa	soiṁ < somis ní·soṁ < nīssomy	as·tóċ < astósācos ní·assaċ < nīsástosāco	dor·coḃ ní·dérb
1EX	túsmae < tússamēs ní·túsaiṁ < nīstússamē	sommae < somymēs ní·soṁaiṁ < nīssomymē	as·tóċaiṁ < astósācomē ní·assaċaiṁ < nīsástosācomē	dor·coḃaiṁ ní·dérbaiṁ
1IN	túsait < tússantis ní·túsat < nīstússant	soṁait < somyntis ní·soṁat < nīssomynt	as·tóċat < astósācont ní·assaċat < nīsástosācont	dor·coḃat ní·dérbat
2PL	túsaisc < tússasces ní·túsaisc < nīstússasce	soṁaisc < somysces ní·soṁasc < nīssomysce	as·tóċaisc < astósācosce ní·assaċaisc < nīsástosācosce	dor·coḃaisc ní·dérbaisc
3PL	túsaiḋ < tússatis ní·túsaḋ < nīstússat	soṁaiḋ < somytis ní·soṁaḋ < nīssomyt	as·tóċaḋ < astósācot ní·assaċaḋ < nīsástosācot	dor·coḃaḋ ní·dérbaḋ

Imperfect

The imperfect is its own principal part, from reduplication in Thensarian.

Person	túsain "pray, request" (non-prefixed, non-ablauting)	soṁain '"find" (non-prefixed, ablauting)	as·tóċan "prove" (prefixed, non-ablauting)	dor·coḃ "tolerate" (prefixed, ablauting)
1SG	téussain < tétussanis ní·téuss < nīstétussan	séṁain < sésomynis ní·séṁ < nīssésomyn	as·tecc ní·astóċ	dor·coġḃ ní·dercob
2SG	téussair < tétussaris ní·téussar < nīstétussar	séṁair < somyris ní·séṁar < nīssésomyr	as·teccar ní·astóċar	dor·coġḃar ní·dercobar
3SG.M	téussaiṁ < tétussamis ní·téuss < nīstétussam	séṁaiṁ < sésomymis ní·séṁ < nīssésomym	as·tecc ní·astóċ	dor·coġḃ ní·dercob
3SG.F	téussaé < tétussasis ní·téussaé < nīstétussasi	séṁaé < sésomysis ní·séṁaé < nīssésomysi	as·teccaé ní·astóċaé	dor·coġḃaé ní·dercobaé
3SG.N	téuss < tétussas ní·téuss < nīstétussa	séṁ < sésomis ní·séṁ < nīssésomy	as·tecc ní·astóċ	dor·coġḃ ní·dercob
1EX	téussaiṁ < tétussamēs ní·téussaiṁ < nīstétussamē	sémmae < sésomymēs ní·séṁaiṁ < nīssésomymē	as·teccaiṁ ní·astóċaiṁ	dor·coġḃaiṁ ní·dercobaiṁ
1IN	téussait < tétussantis ní·téussat < nīstétussant	séṁait < sésomyntis ní·séṁat < nīssésomynt	as·teccat ní·astóċat	dor·coġḃat ní·dercobat
2PL	téussaisc < tétussasces ní·téussaisc < nīstétussasce	séṁaisc < sésomysces ní·soṁasc < nīssésomysce	as·teccaisc ní·astóċaisc	dor·coġḃaisc ní·dercobaisc
3PL	téussaiḋ < tétussatis ní·téussaḋ < nīstétussat	séṁaiḋ < sésomytis ní·séṁaḋ < nīssésomyt	as·teccaḋ ní·astóċaḋ	dor·coġḃaḋ ní·dercobaḋ

Preterite

Person	túsain "pray, request" (non-prefixed, non-ablauting)	soṁain '"find" (non-prefixed, ablauting)	as·tóċan "prove" (prefixed, non-ablauting)	dor·coḃ "tolerate" (prefixed, ablauting)
1SG	túsnaim < tússannemis ní·túsainn < nīstússannem	siṁnim < siminnemis ní·siṁinn < nīssiminnem	as·tóċainn < astósāconnem ní·assaċainn < nīsástosāconnem	dor·ciḃinn ní·déirbinn
2SG	túsaí < tússavȳs ní·túsaí < nīstússavȳ	siṁí < simivȳs ní·siṁí < nīssimivȳ	as·tóċaí < astósācovȳ ní·assaċaí < nīsástosācovȳ	dor·ciḃí ní·déirbí
3SG.M	túsaim < tússasmis ní·túsaim < nīstússasmi	siṁim < simismis ní·siṁim < nīssimismi	as·tóċaim < astósācosmi ní·assaċaim < nīsástosācosmi	dor·ciḃim ní·déirbim
3SG.F	túsais < tússastis ní·túsais < nīstússasti	siṁis < simistis ní·siṁis < nīssimisti	as·tóċais < astósācosti ní·assaċais < nīsástosācosti	dor·ciḃis ní·déirbis
3SG.N	túsá < tússasos ní·túsá < nīstússaso	siṁeo < simisos ní·siṁeo < nīssimiso	as·tóċá < astósācoso ní·assaċá < nīsástosācoso	dor·ciḃeo ní·déirbeo
1EX	túsmair < tússameris ní·túsmar < nīstússamer	simmir < simimeris ní·simmer < nīssimimeris	as·tóċmar < astósācomer ní·assaċmar < nīsástosācomer	dor·ciḃmer ní·déirbmer
1IN	túsdair < tússanteris ní·túsdar < nīstússanter	siṁdir < siminteris ní·siṁder < nīssiminteris	as·tóċdar < astósāconter ní·assaċdar < nīsástosāconter	dor·ciḃder ní·déirbder
2PL	tússcair < tússasceris ní·tússcar < nīstússascer	siṁscir < simisceris ní·siṁscer < nīssimisceris	as·tóċscar < astósācosceris ní·assaċscar < nīsástosācoscer	dor·ciḃscer ní·déirbscer
3PL	túsṫair < tússateris ní·túsṫar < nīstússater	siṁṫir < simiteris ní·siṁṫer < nīssimiteris	as·tóċṫar < astósācoter ní·assaċṫar < nīsástosācoter	dor·ciḃṫer ní·déirbṫer

Future

Person	túsain "pray, request" (non-prefixed, non-ablauting)	soṁain '"find" (non-prefixed, ablauting)	as·tóċan "prove" (prefixed, non-ablauting)	dor·coḃ "tolerate" (prefixed, ablauting)
1SG	túsṫain < tússatēnis ní·túsaiḋ < nīstússatēn	sóitin < sontēnis ní·sóit < nīssontēn	as·tóċtan ní·assaċt	dor·coċtan ní·derċtan
2SG	túsṫair < tússatēris ní·túsṫar < nīstússatēr	sóitir < sontēris ní·sóiter < nīssontēr	as·tóċtar ní·assaċtar	dor·coċtar ní·derċtar
3SG.M	túsṫaiṁ < tússatēmis ní·túsaiḋ < nīstússatēm	sóitiṁ < sontēmis ní·sóit < nīssomym	as·tóċt ní·assaċt	dor·coċt ní·derċt
3SG.F	túsṫaé < tússatēsis ní·túsṫaé < nīstússatēsi	sóité < sontēsis ní·sóité < nīssomysi	as·tóċtaé ní·assaċtaé	dor·coċtaé ní·derċtaé
3SG.N	túsaiḋ < tússatēs ní·túsaiḋ < nīstússatē	sóit < sontēs ní·sóit < nīssontē	as·tóċt ní·assaċt	dor·coċt ní·derċt
1EX	túsṫaiṁ < tússatēmēs túsṫaiṁ < nīstússatēmē	sóitiṁ < sontēmēs ní·sóiteṁ < nīssontēm	as·tóċtaiṁ ní·assaċtaiṁ	dor·coċtaiṁ ní·derċtaiṁ
1IN	túsṫait < tússatēntis ní·túsṫat < nīstússatēnt	sóitit < sontēntis ní·sóitet < nīssontēnt	as·tóċtat ní·assaċtat	dor·coċtat ní·derċtat
2PL	túsṫaisc < tússatēsces ní·túsṫaisc < nīstússatēsce	sóitisc < sontēsces ní·sóitisc < nīssontēsce	as·tóċtaisc ní·assaċtaisc	dor·coċtaisc ní·derċtaisc
3PL	túsṫaiḋ < tússatētis ní·túsṫaḋ < nīstússatēt	sóitiḋ < sontētis ní·sóiteḋ < nīssontēt	as·tóċtaḋ ní·assaċtaḋ	dor·coċtaḋ ní·derċtaḋ