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Classical Netagin (Classical Netagin: băric năþâgin [pəˈrits nəðɒˈgin], Eevo: traditionally Nyðogín Afẃr 'Noble Netagin', Clofabosin: netagosin), also called Old Netagin (Eevo: Nyðogín Dair), is the stage of Netagin descended from Ancient Netagin.
Netagin is a classical language in Talma; it was the language of the Netagin Republic in Ancient Talma and lent some loans to other Talman languages such as Eevo and Bênôcian.
It's inspired by the idea of "Hebrew through a looking-glass".
Some gib
Sound changes from ANtg
- a > a
- ā > â
- ay, i > e
- ī > i
- aw, u > o
- ō > ö
- propretonic or pretonic short vowels reduce to ă (depending on state, part of speech)
- ū > u
Todo
- ergativity
- some Riqimai-esque bhlaoighnity
- singulative-collective-plurative
- Chthryxolidin mutation system instead of the Irish/Hebrew one
Words
Swadesh list
Roots
- s-r-ć: to heed, to obey
- y-r-z: to hear
- n-c: be in front
- w-s-g: similar
- n-þ-g: sing
- r-s-d: learn
- m-r: go
- w-x-s: love
- b-n-s: hide
- ȝ-z-f: poke
- z-ħ-m: praise, honor
- ŋ-þ-w: new
- x-3-f: reason
- h-ŋ-c: empty, null
- ħ-d-x: warm
- c-ŋ-t: garden, horticulture
- g-m-z: letter, element
- s-b-r: compassion, sympathy
- f-ś-r: agree, blend
- n-b-ś: courage
- þ-f-x: know
- y-r-f: roll
- f-c-m: read
- ȝ-x-r: write
- z-r-b: true, firm
- ś-d-ȝ: half, split
- f-s-t: step, stage
- ʔ-b-3: mind
- w-t-f: die
- þ-ŋ-b: measure
- z-m-z-m: hesitate
- s-r-x: king, rule
- ħ-c-g: value
- ʔ-t-r: punish
- x-b-n: say
- k-ȝ-k-ȝ: tile
- b-s-ŋ: clan, family
- b-c-3: force, coerce
- r-ʔ-b: criticize
- f-s-k: beast
- k-ȝ-d: agree
- z-ȝ-n: comfort, solace
- ʔ-ś-þ: light, color
- y-d-ś: compare, similar, metaphor
- s-f-ȝ: dear
- w-d-r: equal, same
- ħ-g-r: different
- m-g-þ: assign
- k-b-ć: shield, fortress
- k-z-r: hand over
- c-b-s: show, exhibit
- ħ-r-x: open
- þ-k-s: good, great
- ħ-n-r: use
- s-n-ȝ: help
- f-þ-ʔ: proud
- s-f-n: bold
- x-r-r: young
- x-ȝ-n: eternity
- ȝ-n: come
- ȝ-r-y: wait
- n-m-y: fall
- k-z-n: stop, settle
- b-r-c: speak
- ś-n-k: near
- ħ-t-r: swim
- ś-r-g: develop, evolve
- r-x-m: dwell
- ć-h-k: cold
- d-ħ-s: strong
- t-k: to sit on
- s-b-d: form, become
- ŋ-z-ʔ: pure
Numbers
ħaŋic böd hez tuŋ mikâś fazzim ʔaŋbân kacăd xoʕâs riffuy þabiŋ śǎduʕ zârux
Phonology
Consonants
Netagin has 23 root consonants:
| Labial | Alveolar | Lateral | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyngeal | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m /m/ | n /n/ | ŋ /ŋ/ | ||||||
| Plosive | unaspirated | b /p~b/ | d /t~d/ | g /k~g/ | ʔ /ʔ/ | ||||
| aspirated | t /tʰ~dʰ/ | k /kʰ~gʰ/ | |||||||
| Affricate | c /ts/ | ć /tɬ/ | |||||||
| Fricative | spirant | f /f~v/ | þ /θ~ð/ | x /x~ɣ/ | |||||
| nonspirant | s /s/ z /z/ |
ś /ɬ/ | ħ /ħ/ | h /h/ | |||||
| Approximant | w /w/ | r /ɾ/ | y /j/ | ȝ /ʁ~ʕ/ | |||||
A form of lenition occurs after vowels (even across word boundaries), but is not transliterated.
Vowels
This is the vowel system recognized by the orthography. Modern analysis often differs. For example ò is often not viewed as a distinct phoneme.
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i /i/ | u /u/ | |
| Close-mid | e /e/ | ö /ö/ | o /o/ |
| Open-mid | è /ɛ/ | ă /ə/ | ò /ɔ/ |
| Open | a /a/ | â /ɒ/ |
Stress
In native words primary stress can only fall on the ultimate, or less commonly the penultimate syllable.
Script
Netagin is written in a native left-to-right abugida.
Consonants
Some of these letters are used as matres lectionis (usually where root consonant letters became treated as part of the vowel).
Vowels
Morphology
- See also: Classical Netagin/Declension and Classical Netagin/Gzarot
Netagin uses a consonantal root system like the Semitic languages. Most roots have three consonants but some may have two or four, the latter mostly in reduplicated or onomatopoeic roots.
Prepositions
Prepositions inflect for person as in Celtic and Semitic languages.
- ʔaŋ- = to, for
- să- = in, at
- ră- = with (comitative)
- xaŋ = for
- hid = towards
- faC- = from
- zo = on
- xed, xidd- = with (instrumental)
- feś, fiśś- = between, among
- derâ = because of
- dön = around, about
- keȝ = over, above
- noc = in front of, before
Nouns
The Classical Netagin noun system is typical of Talman languages.
Animate masculine nouns have an unmarked singulative and -â in the collective while inanimate and mass nouns have -â in the singulative and an unmarked collective. Feminine nouns always have -ö in the singular and -öb in the plural.
There is also a construct state, which is often marked with stem changes.
Nouns have a definite article ʔes-.
Classical Netagin has also innovated a sex-based gender system with masculine and feminine genders:
- Ancient Netagin had an honorific distinction which required agreement in verbs and adjectives.
- In Late Ancient Netagin, the honorific developed into its own gender, often being used for big, sacred, specialized, or abstract things, in addition to people of high social status.
- The word for "lady", bī3ō, became the normal word for "woman" (like how Frau, formerly "lady", became the normal word for "woman" in German).
- Thus, the former honorific agreement (in the third person) analogized to all women and became the feminine gender.
This led to many "great", "majestic", "sacred" or "specialized" objects being feminine in Classical Netagin.
Example declensions:
| Singular | Plural | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| absolute | construct | absolute | construct | |
| Masculine, animate | xod | xod | xuddâ | xuddâ |
| Masculine, inanimate | yărefâ | yirfâ | yaref | yăref |
| Feminine | ʔèȝsö | ʔèȝsön | ʔăȝâsöb | ʔèȝsöb |
The demonstratives are ŋo 'this' and ri 'that'. With nouns, demonstratives may either precede or follow the noun but there's a difference in connotation. For example, "this bird" is either ʔes-xod ŋo or ŋo ʔes-xod, but the latter has the force of "this very bird".
Adjectives
Declension
Nouns and adjectives have various mishkalim, or patterns, that have different declension paradigms.
Adjectives in -in decline as follows:
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| Masculine animate | năþâgin | năþâginâ |
| Masculine inanimate | năþâginâ | năþâgin |
| Feminine | năþâgiyö | năþâgiyöb |
Pronouns
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | ʔaxd | ʔaxxâ |
| 2 | ʔan | ʔannâ |
| 3 | heh (m) han (f) |
hènnâ hasib (f) |
Verbs
Binyanim
There are 12 binyanim:
- Binyan 1 verbs are verbs denoting intransitive actions ("come"), as well as stative verbs ("be cold") and some monotransitives. It is often considered the most basic form.
- Binyan 2 contains many monotransitive verbs, ("eat") including causativizations of Binyan 1 verbs ("make happy").
- Binyan 3 consists of verbs denote reflexive/reciprocal action ("get dressed", "kiss each other"), or change of state ("thicken").
- Binyan 4 contains causatives of transitive verbs ("feed") (and of some Binyan 2 and Binyan 3 verbs). Causatives of statives in the imperfective aspect may denote active maintenance of a state (as opposed to changing a state in the perfective aspect).
- Binyan 5 is roughly equivalent to the German prefix be- (applicative).
- Binyan 6 - telic, intensive
- Binyan 7 - telic
- Binyan 8 - "X a little, almost X"
- Binyan 9 - "X in advance, X for oneself" (from the middle voice)
- Binyan 10 - frequentative, "-le"
- Binyan 11 verbs tend to express gradual processes. Ex. ħădâdex 'warm up (literally or romantically)'.
- Binyan 12 - "mis-X, over-X"
| Binyan | Imperfective | Perfective | Active Participle |
Passive Participle |
Verbnoun |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1â2a3 | -i12a3 | 1ö2e3 | 1e2o3 | 1â2e3 |
| 2 | 1a2ö3 | -a12u3 | 1â2i3 | 1â2u3 | 1â2â3 |
| 3 | ʔa12i13 | -â12e3 | bi11u2â3 | þi11u2â3 | ʔa12o3 |
| 4 | ʔa1â2e3 | -ă1e2u3 | ba12a3 | þa12â3 | ʔa12a3ö |
| 5 | þa12u3 | -uþ1â2e3 | buþ1â2o3 | þuþ1â2o3 | þa12ö3ö |
| 6 | ʔi1:â2a3 | -u1:e2o3 | bu1:e2o3 | þu1:e2o3 | ʔu1:â2e3 |
| 7 | ʔiþþă1â2o3 | -uþþă1â2e3 | buþþă1â2o3 | þuþþă1â2o3 | þiþþă1â2ī3 |
| 8 | ʔi21â2e3 | -i21e2o3 | bu21â2o3 | þu21â2o3 | ʔu21â2e3 |
| 9 | 1as2o3 | -u1is2o3 | bu1as2o3 | þu1as2o3 | þu1aš2e3 |
| 10 | 1ă2â2a3 | -i12â2o3 | bu12â2o3 | þu12â2o3 | þu12â2e3 |
| 11 | 1ă2â2e3 | -i12e2o3 | bu12e2o3 | þu12e2o3 | þi12â2e3 |
| 12 | 1i31a2o3 | -i1i31e2o3 | bu1i31â2o3 | þu1i31â2o3 | 1i31â2e3 |
1 Shortens to e when a suffix is added.
Affixes
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Moods
ħatren = swim! (2sg)
ħatarnân = swim! (2pl)
ħatarþun = swim! (polite, all numbers)
Derivational morphology
- 1a2ă3, 1e2ă3, 1o2ă3 = noun
- 1a2â3, 1a2ö3 = adjective, noun?
- 1a22u3 = adjective relating to personal qualities
- ta12u3 = noun
- ʔi12â3 = agent noun
- 1â2a3, 1â2e3 = noun
- 1ö2a3 = noun
- 1i2a3, 1i2i3, 1i2u3 = noun
- (stolen from hebrew) 1a2a3ö, 1a2i3ö, 1a2u3ö = nouns
- 1i22a3, 1u22a3
- 1a22e3 = desire for X
- -in = adjective suffix
- -om = augmentative
Syntax
Classical Netagin is syntactically ergative. Word order is subject-verb in intransitive clauses and object-verb-subject in transitive clauses.
Ergativity
Ergative noun phrases use an ergative particle yi.
- ʔEs-þay hichem. = Father returned.
- ʔEs-mâȝ hiskăȝö yis-þay. = Father saw Mother.
- ʔEs-þay hiskaȝ yis-mâȝ. = Mother saw Father.
- ʔEs-þay hichem dă ʔes-mâȝ hiskăȝö yis-þay. = Father returned and saw Mother.
- ʔEs-þay hichem dă sökeȝ xaþ-þay. = Father returned and saw Mother. (using the antipassive)
- ʔEs-þay hichem dă hiskaȝ yis-mâȝ. = Father returned and Mother saw Father.
Relative clauses
Netagin relative clauses often use the verbal noun instead of a finite verb (cf. the flavor of your choosing).
Sample texts
Tower of Babel
- Xad, să-rög ʔes-gâser böd băric da-yħenâ bikâ.
- then in-all DEF-world one language and word-PL same-PL.M
- Sem sa-fătinehâ ʔaŋ-þimmuś, kurac haroz yihâ dă-hikzaʔâ rân.
- but in-migrate-3PL to-east, plain 3.PFV-find ERG-3PL and-3.PFV-dwell-PL there.
- Dă-hibrasâ, "ʔAce, 3ammâ ʔaŋ-yăgâþ [...]."
Miscellaneous
Poetry
Netagin poetry is similar to Hebrew piyyutim in structure. They come in quantitative meters and tend to rhyme.
- SLLL SLLL (hazaj)
- LLSLLL LLSLLL