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Ín Duári: Difference between revisions
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The Ín Duári have often been referred to in older literature by the name ''Golahát''. The term is an exonym, originating from the Peshpeg word ''gola'', meaning foreigner, and ''-hát'', a Peshpeg suffix used to derived denonyms; the suffix ''-hát'' is itself a borrowing from the Minhast suffix ''-ast/-hast''. The endonym ''ín Duari'', used by native speakers to refer to themselves, means "the people", and they refer to their language as ''rinázi'', meaning "those who speak (intelligibly)". | The Ín Duári have often been referred to in older literature by the name ''Golahát''. The term is an exonym, originating from the Peshpeg word ''gola'', meaning foreigner, and ''-hát'', a Peshpeg suffix used to derived denonyms; the suffix ''-hát'' is itself a borrowing from the Minhast suffix ''-ast/-hast''. The endonym ''ín Duari'', used by native speakers to refer to themselves, means "the people", and they refer to their language as ''rinázi'', meaning "those who speak (intelligibly)". | ||
Like Peshpeg, | Like Peshpeg, Ín Duári is an endangered language; according to the 2010 census, less than one thousand people still speak the language, the youngest in their late 30's or early 40's. ín Duari has fared better than Peshpeg, which has only a few hundred speakers at most. Nevertheless, ín Duari continues to lose speakers due to several factors, such as the influx of Minhast speakers into traditionally Ín Duári-speaking areas, emigration by the younger generation to urban areas in search for employment, and the influence of the Minhast-dominated media. | ||
Ín Duári is divided into several mutually intelligible dialects. The Anzi dialect is best attested, however an unofficial lingua franca based on the Enoţin dialect has recently spread as its speaker base has been least affected by the diaspora resulting from Wolf Speaker expansion. The Gæţwin dialect, although considered a minor dialect, is found in most linguistic literature regarding phonology: its phonology and phonotactics best reflects those of the majority of the other dialects. | Ín Duári is divided into several mutually intelligible dialects. The Anzi dialect is best attested, however an unofficial lingua franca based on the Enoţin dialect has recently spread as its speaker base has been least affected by the diaspora resulting from Wolf Speaker expansion. The Gæţwin dialect, although considered a minor dialect, is found in most linguistic literature regarding phonology: its phonology and phonotactics best reflects those of the majority of the other dialects. | ||
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==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
===Orthography=== | ===Orthography=== | ||
Ín Duári was originally written in the native Minhast abugida called the ''Širkattarnaft'', but as it reflected Minhast's four-vowel system, it was deficient in representing Ín Duári's, whose present-day vowel inventory distinguishes seven phonemically distinct vowels. Stress, rather than length, is phonemic and is reflected in the practical Uannar orthography, adopted with modifications from the Latin alphabet. ''Uannar'' means "Eastern Sea", a historical reminder that it was early American missionaries that developed the system before the Minhast prefectures imposed restrictions limiting Western access to Aškuan. | |||
The ''Uannar'', originally representing the pronunciation of the Gæţwin dialect faithfully, has now diverged from the language as it is now spoken, so silent letters have arisen, such as the definite article ''ðæl'', which is now pronounced /dɛ/ in most dialects. | |||
<br/> | |||
<br/> | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | | ! | Uannar Characters | ||
|- | |- | ||
| a, á, e,é, i, í, o, ó u, ú, b,p,f, v, d, ð, t, | | a, á, æ, e, é, i, í, o, ó u, ú, b, p, f, v, d, ð, t, ţ, g, k, n, m, l, r, z, s, h, ua, ue, w, y | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
<br/> | |||
The grapheme <æ> is freqently pronounced /ɛ/ and written as <e> if it falls within a stressed syllable. <y> is pronounced /ʌ/, reflected in the ''Uannar'' when it was first developed, but in contemporary speech may be pronounced /ɪ/ or /ɛ/; this change resulted as a compromise between separate sound changes that occurred in two separate dialects. /ð/ generally changes to /d/ when followed directly by a voiced nasal or liquid, or by a vowel followed by an obstruent or voiced nasal or liquid. | |||
<!-- | An example of the current orthographical representation and original pronunciation, and the current pronunciation in the Gæţwin dialect, is represented in the following example: | ||
<br/><br/> | |||
- | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" | |||
|+ '''Divergences in Spelling and Pronunciation Over Time''' | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" | Year || Spelling || Pronunciation || Meaning | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" | Differences | |||
| c. 1897 | |||
| Đæl mireli torma ueðen | |||
| /ðæl 'mirɛli torma wɛðyn/ | |||
| rowspan="2" | "The chair was (sitting) over there." | |||
|- | |||
| 2003 | |||
| Đæl mireli torma ueðen | |||
| /dɛ 'mirli 'dɔmʌ wedɪn/ | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
<br/> | |||
===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" | ||
|+ ''' | |+ '''Ín Duári Consonantal Inventory''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" | | ! colspan="2" | | ||
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| f v | | f v | ||
| θ ð | | θ ð | ||
| | | ç | ||
| x | | x | ||
| | | | ||
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<!-- OPEN-MID VOWELS --> | <!-- OPEN-MID VOWELS --> | ||
<div style="position: absolute; left: 30%; width: 3em; top: 58%; background: white;">ɛ</div> | <div style="position: absolute; left: 30%; width: 3em; top: 58%; background: white;">ɛ</div> | ||
<div style="position: absolute; left: 57%; width: 2.7em; top: | <div style="position: absolute; left: 57%; width: 2.7em; top: 60%; background: white;">ʌ</div> | ||
<div style="position: absolute; left: | <div style="position: absolute; left: 74%; width: 2.7em; top: 58%; background: white;">ɔ</div> | ||
<!-- NEAR-OPEN VOWELS --> | <!-- NEAR-OPEN VOWELS --> | ||
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====Length and Stress==== | ====Length and Stress==== | ||
Vowel length is distinctive in | Vowel length is distinctive in Ín Duári, and is indicated in the orthography by acute accents over the lengthened vowels. Additionally, the acute accent in ''ú'' and ''í'' also signify vowel quality. Since vowel length affects the stress; the acute accent also indicates the location of the primary stress of the word. | ||
Vowel length is almost always associated with syllable stress. As a general rule, long vowels do not occur in CVCC clusters, although some exceptions arise, as in ''mínþir'' (exhaustion). If two or more long vowels occur in a word, the final long vowel is stressed. | Vowel length is almost always associated with syllable stress. As a general rule, long vowels do not occur in CVCC clusters, although some exceptions arise, as in ''mínþir'' (exhaustion). If two or more long vowels occur in a word, the final long vowel is stressed. | ||
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The Gaețwyn dialect, although not considered the "standard" dialect, best represents the phonotactics of all the Ín Duári dialects and is found in most references of the language. | The Gaețwyn dialect, although not considered the "standard" dialect, best represents the phonotactics of all the Ín Duári dialects and is found in most references of the language. | ||
* In nominal and verbal roots, final /n/ elides to /ð/, and sporadically, /θ/, e.g. ''evaþæwyn'' instead of expected eva<u>n</u>þænwyn "clouds" (NOM.PL). | * In nominal and verbal roots, final /n/ elides to /ð/, and sporadically, /θ/, e.g. ''evaþæwyn'' instead of expected ''eva<u>n</u>þænwyn'' "clouds" (NOM.PL). | ||
===Morphophonology=== | ===Morphophonology=== | ||
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<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --> | <!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --> | ||
Ín Duári is a fusional language with some agglugination. | |||
<!-- Here are some example subcategories: | <!-- Here are some example subcategories: | ||