Ín Duári: Difference between revisions

Jump to navigation Jump to search

Ín Duári (view source)

Revision as of 22:21, 5 January 2020

3,068 bytes added ,  5 January 2020
→‎Pronouns
(10 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 21: Line 21:
Like Peshpeg, Ín Duári is an endangered language; according to the 2010 census, less than one thousand people still speak the language, the youngest in their late 30's or early 40's.  ín Duari has fared better than Peshpeg, which has only a few hundred speakers at most. Nevertheless, ín Duari continues to lose speakers due to several factors, such as the influx of Minhast speakers into traditionally Ín Duári-speaking areas,  emigration by the younger generation to urban areas in search for employment, and the influence of the Minhast-dominated media.   
Like Peshpeg, Ín Duári is an endangered language; according to the 2010 census, less than one thousand people still speak the language, the youngest in their late 30's or early 40's.  ín Duari has fared better than Peshpeg, which has only a few hundred speakers at most. Nevertheless, ín Duari continues to lose speakers due to several factors, such as the influx of Minhast speakers into traditionally Ín Duári-speaking areas,  emigration by the younger generation to urban areas in search for employment, and the influence of the Minhast-dominated media.   


Ín Duári is divided into several mutually intelligible dialects.  The Anzi dialect is best attested, however an unofficial lingua franca based on the Enoţin dialect has recently spread as its speaker base has been least affected by the diaspora resulting from Wolf Speaker expansion.  The Gæţwin dialect, although considered a minor dialect, is found in most linguistic literature regarding phonology: its phonology and phonotactics best reflects those of the majority of the other dialects.
Ín Duári is divided into several dialects, with various degrees of mutually intelligibility.  The Anzi dialect is best attested, however an unofficial lingua franca based on the Enoţin dialect has recently spread as its speaker base has been least affected by the diaspora resulting from Wolf Speaker expansion.  The Gæţwin dialect, although considered a minor dialect, is found in most linguistic literature as it is the most conservative of all the surviving dialects and is found in most native literary works and prevails in oral tradition; it is considered as the prestige dialect for these reasons and is the dialect described in this article.


<!-- Example categories/headings:  
<!-- Example categories/headings:  
Line 45: Line 45:
==Phonology==
==Phonology==
===Orthography===
===Orthography===
Ín Duári was originally written in the native Minhast abugida called the ''Širkattarnaft'', but as it reflected Minhast's four-vowel system, it  was deficient in representing Ín Duári's, whose present-day vowel inventory distinguishes seven phonemically distinct vowels.  Stress, rather than length, is phonemic and is reflected in the practical Uannar orthography, adopted with modifications from the Latin alphabet.  ''Uannar'' means "Eastern Sea", a historical reminder that it was early American missionaries that developed the system before the Minhast prefectures imposed restrictions limiting Western access to Aškuan.
The ''Uannar'', originally representing the pronunciation of the Gæţwin dialect faithfully, has now diverged from the language as it is now spoken, so silent letters have arisen, such as the definite article ''ðæl'', which is now pronounced /dɛ/ in most dialects.
<br/>
<br/>
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-  
|-  
!  | Ammerkast Characters  
!  | Uannar Characters  
|-  
|-  
|  a, á, e,é, i, í, o, ó u, ú, b,p,f, v, d, ð, t, þ, g, k, n, m, l,r, z, s,h, ḩ, w,y   
|  a, á, æ, e, é, i, í, o, ó u, ú, b, p, f, v, d, ð, t, ţ, g, k, n, m, l, r, z, s, h, ua, ue, w, y   
|-  
|-  
|}
|}
<br/>
The grapheme <æ> is freqently pronounced /ɛ/ and written as <e> if it falls within a stressed syllable. <y> is pronounced /ʌ/, reflected in the ''Uannar'' when it was first developed, but in contemporary speech may be pronounced /ɪ/ or /ɛ/; this change resulted as a compromise between separate sound changes that occurred in two separate dialects. /ð/ generally changes to /d/ when followed directly by a voiced nasal or liquid, or by a vowel followed by an obstruent or voiced nasal or liquid.
An example of the current orthographical representation and original pronunciation, and the current pronunciation in the Gæţwin dialect, is represented in the following example:
<br/><br/>


<!--
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
Ḩḩ
|+ '''Divergences in Spelling and Pronunciation Over Time'''
-->
|-
! colspan="2" | Year || Spelling || Pronunciation || Meaning
|-
! rowspan="2" | Differences
|  c. 1897
|  Đæl mireli torma ueðen
| /ðæl 'mirɛli torma wɛðyn/
| rowspan="2" | "The chair was (sitting) over there."
|-
|  2003
|  Đæl mireli torma ueðen
|  /dɛ 'mirli 'dɔmʌ wedɪn/
|-
|}
 
<br/>


===Consonants===
===Consonants===
Line 85: Line 110:
|  f  v
|  f  v
|  θ ð
|  θ ð
|  
| ç
| x
| x
|  
|  
Line 318: Line 343:
|  
|  
|-
|-
! Locative
! Instrumental
|  
|  
|  
|  
Line 336: Line 361:
|
|
|-  
|-  
! Oblique
! Ablative
|  
|  
|  
|  
Line 354: Line 379:
|
|
|-
|-
! Allative
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! Locative
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|- 
! Root
! Root
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center|sari-
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center|sari-
Line 378: Line 439:


===Pronouns===
===Pronouns===
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+
|-
! rowspan="3"| Case
! colspan="20" |  Noun Classes
|-
|-
! Person !! Nom. !! Accusative
! colspan="2" | 1st
! colspan="2" | 2nd
! colspan="2" | Class I
! colspan="2" | Class II
! colspan="2" | Class III
! colspan="2" | Class IV
! colspan="2" | Class V
! colspan="2" |Class VI
! colspan="2" |Class VII
! colspan="2" |Class VIII
|-
|-
| 1S || vren || vreni
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
|-
| 2S || kos || koris
! Nominative
| veiţ
| fwyţ
| caen
| ðaes
| naei
| ðaes
| ani
| ðaen
| ðaene
| ðaen
| faeţwyn
| faeţ
| rauţa
| rauţ
| laenţen
| laenţ
| rowspan='2'| riaţa
| rowspan='2'| riaţ
| rowspan='2'| faeðaen
| rowspan='2'| faeð
|-
! Accusative
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
| 3S.CL1|| nian || nianè
! Genitive
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|  
|-
|-
| 3S.CL2|| nie || niéa
! Instrumental
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! Ablative
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
| 3S.CL3|| anéa || anin
! Allative
|  
|  
|  
|  
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
| 3S.CL4|| feiðoas|| feiðá
! Locative
|-
|
| 3S.CL5|| næfwynas|| næfwyn
|
|-
|
| 3S.CL6|| nyca || nyc
|
|-
|  
| 3S.CL7|| eowa|| eowa
|  
|-
|  
| 3S.CL8|| hæswyða|| hæswyða
|  
|  
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
|}


Anyar
5,464

edits

Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/159795...179625"

Navigation menu