Ín Duári: Difference between revisions

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Like Peshpeg, Ín Duári is an endangered language; according to the 2010 census, less than one thousand people still speak the language, the youngest in their late 30's or early 40's.  ín Duari has fared better than Peshpeg, which has only a few hundred speakers at most. Nevertheless, ín Duari continues to lose speakers due to several factors, such as the influx of Minhast speakers into traditionally Ín Duári-speaking areas,  emigration by the younger generation to urban areas in search for employment, and the influence of the Minhast-dominated media.   
Like Peshpeg, Ín Duári is an endangered language; according to the 2010 census, less than one thousand people still speak the language, the youngest in their late 30's or early 40's.  ín Duari has fared better than Peshpeg, which has only a few hundred speakers at most. Nevertheless, ín Duari continues to lose speakers due to several factors, such as the influx of Minhast speakers into traditionally Ín Duári-speaking areas,  emigration by the younger generation to urban areas in search for employment, and the influence of the Minhast-dominated media.   


Ín Duári is divided into several mutually intelligible dialects.  The Anzi dialect is best attested, however an unofficial lingua franca based on the Enoţin dialect has recently spread as its speaker base has been least affected by the diaspora resulting from Wolf Speaker expansion.  The Gæţwin dialect, although considered a minor dialect, is found in most linguistic literature regarding phonology: its phonology and phonotactics best reflects those of the majority of the other dialects.
Ín Duári is divided into several dialects, with various degrees of mutually intelligibility.  The Anzi dialect is best attested, however an unofficial lingua franca based on the Enoţin dialect has recently spread as its speaker base has been least affected by the diaspora resulting from Wolf Speaker expansion.  The Gæţwin dialect, although considered a minor dialect, is found in most linguistic literature as it is the most conservative of all the surviving dialects and is found in most native literary works and prevails in oral tradition; it is considered as the prestige dialect for these reasons and is the dialect described in this article.


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===Consonants===
===Consonants===
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Nouns inflect for gender, number and case.  The gender system contains eight classes, descended from an earlier system that distinguished animacy through noun classifiers.  In time these classifiers became bound morphemes, accounting for the disparate patterns found across the present noun class system.  Animacy is still correlated with noun classes, with animacy tending to decrease from left to right across the noun classes.  However, the animacy distinctions have blurred, with some of the nouns in the protolanguage being reassigned to another class due to syncretism.
Nouns inflect for gender, number and case.  The gender system contains eight classes, descended from an earlier system that distinguished animacy through noun classifiers.  In time these classifiers became bound morphemes, accounting for the disparate patterns found across the present noun class system.  Animacy is still correlated with noun classes, with animacy tending to decrease from left to right across the noun classes.  However, the animacy distinctions have blurred, with some of the nouns in the protolanguage being reassigned to another class due to syncretism.


The Class I and Class II nouns are unmarked in the nominative, but mark the accusative with a suffix specific for that class.  Nouns from Class III to Class VI all exhibit suffix marking on the nominative, with null marking on the accusative.  These nouns are referred to as the ''unmarked accusative'' nouns, or ''marked nominative'' nouns.  Based on this type of case marking, linguists have classified Ín Duári's morphosyntactic alighnment as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominative%E2%80%93absolutive_language nominative-absolutive ], a subtype of the more familiar nominative-accusative morphosyntactic alighment.  Nominative-absolutive languages occur rarely throughout the world. However, Ín Duári exhibits nominative-absolutive alignment only in Class III-Class VIII.  Class I and Class II exhibit the prototypical nominative-accusative pattern though, so Ín Duári is highly unusual as it appears to exhibit a split alignment system between the nominative-accusative and the nominative-absolutive morphosyntactic alignment classifications.
The Class I and Class II nouns are unmarked in the nominative, but take accusative suffixes.  Nouns from Class III to Class VI all exhibit suffix marking on the nominative, with null marking on the accusative.  These nouns are referred to as the ''unmarked accusative'' nouns, or ''marked nominative'' nouns.  Based on this type of case marking, linguists have classified Ín Duári's morphosyntactic alighnment as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominative%E2%80%93absolutive_language nominative-absolutive ], a subtype of the more familiar nominative-accusative morphosyntactic alighment.  Nominative-absolutive languages occur rarely throughout the world. However, Ín Duári exhibits nominative-absolutive alignment only in Class III-Class VIII.  Class I and Class II exhibit the prototypical nominative-accusative pattern though, so Ín Duári is highly unusual as it appears to exhibit a split alignment system between the nominative-accusative and the nominative-absolutive morphosyntactic alignment classifications.


Class VII and Class VIII nouns have merged the nominative and accusative cases into a single, direct case.  The plural forms originally reduplicated the initial syllable with the CV- pattern followed by and  infixed ''-θ-'', but through phonological erosion initial consonants were lost, leaving behind the vowel of the original reduplicated syllable.  Through time the vowels were leveled to an ''e-'' prefix in all noun classes, save for the plural in the form VIII direct case, which changed to initial ''i-'' prefix.
Class VII and Class VIII nouns have merged the nominative and accusative cases into a single, direct case.  The plural forms originally reduplicated the initial syllable with the CV- pattern followed by and  infixed ''-θ-'', but through phonological erosion initial consonants were lost, leaving behind the vowel of the original reduplicated syllable.  Through time the vowels were leveled to an ''e-'' prefix in all noun classes, save for the plural in the form VIII direct case, which changed to initial ''i-'' prefix.
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| colspan="2" style="text-align: center|sari-
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===Pronouns===
===Pronouns===
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
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! rowspan="3"| Case
! colspan="20" |  Noun Classes
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! Person !! Nom. !! Accusative
! colspan="2" | 1st
! colspan="2" | 2nd
! colspan="2" | Class I
! colspan="2" | Class II
! colspan="2" | Class III
! colspan="2" | Class IV
! colspan="2" | Class V
! colspan="2" |Class VI
! colspan="2" |Class VII
! colspan="2" |Class VIII
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| 1S || vren || vreni
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
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| 2S || kos || koris
! Nominative
| veiţ
| fwyţ
| caen
| ðaes
| naei
| ðaes
| ani
| ðaen
| ðaene
| ðaen
| faeţwyn
| faeţ
| rauţa
| rauţ
| laenţen
| laenţ
| rowspan='2'| riaţa
| rowspan='2'| riaţ
| rowspan='2'| faeðaen
| rowspan='2'| faeð
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| 3S.CL1|| nian || nianè
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| 3S.CL2|| nie || niéa
! Instrumental
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| 3S.CL3|| anéa || anin
! Allative
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| 3S.CL4|| feiðoas|| feiðá
! Locative
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| 3S.CL5|| næfwynas|| næfwyn
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| 3S.CL6|| nyca || nyc
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| 3S.CL7|| eowa|| eowa
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| 3S.CL8|| hæswyða|| hæswyða
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===Verbs===
===Verbs===


The Ín Duári verb is moderately synthetic, capable of indicating voice, tense, and aspect.  Three tenses, a present, past, and future are distinguished.  Additionally, three aspects are marked, namely the habitual, imperfect and perfect.  However, person is not marked and requires context or explicitly stating the core argument.  Mood is for the most part indicated by particles preceding the main verb; however, a Purposive mood exists.
The Ín Duári verb is moderately synthetic, capable of indicating voice, tense, and aspect.  Three tenses, a present, past, and future are distinguished.  Additionally, three aspects are marked, namely the habitual, imperfect and perfect.  However, person is not marked and requires a pronoun or an overt noun preceding the verb.  Pro-drop is allowed only in embedded clauses and only if the subject of the embedded clause is the same as that of its matrix clause.  Mood is for the most part indicated by particles preceding the main verb; however, an inflectional Purposive mood exists.  The Purposive exists only in the Active voice and is uninflected for tense, instead inheriting its tense marking from the verb in the matrix clause.


Ín Duári lacks an infinitive but possesses two non-finite forms, namely the gerund and participle, and a base verbal noun, which may take additional derivational suffixes.
Ín Duári lacks an infinitive but possesses three non-finite forms, namely the gerund and participle, and a verbal noun, which may take additional derivational suffixes.


The following table demonstrates the conjugation of the regular verb ''vára'' (to see):
The following table demonstrates the conjugation of the regular verb ''vára'' (to see):


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
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! Tense-Aspect !! Active !! Passive
! TAM !! Active !! Passive
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| Past Habitual || varántir || izvaráltir
! Past Habitual
| varántir || izvaráltir
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| Non-Past Habitual || evarán || azeváralan
! Non-Past Habitual  
| evarán || azeváralan
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| Past Perfect || vará || azvarál
! Past Perfect  
| vará || azvarál
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| Past Imperfect  || evára || azevarál
! Past Imperfect   
| evára || azevarál
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| Present Perfect || vára || azvarál
! Present Perfect  
| vára || azvarál
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| Present Imperfect || evárae || azevaráli
! Present Imperfect  
| evárae || azevaráli
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| Future Perfect|| varái || azvarál
! Future Perfect
| varái || azvarál
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| Future Imperfect || evaráien || azvaraiél
! Future Imperfect  
| evaráien || azvaraiél
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! Purposive
| varánuiþ
| style="text-align:center"| n/a
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The Purposive mood exists only in the Active voice and is uninflected for tense, instead inheriting its tense marking from the verb in the matrix clause.  Additionally, the Past and Non-Past Habitual forms have merged.
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The non-finite forms inflect for case and number:
The non-finite forms inflect for case and number:
Anyar
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