Ašča: Difference between revisions

From Linguifex
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Line 51: Line 51:


===Nouns (Ουσιαστκοί ''Usiastký'')===
===Nouns (Ουσιαστκοί ''Usiastký'')===
The definite suffixes come from a cliticized ἐκεῖνος 'that'.


Possessive forms (implied to be definite):
Possessive forms (implied to be definite):

Revision as of 23:23, 20 March 2021

Modern Attic (Ασκη γλασατι Ašča glasať /aʃtʃa glasac/ 'the Attic language' or Aščať 'the Attic one') is a Hellenic language aesthetically inspired by Slavic languages and Romani.

It is spoken all over Eastern Europe in Verse:Unbegotten.

Todo

Ιατρέ, θεράπλευθι τσυχήσου Jatřé, ťherápľuthi cičhásu = Physician, heal thyself

Khierieť holy, onmatot mu jesť Inthar. Dza in Phieladielphji kie spudadza mathьmatčať.

Use a version of ruki (just "rui")

Homlia pi agapiať kie miesot. 'I speak of love and hate.'

Khierь! (2sg)/Khierieť! (2pl) = 'Hello!'

Jukharstia! = 'Thank you!'

Sioniamie = 'Sorry.'

Ar homlias in.../Ar homliať in... = 'Do you speak...'

Ukhomlia in atkat. = 'I don't speak Atkat.'

Agapawa sie. = 'I love you.'

Phonology (Φθογγολογια Phthongolodža)

Vowel reduction

Stress

Stress is free as in Modern Greek.

Intonation

Stolen from Russian

Morphology (Μορφολογια Morpholodža)

Different declensions from AG accent? -or < -ós, -0 < -os

Pronouns (Διαονυμε Žaonimie)

Personal (Προσαπκε διαονυμε Prosapče žaonimie)

case 1sg. 2sg. 3sg. 1pl. 2pl. 3pl.
m. f. m. f.
nom. γα ga συ si κειν čin κείνη čínia ξαμ šam ξατι šať κείνοι číny κείναι čine
gen. μου mu σου su κείνου čínu κείνηι čínie ξαμώ šamó ξατιώ šaťó κείνω číno κείνιω čínio
acc. με mie σε sie τουτ tut τούτη tútia ξάμοτ šámot ξάτετ šaťet τούτοι túty τούται túte

Nouns (Ουσιαστκοί Usiastký)

The definite suffixes come from a cliticized ἐκεῖνος 'that'.

Possessive forms (implied to be definite):

  • nom. sg.: μάχημου, μάχησου, μάχητου, μάχητηι, μάχημω, μάχηξω, μάχητω máčhamu, máčhasu, máčhatu, máčhamo, máčhašo, máčhato 'my war (nom), thy war (nom), ...'
  • gen. sg.: máčhimu, máčhisu, etc.

In case of third-from-last stress, the stress shifts to right before the possessive suffix when one is added:

  • nom. sg.: ράλεγα ráľega 'throat' > ραλεγάμου raľegámu 'my throat'

Feminine declension

μάχη máčha - war
Singular Plural
Indefinite Definite Indefinite Definite
Nominative μάχη máčha μάχηνι máčhaň μάχηι máčhe μάχηιν máčhen
Genitive μάχει máčhi μάχεινηι máčhiňe μάχιω máčho μάχιωνω máčhono
τσυχή cičhá - self
Singular Plural
Indefinite Definite Indefinite Definite
Nominative τσυχή cičhá τσυχήνι cičháň τσυχηί cičhé τσυχηίν cičhén
Genitive τσυχήρ cičhár τσυχήνηι cičháňe τσυχιώ cičhó τσυχιώνω cičhóno
γλασα glasa - language
Singular Plural
Indefinite Definite Indefinite Definite
Nominative γλάσα glása γλάσανι glasaň γλάσαι glase γλασαιν glasen
Genitive γλάσοι glásy γλάσοινηι glasyňe γλάσω glaso γλάσωνω glasono


πολιτεία poľtíja - state (polity)
Singular Plural
Indefinite Definite Indefinite Definite
Nominative πολιτεία poľtíja πολιτείανι poľtíjaň πολιτείαι poľtíje πολιτείαιν poľtíjen
Genitive πολιτείοι poľtíji πολιτείοινηι poľtíjiňe πολιτείω poľtíjo πολιτείωνω poľtíjono


τρυγα třiga - wing
Singular Plural
Indefinite Definite Indefinite Definite
Nominative τρυγα třiga τρυγανι třigaň τρυγαι třige τρυγαιν třigen
Genitive τρυγοι třigy τρυγοινηι třigyňe τρυγω třigo τρυγωνω třigono

Masculine o-declension

Ancient Greek neuters have merged into the masculine gender and most of them take the masculine o-declension.

Masculines that come from AG unaccented -ος or -ον nouns have a zero-marked nominative indefinite:

ώθραπ othrap - human
Singular Plural
Indefinite Definite Indefinite Definite
Nominative ώθραπ óthrap ώθραπον óthrapon ώθραποι óthrapy ώθραποιν óthrapyn
Genitive ωθράπου othrápu ωθράπουνου othrápunu ωθράπω othrápo ωθράπωνω othrápono
Vocative ώθραπε óthrapie ώθραποι óthrapy


δαρ dar - gift
Singular Plural
Indefinite Definite Indefinite Definite
Nominative δαρ dar δάρον dáron δάροι dáry δάροιν dáryn
Genitive δάρου dáru δάρουνου dárunu δάρω daro δάρωνω dárono
Vocative δάρε dáře δάροι dáry

-ορ nouns come from Ancient Greek -ός (accented) nouns.

ιατρόρ jatrór - doctor
Singular Plural
Indefinite Definite Indefinite Definite
Nominative ιατρόρ jatrór ιατρόν jatrón ιατροί jatrý ιατροίν jatrýn
Genitive ιατρού jatrú ιατρούνου jatrúnu ιατρώ jatró ιατρώνω jatróno
Vocative ιατρέ jatřé ιατροί jatrý

Nouns in -ο come from AG second declension -όν:

τσηνό cianó - bird
Singular Plural
Indefinite Definite Indefinite Definite
Nominative τσηνό cianó τσηνόν cianón τσηνοί cianý τσηνοίν cianýn
Genitive τσηνού cianú τσηνούνου cianúnu τσηνώ cianó τσηνώνω cianóno
Nominative τσηνέ ciaňé τσηνοί cianý

Masculine consonant declension

ωδρα odra - man
Singular Plural
Indefinite Definite Indefinite Definite
Nominative ώδρα ódra ώδραν ódran ώδορι ódoř ώδρεν ódřen
Genitive ώδορ ódor ώδρονου ódronu ώδρω ódro ώδρωνω ódrono
Nominative ώδρα ódra ώδορι ódoř

Adjectives (Επιθητοι Jepthiaty)

1st/2nd declension (-os/-ē)

κοινόρ kynór 'common'
Singular Plural
Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine
Nominative κοινόρ kynór κοινή kyniá κοινοί kyný κοινηί kynié
Genitive κοινού kynú κοινήρ kyniár κοινώ kynó κοινιώ kynió
άγον ágon 'infertile'
Singular Plural
Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine
Nominative ágon ágonia ágony ágonie
Genitive agónu agóni agóno agónio

-i adjectives

(adjectives from AG -ēs/-ēs/-es)


αήθει ajáthi 'immoral'
Singular Plural
Common Common
Nominative αήθει ajáthi αήθει ajáthi
Genitive αήθου ajáthu αήθω ajátho

-iár adjectives

(adjectives from AG -ḗs/-ḗs/-és)

ευγινήρ judžňár 'polite'
Singular Plural
Common Common
Nominative ευγινήρ judžňár ευγινείρ judžnír
Genitive ευγινού judžnú ευγινώ judžnó

Prepositions (Προθηισηι Proťhesie)

  • na (gen.) = dative
  • in (gen.) = in
  • pro (acc.) = towards (a place)

Verbs (Ρήματοι Řámaty)

Verbs have a 2x2x2 active, passive x present, past x indicative, subjunctive structure. They have two principal parts: the present stem and the past stem. Many verbs take the suffix -k- in the past active tense, but some verbs do not.

Negative prefix: ου- u- (before a consonant other than h); ουκ- uk- or uč- (otherwise)

  • παιδεύει pežúji = 3sg teaches; ουπαιδεύει upežúji = 3sg does not teach
  • αγαπάει agapáji = 3sg loves; ουκαγαπάει ukagapáji = 3sg does not love
  • εισάγει isádži = it imports; ουκειάγει učisádži = it does not import

Weak vowel verbs

Weak vowel-stem verbs are the most regular classes of verbs and have several subclasses:

  1. -άναι -áne verbs (from -άειν contracting to -αν)
  2. -είναι -íne verbs (from -έειν contracting to -ειν)
  3. -úne verbs, with 2 subclasses:
    • -εύναι -júne verbs (from -εύειν)
    • -ούναι -úne verbs (from -όειν contracting to -ουν)
παιδεύναι pežune 'to teach'
voice tense ga si ot/otia šam šať oty/ote
active present indicative pežuwa pežujir pežuji pežum pežuť pežuš
present subjunctive pežujo pežujar pežuja pežujam pežujať pežujaš
past indicative pežuka pežukar pežuč pežukam pežukať pežukaš
past subjunctive pežukajo pežukajar pežukaja pežukajam pežukajať pežukajaš
imperative - pežuj! pežuthi! - - pežuť! -
infinitive pežune
past infinitive pežučne
participle pežuwota, pežura
passive present indicative pežume pežure pežute pežunta pežusť pežuwote
present subjunctive pežuwime pežuwire pežuwite pežuwintha pežuwisť pežuwijote
past indicative pežuťha pežuťhast pežuťhač pežuťham pežuťhať pežuťhaš
past subjunctive pežuťhejo pežuťhejast pežuťheja pežuťhejam pežuťhejať pežuťhejaš
imperative - pežure! - - pežusť! -
infinitive pežusthe
past infinitive pežuťhane
participle pežumien, pežumnia


agapane 'to love'
voice tense ga si ot/otia šam šať oty/ote
active present indicative agapawa agapajir agapaji agapam agapať agapaš
present subjunctive agapajo agapajar agapaja agapajam agapajať agapajaš
past indicative agapiaka agapiakast agapiač agapiakam agapiakať agapiakaš
past subjunctive agapiakajo agapiakajast agapiakaja agapiakajam agapiakajať agapiakajaš
imperative - agapaj! - - agapať! -
infinitive agapane
past infinitive agapiačne
participle agapawota, agapara
passive present indicative agapame agapare agapate agapanta agapasť agapawote
present subjunctive agapawime agapawire agapawite agapawintha agapawisť agapawijote
past indicative agapieťha agapieťhast agapieťhač agapieťham agapieťhať agapieťhaš
past subjunctive agapieťhejo agapieťhejast agapieťheja agapieťhejam agapieťhejať agapieťhejaš
imperative - agapare! - - agapasť! -
infinitive agapasthe
past infinitive agapieťhane
participle agapamien, agapamnia

Weak consonant verbs

ξευρσκειναι šurščine 'to find'

  • Pres. act. ind.: ξευρσκα, ξευρσκειρ, ξευρσκει, ξευρσκομ, ξευρσκετι, ξευρσκουξ šurška, šurščir, šuršči, šurškom, šuršč, šuršk
  • Pres. act. subj.: ξευρσκιω, ξευρσκηρ, ξευρσκη, ξευρσκημ, ξευρσκητι, ξευρσκηξ šurščo, šurščar, šuršča, šurščam, šuršč, šuršč
  • Past act.: ξευρηκα, ξευρηκαστ, ξευρηικι, ξευρηκαμ, ξευρηκατι, ξευρηκαξ šuřaka, šuřakast, šuřeč, šuřakam, šuřakať, šuřakaš
  • Past act. subj.: ξευρηκαϊω, ξευρηκαϊηστ, ξευρηκαϊη... šuřakajo, šuřakajast, šuřakaja, šuřakajam, šuřakajať, šuřakajaš
  • Pres. pass. ind.: ξευρσκμαι, ξευρσκεραι, ξευρσκεται, ξευρσκονθα, ξευρσκεστι, ξευρσκωται šurškme, šurščere, šurščete, šurškontha, šurščesť, šurškote
  • Pres. pass. subj.: ξευρσκοιμαι, ξευρσκοιραι, ξευρσκοιται, ξευρσκοινθα, ξευρσκοιστι, ξευρσκοιωται šurškyme, šurškyre, šurškyte, šurškyntha, šurškysť, šurškyjote
  • Past pass. ind.: šuriaťho, šuriaťhast, šuriaťhač, šuriaťham, šuriaťhať, šuriaťhaš
  • Past pass. subj.: šuriaťhajo, šuriaťhajast, šuriaťhaja, šuriaťhajam, šuriaťhajať, šuriaťhajaš
  • Active participle: šurškota, šurškura (m/f)
  • Passive participle: šurškomien, šurškomňa (m/f)

Strong verbs

Irregular verbs

είναι ine 'to be'

  • Infinitive: είναι ine
  • Present: ειμ, ειρ, εστ, σμε, στε, ειξ im, ir, jest, smie, sťe, iš
    • 'Negative forms: ούκειμ, ούκειρ, ούκεστ, ουξμέ, ουξτέ, ούκειξ účim, účir, účest, ušmié, ušťé, účiš
  • Subjunctive: είω, είηρ, είη, είημ, είητι, είηξ íjo, íjar, íja, íjam, íjať, íjaš
  • Past: ήκα, ήκαρ, ηκι, ήκαμ, ήκατι, ήκαξ jáka, jákast, jač, jákam, jákať, jákaš
  • Participle: είωτα, είουρα íjota, íjura

Numerals (Αριθμοί Ařthmý)

  • 1, ..., 10: šir/míja/šen, žo, třir/tříja, ťésier, piéťe, šeš, šépta, ókta, jéňa, ďéka
  • 11, ..., 19: šédka, žódka, třídka, ťésradka, piétadka, šéšadka, šéptadka, óktadka, jéňadka, íkoř
  • 21, ..., 29: íkoř šen, íkoř žo, íkoř tříja, ... íkoř jéňa
  • 30, ..., 100: třáta, saróta, pieňéta, šešéta, šemiéta, októta, jeňéta, šekató

Syntax (Siotachia)

'To have'

Jest na mu mial.
be.3SG.PRES to/for 1SG.GEN apple
I have an apple.

Conjunctions

  • jo = if