Ašča: Difference between revisions

From Linguifex
Jump to navigation Jump to search
mNo edit summary
m (Blanked the page)
Tag: Blanking
 
(6 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
'''Modern Attic''' (Ασκη γλασατι '''''Ašča glasať''''' /aʃtʃa glasac/ 'the Attic language' or ''Aščať'' 'the Attic one') is a Hellenic language aesthetically inspired by Slavic languages and Romani. It has been heavily influenced by [[Ilithian]] vernaculars.


It is spoken near the Black Sea in [[Verse:Unbegotten]]. It forms a continuum with [[Elicá]] which is spoken all over in Eastern Europe.
==Todo==
Ιατρέ, θεράπλευθι τσυχήσου ''Jatřé, ťherápľuthi cičhásu'' = Physician, heal thyself
''Khierieť holy, onmatot mu jesť Inthar. Dza in Phieladielphji kie spudadza mathьmatčať.''
Use a version of ruki (just "rui")
''Homlia pi agapiať kie miesot.'' 'I speak of love and hate.'
''Khierь! (2sg)/Khierieť! (2pl)'' = 'Hello!'
''Jukharstia!'' = 'Thank you!'
''Sioniamie'' = 'Sorry.'
''Ar homlias in.../Ar homliať in...'' = 'Do you speak...'
''Ukhomlia in atkat.'' = 'I don't speak Atkat.'
''Agapawa sie.'' = 'I love you.'
==Phonology (Φθογγολογια ''Phthongolodža'')==
=== Vowel reduction ===
=== Stress ===
Stress is free as in Modern Greek.
=== Intonation ===
Stolen from Russian
==Morphology (Μορφολογια ''Morpholodža'')==
Different declensions from AG accent? -or < -ós, -0 < -os
===Pronouns (Διαονυμε ''Žaonimie'')===
====Personal (Προσαπκε διαονυμε ''Prosapče žaonimie'')====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
! rowspan=2 | case || rowspan=2 | 1sg. || rowspan=2 | 2sg. || colspan=2 | 3sg. || rowspan=2 | 1pl. || rowspan=2 | 2pl. || colspan=2 | 3pl.
|-
! m. || f. || m. || f.
|-
! nom.
| γα ''ga'' || συ ''si'' || κειν ''čin'' || κείνη ''čínia''  || ξαμ ''šam'' || ξατι ''šať'' || κείνοι ''číny'' || κείναι ''čine''
|-
! gen.
| μου ''mu'' || σου ''su'' || κείνου ''čínu'' || κείνηι ''čínie'' || ξαμώ ''šamó'' || ξατιώ ''šaťó'' || κείνω  ''číno'' || κείνω ''číno''
|-
! acc.
| με ''mie'' || σε ''sie'' || τουτ ''tut'' || τούτη ''tútia'' || ξάμοτ ''šámot'' || ξάτετ ''šaťet'' || τούτοι ''túty'' || τούται ''túte''
|}
===Nouns (Ουσιαστκοί ''Usiastký'')===
The definite suffixes come from a cliticized ἐκεῖνος 'that'.
Possessive suffixes are for the most part added directly to the noun. The resulting forms are implied to be definite.
* nom. sg.: μάχημου, μάχησου, μάχητου, μάχητει, μάχημω, μάχηξω, μάχητω ''máčhamu, máčhasu, máčhatu, máčhati, máčhamo, máčhašo, máčhato'' 'my war (nom), thy war (nom), ...'
* gen. sg.: ''máčhimu, máčhisu, etc.''
* A -ρ ''-r'' on a stressed case ending is dropped, but turns to -σ ''-s'' before suffixes beginning with τ-. For example: ιατρόρ ''jatrór'' = a doctor; ιατρόμου ''jatrómu'' = my doctor; ιατρόστου ''jatróstu'' 'his doctor'.
Possession by nouns must be double-marked. The possessed noun must take the gender-appropriate possessive suffix. (This is a result of reanalysis of the older genitive definite article του, της, των between the noun and the possessor as a possessive affix.)
* ιατρόσ'''του''' Ιάνιου ''jatróstu Jaňu'' 'John's doctor'
* ιατρόσ'''τει''' Αγάθηι ''jatrósti Agáťhe'' 'Agatha's doctor'
* ιατρόσ'''τω''' αθλητώνω ''jatrósto athľatóno'' 'the athletes' doctor'
In case of third-from-last stress, the stress shifts to right before the possessive suffix when one is added:
* nom. sg.: ράλεγα ''ráľega'' 'throat' > ραλεγάμου ''raľegámu'' 'my throat'
====Feminine declension====
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 440px; text-align: center;"
|-
! colspan="5"| μάχη ''máčha'' - war
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!colspan="2"|Singular
!colspan="2"|Plural
|-
!Indefinite
!Definite
!Indefinite
!Definite
|-
!|Nominative
|μάχη ''máčha''||μάχηνι ''máčhaň''||μάχηι ''máčhe''||μάχηιν ''máčhen''
|-
!|Genitive
|μάχει ''máčhi''||μάχεινηι ''máčhiňe''||μάχιω ''máčho''||μάχιωνω ''máčhono''
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 440px; text-align: center;"
|-
! colspan="5"| τσυχή ''cičhá'' - self
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!colspan="2"|Singular
!colspan="2"|Plural
|-
!Indefinite
!Definite
!Indefinite
!Definite
|-
!|Nominative
|τσυχή ''cičhá''||τσυχήνι ''cičháň''||τσυχηί ''cičhé''||τσυχηίν ''cičhén''
|-
!|Genitive
|τσυχήρ ''cičhár''||τσυχήνηι ''cičháňe''||τσυχιώ ''cičhó''||τσυχιώνω ''cičhóno''
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 440px; text-align: center;"
|-
! colspan="5"| γλασα ''glasa'' - language
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!colspan="2"|Singular
!colspan="2"|Plural
|-
!Indefinite
!Definite
!Indefinite
!Definite
|-
!|Nominative
|γλάσα ''glása''||γλάσανι ''glasaň''||γλάσαι ''glase''||γλασαιν ''glasen''
|-
!|Genitive
|γλάσοι ''glásy''||γλάσοινηι ''glasyňe''||γλάσω ''glaso''||γλάσωνω ''glasono''
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 440px; text-align: center;"
|-
! colspan="5"| πολιτεία ''poľtíja'' - state (polity)
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!colspan="2"|Singular
!colspan="2"|Plural
|-
!Indefinite
!Definite
!Indefinite
!Definite
|-
!|Nominative
|πολιτεία ''poľtíja''||πολιτείανι ''poľtíjaň''||πολιτείαι ''poľtíje''||πολιτείαιν ''poľtíjen''
|-
!|Genitive
|πολιτείοι ''poľtíji''||πολιτείοινηι ''poľtíjiňe''||πολιτείω ''poľtíjo''||πολιτείωνω ''poľtíjono''
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 440px; text-align: center;"
|-
! colspan="5"| τρυγα ''třiga'' - wing
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!colspan="2"|Singular
!colspan="2"|Plural
|-
!Indefinite
!Definite
!Indefinite
!Definite
|-
!|Nominative
|τρυγα ''třiga''||τρυγανι ''třigaň''||τρυγαι ''třige''||τρυγαιν ''třigen''
|-
!|Genitive
|τρυγοι ''třigy''||τρυγοινηι ''třigyňe''||τρυγω ''třigo''||τρυγωνω ''třigono''
|}
====Masculine o-declension====
Ancient Greek neuters have merged into the masculine gender and most of them take the masculine o-declension.
Masculines that come from AG unaccented -ος or -ον nouns have a zero-marked nominative indefinite:
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 440px; text-align: center;"
|-
! colspan="5"| '''ώθραπ ''othrap'' - human'''
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!colspan="2"|Singular
!colspan="2"|Plural
|-
!Indefinite
!Definite
!Indefinite
!Definite
|-
!|Nominative
|ώθραπ ''óthrap''||ώθραπον ''óthrapon''||ώθραποι ''óthrapy''||ώθραποιν ''óthrapyn''
|-
!|Genitive
|ωθράπου ''othrápu''||ωθράπουνου ''othrápunu''||ωθράπω ''othrápo''||ωθράπωνω ''othrápono''
|-
!|Vocative
|colspan=2|ώθραπε ''óthrapie''
|colspan=2|ώθραποι ''óthrapy''
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 440px; text-align: center;"
|-
! colspan="5"| '''δαρ ''dar'' - gift'''
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!colspan="2"|Singular
!colspan="2"|Plural
|-
!Indefinite
!Definite
!Indefinite
!Definite
|-
!|Nominative
|δαρ ''dar''||δάρον ''dáron''||δάροι ''dáry''||δάροιν ''dáryn''
|-
!|Genitive
|δάρου ''dáru''||δάρουνου ''dárunu''||δάρω ''daro''||δάρωνω ''dárono''
|-
!|Vocative
|colspan=2|δάρε ''dáře''
|colspan=2|δάροι ''dáry''
|}
-ορ nouns come from Ancient Greek -ός (accented) nouns.
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 440px; text-align: center;"
|-
! colspan="5"| '''ιατρόρ ''jatrór'' - doctor'''
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!colspan="2"|Singular
!colspan="2"|Plural
|-
!Indefinite
!Definite
!Indefinite
!Definite
|-
!|Nominative
|ιατρόρ ''jatrór''||ιατρόν ''jatrón''||ιατροί ''jatrý''||ιατροίν ''jatrýn''
|-
!|Genitive
|ιατρού ''jatrú''||ιατρούνου ''jatrúnu''||ιατρώ ''jatró''||ιατρώνω ''jatróno''
|-
!|Vocative
|colspan=2|ιατρέ ''jatřé''
|colspan=2|ιατροί ''jatrý''
|}
Nouns in -ο come from AG second declension -όν:
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 440px; text-align: center;"
|-
! colspan="5"| '''τσηνό ''cianó'' - bird'''
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!colspan="2"|Singular
!colspan="2"|Plural
|-
!Indefinite
!Definite
!Indefinite
!Definite
|-
!|Nominative
|τσηνό ''cianó''||τσηνόν ''cianón''||τσηνοί ''cianý''||τσηνοίν ''cianýn''
|-
!|Genitive
|τσηνού ''cianú''||τσηνούνου ''cianúnu''||τσηνώ ''cianó''||τσηνώνω ''cianóno''
|-
!|Nominative
|colspan=2|τσηνέ ''ciaňé''
|colspan=2|τσηνοί ''cianý''
|}
====Masculine consonant declension====
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 440px; text-align: center;"
|-
! colspan="5"| '''ωδρα ''odra'' - man'''
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!colspan="2"|Singular
!colspan="2"|Plural
|-
!Indefinite
!Definite
!Indefinite
!Definite
|-
!|Nominative
|ώδρα ''ódra''||ώδραν ''ódran''||ώδορι ''ódoř''||ώδρεν ''ódřen''
|-
!|Genitive
|ώδορ ''ódor''||ώδρονου ''ódronu''||ώδρω ''ódro''||ώδρωνω ''ódrono''
|-
!|Nominative
|colspan=2|ώδρα ''ódra''
|colspan=2|ώδορι ''ódoř''
|}
===Adjectives (Επιθητοι ''Jepthiaty'')===
====1st/2nd declension (-os/-ē)====
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 440px; text-align: center;"
|-
! colspan="5"| κοινόρ ''kynór'' 'common'
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!colspan="2"|Singular
!colspan="2"|Plural
|-
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Masculine
!Feminine
|-
!|Nominative
|κοινόρ ''kynór''||κοινή ''kyniá''||κοινοί ''kyný''||κοινηί ''kynié''
|-
!|Genitive
|κοινού ''kynú''||κοινήρ ''kyniár''||κοινώ ''kynó''||κοινώ ''kynó''
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 440px; text-align: center;"
|-
! colspan="5"| άγον ''ágon'' 'infertile'
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!colspan="2"|Singular
!colspan="2"|Plural
|-
!Masculine
!Feminine
!Masculine
!Feminine
|-
!|Nominative
|''ágon''||''ágonia''||''ágony''||''ágonie''
|-
!|Genitive
|''agónu''||''agóni''||''agóno''||''agóno''
|}
====-i adjectives====
(adjectives from AG -ēs/-ēs/-es)
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 440px; text-align: center;"
|-
! colspan="3"| αήθει ''ajáthi'' 'immoral'
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!|Singular
!|Plural
|-
!|Common
!|Common
|-
!|Nominative
|αήθει ''ajáthi''||αήθει ''ajáthi''
|-
!|Genitive
|αήθου ''ajáthu''||αήθω ''ajátho''
|}
====-iár adjectives====
(adjectives from AG -ḗs/-ḗs/-és)
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 440px; text-align: center;"
|-
! colspan="3"| ευγινήρ ''judžňár'' 'polite'
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!|Singular
!|Plural
|-
!|Common
!|Common
|-
!|Nominative
|ευγινήρ ''judžňár''||ευγινείρ ''judžnír''
|-
!|Genitive
|ευγινού ''judžnú''||ευγινώ ''judžnó''
|}
===Prepositions (Προθηισηι ''Proťhesie'')===
*na (gen.) = dative
*in (gen.) = in
*pro (acc.) = towards (a place)
===Verbs (Ρήματοι ''Řámaty'')===
Verbs have a 2x2x2 active, passive x present, past x indicative, subjunctive structure. They have two principal parts: the present stem and the past stem. Many verbs take the suffix ''-k-'' in the past active tense, but some verbs do not.
Negative prefix: ου- ''u-'' (before a consonant other than h); ουκ- ''uk-'' or ''uč-'' (otherwise)
* παιδεύει ''pežúji'' = 3sg teaches; ουπαιδεύει ''upežúji'' = 3sg does not teach
* αγαπάει ''agapáji'' = 3sg loves; ουκαγαπάει ''ukagapáji'' = 3sg does not love
* εισάγει ''isádži'' = it imports; ουκειάγει ''učisádži'' = it does not import
====Weak vowel verbs====
Weak vowel-stem verbs are the most regular classes of verbs and have several subclasses:
# -άναι ''-áne'' verbs (from -άειν contracting to -αν)
# -είναι ''-íne'' verbs (from -έειν contracting to -ειν)
# ''-úne'' verbs, with 2 subclasses:
#* -εύναι ''-júne'' verbs (from -εύειν)
#* -ούναι ''-úne'' verbs (from -όειν contracting to -ουν)
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ παιδεύναι ''pežúne'' 'to teach'
! voice !! tense || ''ga'' || ''si'' || ''ot/otia'' || ''šam'' || ''šať'' || ''oty/ote''
|-
! rowspan="8" |active !! present indicative
| ''pežúwa'' || ''pežújir'' || ''pežúji'' || ''pežúm'' || ''pežúť'' || ''pežúš''
|-
! present subjunctive
| ''pežújo'' || ''pežújar'' || ''pežuja'' ||  ''pežujam'' || ''pežujať'' || ''pežujaš''
|-
! past indicative
| ''péžuka'' || ''péžukar'' || ''péžuč'' || ''pežúkam'' || ''pežúkať'' || ''pežúkaš''
|-
! past subjunctive
| ''pežúkajo'' || ''pežúkajar'' || ''pežúkaja'' || ''pežúkajam'' || ''pežúkajať'' || ''pežúkajaš''
|-
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''péžuj! pežúthi!'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''pežúť!'' || ''-''
|-
! infinitive
|colspan="6"| ''pežúne''
|-
! past infinitive
|colspan="6"| ''pežučéne''
|-
! participle
|colspan="6"| ''pežúwota, pežúra''
|-
!colspan="8"|
|-
! rowspan="8" |passive !! present indicative
| ''pežúme'' || ''pežúre'' || ''pežúte'' || ''pežuwónta'' || ''pežúsť'' || ''pežúwote''
|-
! present subjunctive
| ''pežúwimo'' || ''pežúwiro'' || ''pežúwito'' ||  ''pežuwíntha'' || ''pežúwisť'' || ''pežuwíjoto''
|-
! past indicative
| ''péžuťha'' || ''péžuťhast'' || ''pežúťhač'' || ''pežúťham'' || ''pežúťhať'' || ''pežúťhaš''
|-
! past subjunctive
| ''pežúťhejo'' || ''pežúťhejast'' || ''pežúťheja'' || ''pežúťhejam'' || ''pežúťhejať'' || ''pežúťhejaš''
|-
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''pežúre!'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''pežúsť!'' || ''-''
|-
! infinitive
|colspan="6"| ''pežústhe''
|-
! past infinitive
|colspan="6"| ''pežúťhane''
|-
! participle
|colspan="6"| ''pežúmien, pežúmňa''
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''agapane'' 'to love''''
! voice !! tense || ''ga'' || ''si'' || ''ot/otia'' || ''šam'' || ''šať'' || ''oty/ote''
|-
! rowspan="8" |active !! present indicative
| ''agapawa'' || ''agapajir'' || ''agapaji'' || ''agapam'' || ''agapať'' || ''agapaš''
|-
! present subjunctive
| ''agapajo'' || ''agapajar'' || ''agapaja'' ||  ''agapajam'' || ''agapajať'' || ''agapajaš''
|-
! past indicative
| ''agapiaka'' || ''agapiakast'' || ''agapiač'' || ''agapiakam'' || ''agapiakať'' || ''agapiakaš''
|-
! past subjunctive
| ''agapiakajo'' || ''agapiakajast'' || ''agapiakaja'' || ''agapiakajam'' || ''agapiakajať'' || ''agapiakajaš''
|-
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''agapaj!'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''agapať!'' || ''-''
|-
! infinitive
|colspan="6"| ''agapane''
|-
! past infinitive
|colspan="6"| ''agapiačne''
|-
! participle
|colspan="6"| ''agapawota, agapara''
|-
!colspan="8"|
|-
! rowspan="8" |passive !! present indicative
| ''agapame'' || ''agapare'' || ''agapate'' || ''agapanta'' || ''agapasť'' || ''agapawote''
|-
! present subjunctive
| ''agapawime'' || ''agapawire'' || ''agapawite'' ||  ''agapawintha'' || ''agapawisť'' || ''agapawijote''
|-
! past indicative
| ''agapieťha'' || ''agapieťhast'' || ''agapieťhač'' || ''agapieťham'' || ''agapieťhať'' || ''agapieťhaš''
|-
! past subjunctive
| ''agapieťhejo'' || ''agapieťhejast'' || ''agapieťheja'' || ''agapieťhejam'' || ''agapieťhejať'' || ''agapieťhejaš''
|-
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''agapare!'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''agapasť!'' || ''-''
|-
! infinitive
|colspan="6"| ''agapasthe''
|-
! past infinitive
|colspan="6"| ''agapieťhane''
|-
! participle
|colspan="6"| ''agapamien, agapamnia''
|}
====Weak consonant verbs====
ξευρσκειναι ''šurščine'' 'to find'
*Pres. act. ind.: ξευρσκα, ξευρσκειρ, ξευρσκει, ξευρσκομ, ξευρσκετι, ξευρσκουξ ''šuršk'''a''', šuršč'''ir''', šuršč'''i''', šuršk'''om''', šuršč'''eť''', šuršk'''uš''' ''
*Pres. act. subj.: ξευρσκιω, ξευρσκηρ, ξευρσκη, ξευρσκημ, ξευρσκητι, ξευρσκηξ ''šuršč'''o''', šuršč'''ar''', šuršč'''a''', šuršč'''am''', šuršč'''ať''', šuršč'''aš''' ''
*Past act.: ξευρηκα, ξευρηκαστ, ξευρηικι, ξευρηκαμ, ξευρηκατι, ξευρηκαξ ''šuřa'''ka''', šuřa'''kast''', šuře'''č''', šuřa'''kam''', šuřa'''kať''', šuřa'''kaš'''''
*Past act. subj.: ξευρηκαϊω, ξευρηκαϊηστ, ξευρηκαϊη... ''šuřa'''kajo''', šuřa'''kajast''', šuřa'''kaja''', šuřa'''kajam''', šuřa'''kajať''', šuřa'''kajaš'''''
*Pres. pass. ind.: ξευρσκμαι, ξευρσκεραι, ξευρσκεται, ξευρσκονθα, ξευρσκεστι, ξευρσκωται ''šuršk'''me''', šuršč'''ere''', šuršč'''ete''', šuršk'''ontha''', šuršč'''esť''', šuršk'''ote''' ''
*Pres. pass. subj.: ξευρσκοιμαι, ξευρσκοιραι, ξευρσκοιται, ξευρσκοινθα, ξευρσκοιστι, ξευρσκοιωται ''šuršk'''yme''', šuršk'''yre''', šuršk'''yte''', šuršk'''yntha''', šuršk'''ysť''', šuršk'''yjote''' ''
*Past pass. ind.: ''šuria'''ťho''', šuria'''ťhast''', šuria'''ťhač''', šuria'''ťham''', šuria'''ťhať''', šuria'''ťhaš'''''
*Past pass. subj.: ''šuria'''ťhajo''', šuria'''ťhajast''', šuria'''ťhaja''', šuria'''ťhajam''', šuria'''ťhajať''', šuria'''ťhajaš'''''
*Active participle: ''šuršk'''ota''', šuršk'''ura''''' (m/f)
*Passive participle: ''šurško'''mien''', šurško'''mňa''' (m/f)
====Strong verbs====
====Irregular verbs====
είναι ''ine'' 'to be'
*Infinitive: είναι ''ine''
*Present: ειμ, ειρ, εστι, σμε, στε, ειξ ''im, ir, jesť, smie, sťe, iš''
**Negative forms: ούκειμ, ούκειρ, ούξτι, ουξμέ, ουξτέ, ούκειξ ''účim, účir, úšť, ušmié, ušťé, účiš''
*Subjunctive: είω, είηρ, είη, είημ, είητι, είηξ ''íjo, íjar, íja, íjam, íjať, íjaš''
*Past: ήκα, ήκαστ, ηκι, ήκαμ, ήκατι, ήκαξ ''jáka, jákast, jač, jákam, jákať, jákaš''
*Participle: είωτα, είουρα ''íjota, íjura''
===Numerals (Αριθμοί ''Ařthmý'') ===
* 1, ..., 10: šir/mňa/šen, žo, třir/tříja, ťésier, piéťe, šeš, šépta, ókta, jéňa, ďéka
* 11, ..., 19: šédka, žódka, třídka, ťésradka, piétadka, šéšadka, šéptadka, óktadka, jéňadka, íkoř
* 21, ..., 29: íkoř šen, íkoř žo, íkoř tříja, ... íkoř jéňa
* 30, ..., 100: třáta, saróta, pieňéta, šešéta, šemiéta, októta, jeňéta, šekató
==Syntax (''Siotachia'')==
==='To have'===
:'''''Jest na mu mial.'''''
:be.3SG.PRES to/for 1SG.GEN apple
:''I have an apple.''
===Conjunctions===
*''jo'' = if
[[Category:Indo-European languages]][[Category:Hellenic languages]]

Latest revision as of 19:12, 6 December 2022

Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Ašča&oldid=292828"