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| ==Phonology== | | ==Phonology== |
| Adwan has 27 consonants and 7 base vowels, along with 5 diphthongs that function as realizations of vowel nasalization in the form of concatenating a vowel with /ɰ̃/.
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| ===Orthography=== | | ===Orthography=== |
| Clearly there are more consonants than graphemes available from the alphabet, and so therefore the Adwan alphabet is defined as the set of graphemes from which any other sound can be written. As such, the alphabet is essentially the basis for the graphemes used to describe phonemes, and therefore shorter than the actual sound inventory of the language.
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| <center>Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff Gg Hh Ii Ll Mm Nn Oo Pp Rr Ss Tt Uu Vv Ww Yy</center>
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| ===Consonants=== | | ===Consonants=== |
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| The consonants 'g', 'h', and 'm' are used with other a finite amount of other consonants to form further graphemes that represent distinct sounds. Moreover, consonant sound realizations change based on position in the syllable. Therefore, a consonant typically varies depending on whether it lies in the onset of a syllable or the coda. Moreover, for the semivowel consonants representing the sounds /j/ and /w/ are represented by their vowel forms 'i' and 'w' when preceding a vowel and after a consonant, and by 'gh' and 'mh' otherwise, respectively. Consonants in the onset of a syllable are also denoted by the term 'initial' state, while those in the coda are said to be in the 'final' state. | | The consonants 'g', 'h', 'm' and 'n' are used with other a finite amount of other consonants to form further graphemes that represent distinct sounds. Moreover, consonant sound realizations change based on position in the syllable. Therefore, a consonant typically varies depending on whether it lies in the onset of a syllable or the coda. Moreover, for the semivowel consonants representing the sounds /j/ and /w/ are represented by their vowel forms 'i' and 'w' when preceding a vowel and after a consonant, and by 'gh' and 'mh' otherwise, respectively. When preceding 'g', the consonants 'm' and 'n' become nonsyllabic nasalized velar and palatal approximants /j̯̃/ and /ɰ̯̃/, respectively. |
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| ! grapheme !! b !! bh !! c !! ch !! d !! dg !! dh !! f !! g !! gh !! h !! l !! lh !! m !! mh !! n !! p !! ph !! r !! rg !! s !! sg !! t !! tg !! th !! v
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| | initial || b || β || k || x || d || dʒ || ð || f || g || j || || ç || l || ɬ || m || w || n || p || φ || ɾ || ʐ || s || ʃ || t || tʃ || θ || v
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| | final || -- || β || k || x || d̪ || dʒ || ð || f || γ || j || -- || ç || l || ɬ || m || w || n || p || φ || ɾ || ʐ || s || ʃ || t̪ || tʃ || θ || v
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| |}
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| Notice that 'd', 'g', and 't' are the only consonants for which the pronunciation varies.
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| ===Vowels=== | | ===Vowels=== |
| There are a number of 7 non-nasal, non-diphthong vowels in Adwan. | | There are a number of 7 non-nasal, non-diphthong vowels in Adwan. |
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| {| class="wikitable" | | {| class="wikitable" |
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| ! Vowel !! amg !! emg !! omg !! umg !! wmg !! ymg | | ! Vowel !! amg !! ang !! emg !! eng !! omg !! ong !! umg !! ung !! wmg !! wng !! ymg !! yng |
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| | IPA || ɐɰ̃ || ɛɰ̃ || oɰ̃ || œɰ̃ || uɰ̃ || ɨɰ̃ | | | IPA || ɐ̃ɰ̯̃ || ɐ̃j̃ || ɛ̃ɰ̯̃ || ɛ̃j̯̃ || õɰ̯̃ || õj̯̃ || œ̃ɰ̯̃ || œ̃j̯̃ || ũɰ̯̃ || ũj̯̃ || ɨ̃ɰ̯̃ || ɨ̃j̯̃ |
| |} | | |} |
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