Af Mexee/Verbs: Difference between revisions

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 #Conjugation 3 (A, B, C): ''-ish-'' (causative) verbs
 #Conjugation 4 (A, B, C): ''-at-'' (middle) verbs
-#Conjugation 5 (A, B): ''-p-'' verbs
+#Conjugation 5 (A, B): ''-p-'' (inchoative) verbs
-*'''Note:''' Affixes can be combined - e.g. ''cunsiismi'' "to be made to eat" (stem: ''cun-siish-am-''). When any derivational affix is added to ''-ish-'' (or derivatives such as ''-siish-''), the ''-sh-'' always becomes ''-s-''. Affixes combine in the order -''oo/aa''- + -''p''- + -''(si)ish''- + -''at/o''- + -''(a)m''-.
+*'''Note:''' Affixes can be combined - e.g. ''cunsiismi'' "to be made to eat" (stem: ''cun-siis-(a)m-''), ''maghacaawsami'' "to be caused to name (to one's benefit)" (stem: ''maghac-aap-(i)s-a-(a)m-''). When any derivational suffix is added to ''-ish-'' (or derivatives such as ''-siish-''), the ''-sh-'' always becomes ''-s-''. Affixes generally combine in the order -''oo/aa''- + -''p''- + -''(si)ish''- + -''at/o''- + -''(a)m''-.
 ====Conjugation 1====
@@ Line 91: / Line 91: @@
 ====Conjugation 3A====
-Verbs derived from root verbs with the causisive affix ''-ish-''. The ''sh'' combines with ''t'' and ''n'' to form ''s'' and ''nn'' respectively. e.g. ''karín'' "to cook" (stem: ''kar-ish-'').
+Verbs derived from root verbs with the causative affix ''-ish-'' - e.g. ''karín'' "to cook" (stem: ''kar-ish-''). The ''sh'' combines with ''t'' and ''n'' to form ''s'' and ''nn'' respectively.
 {| class="wikitable"
 |+ Class I Conjugation 3A
@@ Line 109: / Line 109: @@
 | <center>3SF</center> || <center>''-isa''</center> || <center>''kar<b>isa</b>''</center>|| <center>''-isó''</center> || <center>''kar<b>isó</b>''</center>|| <center>''-isi''</center> || <center>''kar<b>isi</b>''</center>
 |-
-| <center>1P</center> || <center>''-ina''</center> || <center>''kar<b>ina</b>''</center>|| <center> ''-inó''</center> || <center>''kar<b>inó</b>''</center>|| <center>''-ini''</center> || <center>''kar<b>ini</b>''</center>
+| <center>1P</center> || <center>''-inna''</center> || <center>''kar<b>inna</b>''</center>|| <center> ''-innó''</center> || <center>''kar<b>innó</b>''</center>|| <center>''-inni''</center> || <center>''kar<b>inni</b>''</center>
 |-
 | <center>2P</center> || <center>''-isíin''</center> || <center>''kar<b>isíin</b>''</center>||<center> ''-isíin''</center> || <center>''kar<b>isíin</b>''</center>|| <center>''-iséen''</center> || <center>''kar<b>iséen</b>''</center>|| <center>''–ísha/-́sha''</center>||  <center>''kar<b>ísha</b>/kár<b>sha</b>''</center>||<center>''-inína''</center> || <center>''kar<b>inína</b>''</center>
@@ Line 115: / Line 115: @@
 | <center>3P</center> || <center>''-(i)sháan''</center> || <center>''kar<b>(i)sháan</b>''</center>|| <center>''-(i)sháan''</center> || <center>''kar<b>(i)sháan</b>''</center>|| <center>''-(i)shéen''</center> || <center>''kar<b>(i)shéen</b>''</center>|| colspan="4" style="background: gray" |
 |}
 ====Conjugation 3B====
@@ Line 128: / Line 127: @@
 !  !! colspan="2" | Present Affirmative !! colspan="2" | Present Subjunctive !! colspan="2" | Past Affirmative !! colspan="2" | Past Negative !! colspan="2" | Imperative Affirmative !! colspan="2" | Imperative Negative
 |-
-| <center>1S</center> || <center>''-siisha''</center> || <center>''gaar<b>siisha</b>''</center>|| <center>''-siishó''</center> || <center>''gaar<b>siishó</b>''</center>|| <center>''-siishi''</center> || <center>''gaar<b>siishi</b>''</center>|| rowspan="7" | <center>''-siinín''</center> || rowspan="7" | <center>''gaar<b>siiinín</b>''</center>|| colspan="4"  style="background: gray" |
+| <center>1S</center> || <center>''-siisha''</center> || <center>''gaar<b>siisha</b>''</center>|| <center>''-siishó''</center> || <center>''gaar<b>siishó</b>''</center>|| <center>''-siishi''</center> || <center>''gaar<b>siishi</b>''</center>|| rowspan="7" | <center>''-siinín''</center> || rowspan="7" | <center>''gaar<b>siinín</b>''</center>|| colspan="4"  style="background: gray" |
 |-
-| <center>2S</center> || <center>''-siisa''</center> || <center>''gaar<b>siisa</b>''</center>|| <center>''-siisó''</center> ||  <center>''gaar<b>siisó</b>''</center>||<center>''-siisi''</center> || <center>''gaar<b>siisi</b>''</center>|| <center>''–síish''</center> || <center>''gaar<b>síish</b>''</center>|| <center>''–síinin''</center> || <center>''gaar<b>síinin</b>''</center>
+| <center>2S</center> || <center>''-siisa''</center> || <center>''gaar<b>siisa</b>''</center>|| <center>''-siisó''</center> ||  <center>''gaar<b>siisó</b>''</center>||<center>''-siisi''</center> || <center>''gaar<b>siisi</b>''</center>|| <center>''–síish''</center> || <center>''gaar<b>síish</b>''</center>|| <center>''–síinin''</center> || <center>''gaar<b>siínin</b>''</center>
 |-
 | <center>3SM</center> || <center>''-siisha''</center> || <center>''gaar<b>siisha</b>''</center>|| <center>''-siishó''</center> || <center>''gaar<b>siishó</b>''</center>|| <center>''-siishi''</center> || <center>''gaar<b>siishi</b>''</center>|| colspan="4" rowspan="3" style="background: gray" |
@@ Line 136: / Line 135: @@
 | <center>3SF</center> || <center>''-siisa''</center> || <center>''gaar<b>siisa</b>''</center>|| <center>''-siisó''</center> || <center>''gaar<b>siisó</b>''</center>|| <center>''-siisi''</center> || <center>''gaar<b>siisi</b>''</center>
 |-
-| <center>1P</center> || <center>''-siina''</center> || <center>''gaar<b>siina</b>''</center>|| <center> ''-siinó''</center> || <center>''gaar<b>siinó</b>''</center>|| <center>''-siini''</center> || <center>''gaar<b>siini</b>''</center>
+| <center>1P</center> || <center>''-siinna''</center> || <center>''gaar<b>siinna</b>''</center>|| <center> ''-siinnó''</center> || <center>''gaar<b>siinnó</b>''</center>|| <center>''-siinni''</center> || <center>''gaar<b>siinni</b>''</center>
 |-
 | <center>2P</center> || <center>''-siisíin''</center> || <center>''gaar<b>siisíin</b>''</center>||<center> ''-siisíin''</center> || <center>''gaar<b>siisíin</b>''</center>|| <center>''-siiséen''</center> || <center>''gaar<b>siiséen</b>''</center>|| <center>''–siísha''</center>||  <center>''gaar<b>siísha</b>''</center>||<center>''-siinína''</center> || <center>''gaar<b>siinína</b>''</center>
@@ Line 144: / Line 143: @@
 ====Conjugation 3C====
-Verbs derived from nouns/adjectives with the causative affix ''-aash-'' (from ''-aa- + -(i)sh-''). e.g. ''bishaayn'' "to water, pour water (in/on)".
+Verbs derived from nouns/adjectives with the causative affix ''-aaysh-'' (from ''-aa- + -(i)sh-''). e.g. ''bishaayn'' "to water, pour water (in/on)".
 {| class="wikitable"
 |+ Class I Conjugation 3C
@@ Line 150: / Line 149: @@
 ! colspan="5" | Infinitive || colspan="4" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">''-aaýn''</span></center> || colspan="4" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">''bish<b>aaýn</b>''</span></center>
 |-
-! colspan="5" | Verbal Noun (''f.'') || colspan="4" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">''-aás'' </span></center> || colspan="4" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">''bish<b>aás</b>''</span></center>
+! colspan="5" | Verbal Noun (''f.'') || colspan="4" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">''-aaýs'' </span></center> || colspan="4" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">''bish<b>aaýs</b>''</span></center>
 |-
 !  !! colspan="2" | Present Affirmative !! colspan="2" | Present Subjunctive !! colspan="2" | Past Affirmative !! colspan="2" | Past Negative !! colspan="2" | Imperative Affirmative !! colspan="2" | Imperative Negative
 |-
-| <center>1S</center> || <center>''-aasha''</center> || <center>''bish<b>aasha</b>''</center>|| <center>''-aashó''</center> || <center>''bish<b>aashó</b>''</center>|| <center>''-aashi''</center> || <center>''bish<b>aashi</b>''</center>|| rowspan="7" | <center>''-aaynín''</center> || rowspan="7" | <center>''bish<b>aaynín</b>''</center>|| colspan="4"  style="background: gray" |
+| <center>1S</center> || <center>''-aaysha''</center> || <center>''bish<b>aaysha</b>''</center>|| <center>''-aayshó''</center> || <center>''bish<b>aayshó</b>''</center>|| <center>''-aayshi''</center> || <center>''bish<b>aayshi</b>''</center>|| rowspan="7" | <center>''-aaynín''</center> || rowspan="7" | <center>''bish<b>aaynín</b>''</center>|| colspan="4"  style="background: gray" |
 |-
-| <center>2S</center> || <center>''-aasa''</center> || <center>''bish<b>aasa</b>''</center>|| <center>''-aasó''</center> ||  <center>''bish<b>aasó</b>''</center>||<center>''-aasi''</center> || <center>''bish<b>aasi</b>''</center>|| <center>''ˊ–aash''</center> || <center>''bish<b>áash</b>''</center>|| <center>''–aaýnin''</center> || <center>''bish<b>aaýnin</b>''</center>
+| <center>2S</center> || <center>''-aaysa''</center> || <center>''bish<b>aaysa</b>''</center>|| <center>''-aaysó''</center> ||  <center>''bish<b>aaysó</b>''</center>||<center>''-aaysi''</center> || <center>''bish<b>aaysi</b>''</center>|| <center>''ˊ–aaysh''</center> || <center>''bish<b>áash</b>''</center>|| <center>''–aaýnin''</center> || <center>''bish<b>aaýnin</b>''</center>
 |-
-| <center>3SM</center> || <center>''-aasha''</center> || <center>''bish<b>aasha</b>''</center>|| <center>''-aashó''</center> || <center>''bish<b>aashó</b>''</center>|| <center>''-aashi''</center> || <center>''bish<b>aashi</b>''</center>|| colspan="4" rowspan="3" style="background: gray" |
+| <center>3SM</center> || <center>''-aaysha''</center> || <center>''bish<b>aaysha</b>''</center>|| <center>''-aayshó''</center> || <center>''bish<b>aayshó</b>''</center>|| <center>''-aayshi''</center> || <center>''bish<b>aayshi</b>''</center>|| colspan="4" rowspan="3" style="background: gray" |
 |-
-| <center>3SF</center> || <center>''-aasa''</center> || <center>''bish<b>aasa</b>''</center>|| <center>''-aasó''</center> || <center>''bish<b>aasó</b>''</center>|| <center>''-aasi''</center> || <center>''bish<b>aasi</b>''</center>
+| <center>3SF</center> || <center>''-aaysa''</center> || <center>''bish<b>aaysa</b>''</center>|| <center>''-aaysó''</center> || <center>''bish<b>aaysó</b>''</center>|| <center>''-aaysi''</center> || <center>''bish<b>aaysi</b>''</center>
 |-
-| <center>1P</center> || <center>''-aayna''</center> || <center>''bish<b>aayna</b>''</center>|| <center> ''-aaynó''</center> || <center>''bish<b>aaynó</b>''</center>|| <center>''-aayni''</center> || <center>''bish<b>aayni</b>''</center>
+| <center>1P</center> || <center>''-aaynna''</center> || <center>''bish<b>aaynna</b>''</center>|| <center> ''-aaynnó''</center> || <center>''bish<b>aaynnó</b>''</center>|| <center>''-aaynni''</center> || <center>''bish<b>aaynni</b>''</center>
 |-
-| <center>2P</center> || <center>''-aasíin''</center> || <center>''bish<b>aasíin</b>''</center>||<center> ''-aasíin''</center> || <center>''bish<b>aasíin</b>''</center>|| <center>''-aaséen''</center> || <center>''bish<b>aaséen</b>''</center>|| <center>''–aásha''</center>||  <center>''bish<b>aásha</b>''</center>||<center>''-aaynína''</center> || <center>''bish<b>aaynína</b>''</center>
+| <center>2P</center> || <center>''-aaysíin''</center> || <center>''bish<b>aaysíin</b>''</center>||<center> ''-aaysíin''</center> || <center>''bish<b>aaysíin</b>''</center>|| <center>''-aayséen''</center> || <center>''bish<b>aayséen</b>''</center>|| <center>''–aaýsha''</center>||  <center>''bish<b>aaýsha</b>''</center>||<center>''-aaynína''</center> || <center>''bish<b>aaynína</b>''</center>
 |-
-| <center>3P</center> || <center>''-aasháan''</center> || <center>''bish<b>aasháan</b>''</center>|| <center>''-aasháan''</center> || <center>''bish<b>aasháan</b>''</center>|| <center>''-aashéen''</center> || <center>''bish<b>aashéen</b>''</center>|| colspan="4" style="background: gray" |
+| <center>3P</center> || <center>''-aaysháan''</center> || <center>''bish<b>aaysháan</b>''</center>|| <center>''-aaysháan''</center> || <center>''bish<b>aaysháan</b>''</center>|| <center>''-aayshéen''</center> || <center>''bish<b>aayshéen</b>''</center>|| colspan="4" style="background: gray" |
 |}
@@ Line 266: / Line 265: @@
 | <center>3SF</center> || <center>''-oota''</center> || <center>''car<b>oota</b>''</center>|| <center>''-ootó''</center> || <center>''car<b>ootó</b>''</center>|| <center>''-ooti''</center> || <center>''car<b>ooti</b>''</center>
 |-
-| <center>1P</center> || <center>''-oona''</center> || <center>''car<b>oona</b>''</center>|| <center> ''-oonó''</center> || <center>''car<b>oonó</b>''</center>|| <center>''-ooni''</center> || <center>''car<b>ooni</b>''</center>
+| <center>1P</center> || <center>''-oonna''</center> || <center>''car<b>oonna</b>''</center>|| <center> ''-oonnó''</center> || <center>''car<b>oonnó</b>''</center>|| <center>''-oonni''</center> || <center>''car<b>oonni</b>''</center>
 |-
 | <center>2P</center> || <center>''-ootíin''</center> || <center>''car<b>ootíin</b>''</center>||<center> ''-ootíin''</center> || <center>''car<b>ootíin</b>''</center>|| <center>''-ootéen''</center> || <center>''car<b>ootéen</b>''</center>|| <center>''–oótha''</center>||  <center>''car<b>oótha</b>''</center>||<center>''-oonína''</center> || <center>''car<b>oonína</b>''</center>
@@ Line 328: / Line 327: @@
 ===Class II: Prefix Conjugation===
-The prefix conjugation is a small, closed class of verbs that conjugate by means of prefixes and vowel changes. It includes the verbs ''aqoon'' "to know", ''ool'' "to be available", ''oran'' "to say/tell", and ''iman'' "to come". They have various forms due to analogy with each other and the suffix conjugation.
+The prefix conjugation is a small, closed class of verbs that conjugate by means of prefixes and vowel changes. It includes the verbs ''aqoon'' "to know", ''ool'' "to be available", ''oran'' "to say/tell", and ''iman'' "to come". They have various forms due to analogy with each other and the suffix conjugation. The tables below show oossible two paradigms for each verb.
 {| class="wikitable"
@@ Line 449: / Line 448: @@
 | <center>1P</center> || <center>''eé<b>na</b>''</center> ||  <center>''níh<b>in</b>''</center>||<center>''nih<b>ín</b>''</center> || <center>''ah<b>aayni</b>''</center>
 |-
-| <center>2P</center> || <center>''eé<b>thíin</b>''</center>|| <center>''tih<b>(ith)íin</b>''</center> || <center>''tih<b>(ith)íin</b>''</center>||<center>''ah<b>aaytéen</b>''</center> || <center>''ah<b>aátha</b>''</center> || <center>''ah<b>aanína</b>''</center>
+| <center>2P</center> || <center>''eé<b>thíin</b>''</center>|| <center>''tíh<b>ithíin</b>''</center> || <center>''tih<b>ithíin</b>''</center>||<center>''ah<b>aaytéen</b>''</center> || <center>''ah<b>aátha</b>''</center> || <center>''ah<b>aanína</b>''</center>
 |-
-| <center>3P</center> || <center>''eé<b>yíin</b>''</center>||<center>''ah<b>áan</b>''</center>|| <center>''ah<b>áan</b>''</center> || <center>''ah<b>aayéen</b>''</center> || colspan="4" rowspan="3" style="background: gray" |
+| <center>3P</center> || <center>''eé<b>yíin</b>''</center>||<center>''yíh<b>íin</b>''</center>|| <center>''yih<b>íin</b>''</center> || <center>''ah<b>aayéen</b>''</center> || colspan="4" rowspan="3" style="background: gray" |
 |}
@@ Line 457: / Line 456: @@
 {| class="wikitable"
-|+ Class III: cas
+|+ Class III: ''cas''
 |-
 ! colspan="5" | Infinitive || colspan="5" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">''-aán''</span></center> || colspan="5" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">''cas<b>aán</b>''</span></center>
@@ Line 475: / Line 474: @@
 | <center>1P</center> ||  <center>''-́na''</center>||  <center>''cás<b>na</b>''</center> || <center>''-́in''</center> || <center>''cás<b>in</b>''</center>|| <center> ''-ín''</center> || <center>''cas<b>ín</b>''</center>|| <center>''-aayni''</center> || <center>''cas<b>aayni</b>''</center>
 |-
-| <center>2P</center> ||  <center>''-́tíin''</center>||  <center>''cás<b>tíin</b>''</center> || <center>''-́(ith)íin''</center> || <center>''cás<b>(ith)íin</b>''</center>||<center> ''-(ith)íin''</center> || <center>''cas<b>(ith)íin</b>''</center>|| <center>''-aaytéen''</center> || <center>''cas<b>aaytéen</b>''</center>|| <center>''–aátha''</center>||  <center>''cas<b>aátha</b>''</center>||<center>''-aanína''</center> || <center>''cas<b>aanína</b>''</center>
+| <center>2P</center> ||  <center>''-́tíin''</center>||  <center>''cás<b>tíin</b>''</center> || <center>''-́ithíin''</center> || <center>''cás<b>ithíin</b>''</center>||<center> ''-ithíin''</center> || <center>''cas<b>ithíin</b>''</center>|| <center>''-aaytéen''</center> || <center>''cas<b>aaytéen</b>''</center>|| <center>''–aátha''</center>||  <center>''cas<b>aátha</b>''</center>||<center>''-aanína''</center> || <center>''cas<b>aanína</b>''</center>
 |-
-| <center>3P</center> ||  <center>''-́yíin''</center>||  <center>''cás<b>yíin</b>''</center>  || <center>''-́áan''</center> || <center>''cás<b>áan</b>''</center>|| <center>''-áan''</center> || <center>''cas<b>áan</b>''</center>|| <center>''-aayéen''</center> || <center>''cas<b>aayéen</b>''</center>|| colspan="4" style="background: gray" |
+| <center>3P</center> ||  <center>''-́yíin''</center>||  <center>''cás<b>yíin</b>''</center>  || <center>''-́íin''</center> || <center>''cás<b>íin</b>''</center>|| <center>''-íin''</center> || <center>''cas<b>íin</b>''</center>|| <center>''-aayéen''</center> || <center>''cas<b>aayéen</b>''</center>|| colspan="4" style="background: gray" |
 |}
 ==Tense, Aspect, Mood, and Voice==
 '''Notes:'''
-*Impersonal passive (with ''la'') is used as the regular passive as well as pseudo-passive.
+*Impersonal passive (with ''la'') is used as the regular passive as well as pseudo-passive - e.g. ''la i arki'' "I was seen", ''la jiifa'' "(someone) is sleeping".
 *Subjunctive forms can be used adjectivally. In this usage, gender and number marking is optional (hence why adjectives need not be marked for plurality).
 ===Simple Forms===
@@ Line 505: / Line 504: @@
 **Affirmative: "Past Affirmative" with final high tone - e.g. ''nin taghí'' "a man who went"
 **Negative: (''an'') + "Past Negative" - e.g. ''nin an taghín'' "a man who did not go" (note that this is identical to the present equivalent; for d=isambiguation, a compound form may be used instead)
 ====Jussive====
 *Affirmative:
@@ Line 578: / Line 578: @@
 **In the simple present indicative, it indicates habituality (i.e. "regularly fails to").
 **In the subjunctive, it can be used instead of the simple negative subjunctive. e.g. ''hadíi us tághi waayó'' "if he does not go", ''ninki tághi waayí'' "the man who did not go"
-*<i>la'</i> "to lack" (present) → "to fail to" - e.g. <i>us tághi lá'yaha</i> "he is failing to go"
+*<i>la'</i> "to lack" (present) → "to fail to" - e.g. <i>us tághi lá'ya</i> "he is failing to go"
 **This is used for an ongoing action (i.e. "is failing to").
 *''qapi'' "to have" (present, past) → "to have to" - e.g. ''us tághi qapa'' "he has to go"
@@ Line 585: / Line 585: @@
 [[Category:Af Mexee]]
 [[Category:Languages]]
-[[Category:Afroasiatic languages]]
 [[Category:Cushitic languages]]