Anbirese: Difference between revisions

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'''{{SUBPAGENAME}}''' (''n gaz Anbirjeong'' /ən gǎz ànbirjəŋ/ [ànbírjəŋ]) is a major [[Talmic]] language descended from [[Tigol]], inspired by Sino-Korean, Swedish, and Welsh. compared to its relatives [[Skellan]] and [[Ciètian]], it has a relatively conservative verb system. On the planet of [[Verse:Tricin|Tricin]] ({{SUBPAGENAME}}: ''n Smau'' /ən smau/), it is an analogue of German in terms of influence. {{SUBPAGENAME}} is the official language of the Talman countries [[Verse:Tricin/Anbir|Anbir]] and [[Verse:Tricin/Musun|Musun]] and of former colonies in Cualuav and Txapoalli; it is the second-largest Talmic language in terms of number of speakers. Like most modern Talmic languages, {{SUBPAGENAME}} is a descendant of [[Thensarian]]. Like with German, there is a Standard {{SUBPAGENAME}} and various regiolects.
'''{{SUBPAGENAME}}''' (''n gaz Anbirjeong'' /ən gǎz ànbirjəŋ/ [ànbírjəŋ]) is a major [[Talmic]] language descended from [[Tigol]], inspired by Sino-Korean, Swedish, and Welsh. compared to its relatives [[Skellan]] and [[Ciètian]], it has a relatively conservative verb system. On the planet of [[Verse:Tricin|Tricin]] ({{SUBPAGENAME}}: ''n Smo'' /ən smo/), it is an analogue of German in terms of influence. {{SUBPAGENAME}} is the official language of the Talman countries [[Verse:Tricin/Anbir|Anbir]] and [[Verse:Tricin/Musun|Musun]] and of former colonies in Cualuav and Txapoalli; it is the second-largest Talmic language in terms of number of speakers. Like most modern Talmic languages, {{SUBPAGENAME}} is a descendant of [[Thensarian]]. Like with German, there is a Standard {{SUBPAGENAME}} and various regiolects.


Thanks in large part to the printing press, Modern {{SUBPAGENAME}} rapidly gained prominence over a larger area in Northern Talma and came to serve as a lingua franca for northern mainland Talma. Today, {{SUBPAGENAME}} still enjoys status as a "cultured" language and is one of the most widely taught foreign languages in the Bitaletan world.
Thanks in large part to the printing press, Modern {{SUBPAGENAME}} rapidly gained prominence over a larger area in Northern Talma and came to serve as a lingua franca for northern mainland Talma. Today, {{SUBPAGENAME}} still enjoys status as a "cultured" language and is one of the most widely taught foreign languages in the Bitaletan world.
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==Todo==
==Todo==
*ot, od > vat, vad
*ot, od > vat, vada
*Numbers: kjam, tjeodeor, nask, dyv, solj, stam, rvað, lað, berb, ngjor, jachim, kne
*Numbers: kjam, tjeodeor, nask, tyb, solj, stam, rvaz, laz, paerp, ngjor, jachim, knae
*scaimh 'mountain' > skeγ
*scaimh 'mountain' > skeγ
*obey < TELIC + 'listen' (like in Þiús'k)
*obey < TELIC + 'listen' (like in Þiús'k)
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==Phonology==
==Phonology==
===Consonants===
===Consonants===
Anbirese has about 33 consonants:
*/k g x ŋ/
*/k g x ŋ/
*/tɕ d͡ʑ tɕʰ ɲ/
*/tɕ d͡ʑ tɕʰ ɲ/
*/t d tʰ z n/
*/t d tʰ z (ʑ) n/
*/p b f v m/
*/p b f v m/
*/pʲ bʲ fʲ vʲ mʲ/
*/s ɕ ɧ h/
*/s ɕ ɧ h/
*/r ɹ j ɴ̆~w/
*/ɾ ɾʲ ɹ j ɴ̆ w/
 
Anbirese has phonetic palatalization, indicated by writing ''Cj''. Anbirese makes a distinction between palatalized consonants (written ''Cj'') and iotated consonants (written ''Clj''): e.g. ''mjeg'' /mʲeg/ = to cover; ''mljeg'' /mjeg/ = to sell.


===Notation===
===Notation===
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===Vowels===
===Vowels===
'''i eu u e eo a o ae oe''' /i ɨ ü e ʌ~ɔ a o~u ɛ~e ø/
Anbirese has 7 vowel phonemes. ''eu'' /ɨ/ may be treated as a hard counterpart of ''i'' /i/.
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Front
! rowspan="2" |Central
! rowspan="2" |Back
|-
! style="width: 45px; " |<small>unrounded</small>
! style="width: 45px; " |<small>rounded</small>
|-
! style="" |Close
| '''i''' /i/
| '''u''' /ü/
| '''eu''' [ɨ]
| '''o''' /o~u/
|-
! style="" |Mid
| '''e''' /e~ɛ/
| '''oe''' /ø~œ/
| '''eo''' [ə]
| '''eo''' /ʌ~ɔ/
|-
! style="" |Open
|
|
| '''a''' /ɐ/
|
|}


''eo'' is /ə/ when unstressed.
'''eo''' is /ə/ when unstressed.


===Stress===
===Stress===
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==Vocabulary==
==Vocabulary==
Anbirese is about as purist as German, though it has a fair helping of [[Swuntsim]] loanwords. Anbirese vocabulary often uses compounding to disambiguate words that were made similar by dueum beopchik. Like in other Talman languages, academic vocabulary has more [[Tseer]] and [[Windermere]] loans.
Anbirese is about as purist as German, though it has a fair helping of [[Swuntsim]] loanwords. Like in other Talman languages, academic vocabulary has more [[Tseer]] and [[Windermere]] loans.


==Morphology==
==Morphology==
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|-
|-
! Example
! Example
| ''eo '''m'''ran''<br/>'the corner' || ''n '''g'''az''<br/>'the language' || ''n '''χ'''eozir''<br/>'the flower' || ''n '''p'''rán''<br/>'the corners' || ''n '''k'''áz''<br/>'the languages' || ''eo '''ngh'''éozir''<br/>'the flowers'
| ''eo '''mp'''ran''<br/>'the corner' || ''n '''gk'''az''<br/>'the language' || ''n '''χ'''eozir''<br/>'the flower' || ''n '''p'''rán''<br/>'the corners' || ''n '''k'''áz''<br/>'the languages' || ''eo '''ngh'''éozir''<br/>'the flowers'
|}
|}


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*Comparative: ''θjangeoban'''teo''''' = more interesting
*Comparative: ''θjangeoban'''teo''''' = more interesting
*Superlative: ''θjangeoban'''eos''''' = most interesting
*Superlative: ''θjangeoban'''eob''''' = most interesting


===Verbs===
===Verbs===
Verbs are conservative and similar to [[Ciètian]], with synthetic forms instead of analytic constructions as in [[Skellan]].
Verbs are conservative and similar to [[Ciètian]], with synthetic forms instead of analytic constructions as in [[Skellan]].
====Finite verb inflection====
====Finite verb inflection====
Anbirese has 3 tenses:
All forms of an Anbirese verb are formed from four principal parts:
*Present tense: ''-ig'', negative ''θri'' + IMPERATIVE
 
#the present absolute stem
#the imperative stem
#the past stem
#the bare infinitive stem
 
The forms of an Anbirese verb are the following:
*Present tense: PRESENT + ''-ig'', negative ''θri'' + IMPERATIVE
*Subjunctive (after preverbs): also IMPERATIVE  
*Future tense: ''aeb'' + IMPERATIVE
*Future tense: ''aeb'' + IMPERATIVE
*Past tense: regularly ''-in''; induces split-ergativity
*Past tense: PAST + ''-in''; induces split-ergativity
*Imperative: IMPERATIVE
*''-eod'' infinitive: PRESENT + -eod
*bare infinitive: INFINITIVE


There is no aspect distinction.
There is no aspect distinction.
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**with ''ok'' 'from', indicates stopping, avoiding, or preventing from VERBing  
**with ''ok'' 'from', indicates stopping, avoiding, or preventing from VERBing  
**with ''ast'' 'without', indicates "without VERBing" [Dialects may use the ''-a'' infinitive]
**with ''ast'' 'without', indicates "without VERBing" [Dialects may use the ''-a'' infinitive]
*The ''-a'' infinitive is mainly used to construct deranked time clauses (like the Biblical Hebrew bi- + infinite construct), and also  
*The bare infinitive is mainly used to construct deranked time clauses (like the Biblical Hebrew bi- + infinite construct), and also  
**with ''djeo'' 'in', indicates "while the action is taking place" or, when possessed, "while POSSESSOR is VERBing"
**with ''djeo'' 'in', indicates "while the action is taking place" or, when possessed, "while POSSESSOR is VERBing"
**with ''eor'' 'on', indicates "upon/as soon as the action is taking place" or, when possessed,  "upon the POSSESSOR's VERBing"
**with ''eor'' 'on', indicates "upon/as soon as the action is taking place" or, when possessed,  "upon the POSSESSOR's VERBing"
**with ''nae'' 'by', indicates that the verb's action serves a reason or purpose clause: "by VERBing" or "because of VERBing"
**with ''nae'' 'by', indicates that the verb's action serves a reason or purpose clause: "by VERBing" or "because of VERBing"
**with ''ok'' 'from', indicates being "beyond VERBing, or preventing from VERBing"
**with ''ok'' 'from', indicates being "beyond VERBing, or preventing from VERBing", or when possessed, "beyond the POSSESSOR's VERBing"
***''Lae mi kai ok neo soela djeo bno.'' = This is too much for me to do all at once. (lit. more than my doing all at once)
***''Lae mi kai ok neo soela djeo doreuk χjang.'' (be.PRES this much from my do.VN in try one) = This is too much for me to do all at once.
**with the accusative marker ''ljeo'', indicates a complement clause. There are two possible syntaxes for the ''ljeo''-complement clause:
**with the accusative marker ''ljeo'', indicates a complement clause. There are two possible syntaxes for the ''ljeo''-complement clause:
***''ljeo'' + SUBJECT + ''seo/s'' + VERB-''a''
***''ljeo'' + SUBJECT + ''seo/s'' + VERB-''a''
***''ljeo'' + VERB + SUBJECT (possessed verbal noun)
***''ljeo'' + VERB + SUBJECT (possessed verbal noun)
**It is also used to form the [[Anbirese/Syntax#Infinitive_absolute|infinitive absolute]].


====Split-ergativity====
====Split-ergativity====
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:'Our dogs finally returned.'
:'Our dogs finally returned.'
{{col-end}}
{{col-end}}
====Strong verbs====
As in Germanic, some Anbirese verbs form the past tense and the ''-eod'' infinitive by using ablaut.


===Copula===
===Copula===
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*''djeo'' = in (djeo + eo/n > djeon)
*''djeo'' = in (djeo + eo/n > djeon)
**''djeo-na, (djeo-s,) dj-u, d-i, dj-eoz, dj-am, djeof, djeok, djur''
**''djeo-na, (djeo-s,) dj-u, d-i, dj-eoz, dj-am, djeof, djeok, djur''
*''rjeo'' = of
*''rjeo ljeo'' = of
**''rjeona, rjeos, rju, ri, rjeoz, rjam, rjeof, rjeok, rjur''  
**''rjeo ljeona, (rjeo ljeos), rjeo lju, rjeo li, rjeo ljeoz, rjeo ljam, rjeo ljeof, rjeo ljeok, rjeo ljur''  
*''nae'' = with (inst.)
*''nae'' = with (inst.)
**''naemna, (naebeos), naebu, naebi, naebeoz, naebam, naebeof, naebeok, naebur''
**''naemna, (naebeos), naebu, naebi, naebeoz, naebam, naebeof, naebeok, naebur''
*ae = to, for (ae + eo/n > aen)
*ae = to, for (ae + eo/n > aen)
**''aemna, (aebeos), aebu, aebi, aebeoz, aebam, aebeof, aebeok, aebur''
**''aemna, (aebeos), aebu, aebi, aebeoz, aebam, aebeof, aebeok, aebur''
*''lang'' = around, about
*''ljang'' = around, about
**''langna, (langeos), langu, langi, langeoz, langam, langeof, langeok, langur''
**''ljangna, (ljangeos), ljangu, ljangi, ljangeoz, ljangam, ljangeof, ljangeok, ljangur''
*''eor'' = at
*''eor'' = at
**''eorna, eoreos, or, eri, eoreoz, eoram, eoreof, eoreok, eorur''
**''eorna, (eoreos), oru, eri, eoreoz, eoram, eoreof, eoreok, eorur''
*''hjel'' = like
*''hjel'' = like
**''hjelna, hjeleos, hjelu, hjeli, hjeleoz, hjelam, hjeleof, hjeleok, hjerur''
**''hjelna, hjeleos, hjelu, hjeli, hjeleoz, hjelam, hjeleof, hjeleok, hjerur''
*''θri'' = with (comitative)
*''θri'' = with (comitative)
*''eor oed'' = against


===Conjunctions===
===Conjunctions===
*''eok'' = and
*''eok'' = and
*''nu'' = xor
*''nu'' = xor
===Numerals===
====Cardinal====
1-10 = χjang, θjeodeor, nask, tob, solj, stang, rvaz, laz, paerp, ngjor
11, 12, ... = jagjeong, χnae, nask ljang ngjor, tob ljang ngjor, etc.
====Ordinal====
χjameor, rjebjeor, naskeor, tobeor, soljeor, stangeor, rvazeor, lazeor, paerpeor, ngjoreor, jagjeor, χnaeëor, nask ljang ngjor-eor, etc.


===Derivational morphology===
===Derivational morphology===
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==Sample texts==
==Sample texts==
===From H2G2===
===From H2G2===
:'''''N jangθal mokstin: Djeon hslakeort farsngoein eo tartsor. Θoglaïn un san mje lib χár ngvad eok sjeong e eor fjen djeon dtaki sjeot ntoreuk nknjet.'''''
:'''''N jangθal mokstin: Djeon hslakeort farsngoein eo tartsor. Θoglaïn un san mje lib eom ngvad eok sjeong e eor fjen djeon dtaki sjeot ntoreuk nknjet.'''''
:/n‿jaŋtʰal mokst⁼in | dʑən hʟak⁼ərt farsŋœin ə t⁼arts⁼ur | tʰuglain ün zan mje ʟib kʰar ur ək ɧɔŋ e əɾ fjen dʑən datɕ⁼i ɧət noɾük ŋnjet/
:/n‿jaŋtʰal mokst⁼in | dʑən hʟak⁼ərt farsŋœin ə t⁼arts⁼ur | tʰuglain ün zan mje ʟib ɔm ŋwad ək ɧɔŋ e əɾ fjen dʑən datɕ⁼i ɧət nuɾük ŋnjet/
:the story so_far: in-DEF beginning create-PST DEF universe. anger-PAST ERG-DEF thing very this person/PL many and meet/PST it at eye/PL in-DEF wideness as turn bad.
:the story so_far: in-DEF beginning create-PST DEF universe. anger-PAST ERG-DEF thing this very person/PL many and meet/PST it at eye/PL in-DEF wideness as turn bad.
:''The story so far: In the beginning the universe was created. This has made many people very angry and been widely regarded as a bad move.''
:''The story so far: In the beginning the universe was created. This has made many people very angry and been widely regarded as a bad move.''


===UDHR===
===UDHR===
:'''''Darkjeorig ba γχar djeo hsjeok eok blje naen fraeχleod eok naen méorjeond. Oskjeonin har naen masrin eok naen stvarnga, eok pjeozjeo areor djeo skrateon djeo ljesvar n jezeokleon so heosrag.'''''
:'''''Darkjeorig ba h-eom djeo hsjeok eok blje naen fraeχleod eok naen méorjeond. Oskjeonin har naen masrin eok naen stvarnga, eok pjeozjeo eorur djeo skrateon djeo ljesvar n jezeokleon a heosrag.'''''
:be_born-PRES all human PRED free and same INST-DEF dignity and INST-DEF right/PL. endow-PAST 3PL INST-DEF reason and INST-DEF conscience, and part on-3PL ADV mutual in spirit DEF brotherhood to act.
:/daɾtɕəɾig ba hɔm dʑə ɧɔk ək bje nen fɾexləd ək nen mɔɾʲənd. uɕtɕənin har nen masɾin ək nen stwaɾŋa, ək pʲɔɹə ɔɾüɾ dʑə skɾatən dʑə jeswaɾ njezəkʟən a hɔsɾag/
:be_born-PRES all human PRED free and same INST-DEF dignity and INST-DEF right/PL. endow-PAST 3PL INST-DEF reason and INST-DEF conscience, and part on-3PL ADV mutual in spirit DEF brotherhood A act.
:''All humans are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.''
:''All humans are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.''
[[Category:Tricin]]
[[Category:Tricin]]
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