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'''{{SUBPAGENAME}}''' (''n gaz Anbirjeong'' /ən gǎz ànbirjəŋ/ [ànbírjəŋ]) is a major [[Talmic]] language descended from [[Tigol]], inspired by Sino-Korean, Swedish, and Welsh. compared to its relatives [[Skellan]] and [[Ciètian]], it has a relatively conservative verb system. On the planet of [[Verse:Tricin|Tricin]] ({{SUBPAGENAME}}: ''n | '''{{SUBPAGENAME}}''' (''n gaz Anbirjeong'' /ən gǎz ànbirjəŋ/ [ànbírjəŋ]) is a major [[Talmic]] language descended from [[Tigol]], inspired by Sino-Korean, Swedish, and Welsh. compared to its relatives [[Skellan]] and [[Ciètian]], it has a relatively conservative verb system. On the planet of [[Verse:Tricin|Tricin]] ({{SUBPAGENAME}}: ''n Smo'' /ən smo/), it is an analogue of German in terms of influence. {{SUBPAGENAME}} is the official language of the Talman countries [[Verse:Tricin/Anbir|Anbir]] and [[Verse:Tricin/Musun|Musun]] and of former colonies in Cualuav and Txapoalli; it is the second-largest Talmic language in terms of number of speakers. Like most modern Talmic languages, {{SUBPAGENAME}} is a descendant of [[Thensarian]]. Like with German, there is a Standard {{SUBPAGENAME}} and various regiolects. | ||
Thanks in large part to the printing press, Modern {{SUBPAGENAME}} rapidly gained prominence over a larger area in Northern Talma and came to serve as a lingua franca for northern mainland Talma. Today, {{SUBPAGENAME}} still enjoys status as a "cultured" language and is one of the most widely taught foreign languages in the Bitaletan world. | Thanks in large part to the printing press, Modern {{SUBPAGENAME}} rapidly gained prominence over a larger area in Northern Talma and came to serve as a lingua franca for northern mainland Talma. Today, {{SUBPAGENAME}} still enjoys status as a "cultured" language and is one of the most widely taught foreign languages in the Bitaletan world. | ||
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==Todo== | ==Todo== | ||
*ot, od > vat, | *ot, od > vat, vada | ||
*Numbers: kjam, tjeodeor, nask, | *Numbers: kjam, tjeodeor, nask, tyb, solj, stam, rvaz, laz, paerp, ngjor, jachim, knae | ||
*scaimh 'mountain' > skeγ | *scaimh 'mountain' > skeγ | ||
*obey < TELIC + 'listen' (like in Þiús'k) | *obey < TELIC + 'listen' (like in Þiús'k) | ||
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==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
Anbirese has about 33 consonants: | |||
*/k g x ŋ/ | */k g x ŋ/ | ||
*/tɕ d͡ʑ tɕʰ ɲ/ | */tɕ d͡ʑ tɕʰ ɲ/ | ||
*/t d tʰ z n/ | */t d tʰ z (ʑ) n/ | ||
*/p b f v m/ | */p b f v m/ | ||
*/ | */pʲ bʲ fʲ vʲ mʲ/ | ||
*/s ɕ ɧ h/ | */s ɕ ɧ h/ | ||
*/ | */ɾ ɾʲ ɹ j ɴ̆ w/ | ||
Anbirese has phonetic palatalization, indicated by writing ''Cj''. Anbirese makes a distinction between palatalized consonants (written ''Cj'') and iotated consonants (written ''Clj''): e.g. ''mjeg'' /mʲeg/ = to cover; ''mljeg'' /mjeg/ = to sell. | |||
===Notation=== | ===Notation=== | ||
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===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
''' | Anbirese has 7 vowel phonemes. ''eu'' /ɨ/ may be treated as a hard counterpart of ''i'' /i/. | ||
''eo'' is /ə/ when unstressed. | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" | ||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" | | |||
! colspan="2" |Front | |||
! rowspan="2" |Central | |||
! rowspan="2" |Back | |||
|- | |||
! style="width: 45px; " |<small>unrounded</small> | |||
! style="width: 45px; " |<small>rounded</small> | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |Close | |||
| '''i''' /i/ | |||
| '''u''' /ü/ | |||
| '''eu''' [ɨ] | |||
| '''o''' /o~u/ | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |Mid | |||
| '''e''' /e~ɛ/ | |||
| '''oe''' /ø~œ/ | |||
| '''eo''' [ə] | |||
| '''eo''' /ʌ~ɔ/ | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |Open | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| '''a''' /ɐ/ | |||
| | |||
|} | |||
'''eo''' is /ə/ when unstressed. | |||
===Stress=== | ===Stress=== | ||
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*Comparative: ''θjangeoban'''teo''''' = more interesting | *Comparative: ''θjangeoban'''teo''''' = more interesting | ||
*Superlative: ''θjangeoban''' | *Superlative: ''θjangeoban'''eob''''' = most interesting | ||
===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
Verbs are conservative and similar to [[Ciètian]], with synthetic forms instead of analytic constructions as in [[Skellan]]. | Verbs are conservative and similar to [[Ciètian]], with synthetic forms instead of analytic constructions as in [[Skellan]]. | ||
====Finite verb inflection==== | ====Finite verb inflection==== | ||
Anbirese | All forms of an Anbirese verb are formed from four principal parts: | ||
*Present tense: ''-ig'', negative ''θri'' + IMPERATIVE | |||
#the present absolute stem | |||
#the imperative stem | |||
#the past stem | |||
#the bare infinitive stem | |||
The forms of an Anbirese verb are the following: | |||
*Present tense: PRESENT + ''-ig'', negative ''θri'' + IMPERATIVE | |||
*Subjunctive (after preverbs): also IMPERATIVE | |||
*Future tense: ''aeb'' + IMPERATIVE | *Future tense: ''aeb'' + IMPERATIVE | ||
*Past tense: | *Past tense: PAST + ''-in''; induces split-ergativity | ||
*Imperative: IMPERATIVE | |||
*''-eod'' infinitive: PRESENT + -eod | |||
*bare infinitive: INFINITIVE | |||
There is no aspect distinction. | There is no aspect distinction. | ||
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**with ''ok'' 'from', indicates stopping, avoiding, or preventing from VERBing | **with ''ok'' 'from', indicates stopping, avoiding, or preventing from VERBing | ||
**with ''ast'' 'without', indicates "without VERBing" [Dialects may use the ''-a'' infinitive] | **with ''ast'' 'without', indicates "without VERBing" [Dialects may use the ''-a'' infinitive] | ||
*The | *The bare infinitive is mainly used to construct deranked time clauses (like the Biblical Hebrew bi- + infinite construct), and also | ||
**with ''djeo'' 'in', indicates "while the action is taking place" or, when possessed, "while POSSESSOR is VERBing" | **with ''djeo'' 'in', indicates "while the action is taking place" or, when possessed, "while POSSESSOR is VERBing" | ||
**with ''eor'' 'on', indicates "upon/as soon as the action is taking place" or, when possessed, "upon the POSSESSOR's VERBing" | **with ''eor'' 'on', indicates "upon/as soon as the action is taking place" or, when possessed, "upon the POSSESSOR's VERBing" | ||
**with ''nae'' 'by', indicates that the verb's action serves a reason or purpose clause: "by VERBing" or "because of VERBing" | **with ''nae'' 'by', indicates that the verb's action serves a reason or purpose clause: "by VERBing" or "because of VERBing" | ||
**with ''ok'' 'from', indicates being "beyond VERBing, or preventing from VERBing", or when possessed, "beyond the POSSESSOR's VERBing" | **with ''ok'' 'from', indicates being "beyond VERBing, or preventing from VERBing", or when possessed, "beyond the POSSESSOR's VERBing" | ||
***''Lae mi kai ok neo soela djeo | ***''Lae mi kai ok neo soela djeo doreuk χjang.'' (be.PRES this much from my do.VN in try one) = This is too much for me to do all at once. | ||
**with the accusative marker ''ljeo'', indicates a complement clause. There are two possible syntaxes for the ''ljeo''-complement clause: | **with the accusative marker ''ljeo'', indicates a complement clause. There are two possible syntaxes for the ''ljeo''-complement clause: | ||
***''ljeo'' + SUBJECT + ''seo/s'' + VERB-''a'' | ***''ljeo'' + SUBJECT + ''seo/s'' + VERB-''a'' | ||
***''ljeo'' + VERB + SUBJECT (possessed verbal noun) | ***''ljeo'' + VERB + SUBJECT (possessed verbal noun) | ||
**It is also used to form the [[Anbirese/Syntax#Infinitive_absolute|infinitive absolute]]. | |||
====Split-ergativity==== | ====Split-ergativity==== | ||
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:'Our dogs finally returned.' | :'Our dogs finally returned.' | ||
{{col-end}} | {{col-end}} | ||
====Strong verbs==== | |||
As in Germanic, some Anbirese verbs form the past tense and the ''-eod'' infinitive by using ablaut. | |||
===Copula=== | ===Copula=== | ||
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**''djeo-na, (djeo-s,) dj-u, d-i, dj-eoz, dj-am, djeof, djeok, djur'' | **''djeo-na, (djeo-s,) dj-u, d-i, dj-eoz, dj-am, djeof, djeok, djur'' | ||
*''rjeo ljeo'' = of | *''rjeo ljeo'' = of | ||
**''rjeo ljeona, rjeo ljeos, rjeo lju, rjeo li, rjeo ljeoz, rjeo ljam, rjeo ljeof, rjeo ljeok, rjeo ljur'' | **''rjeo ljeona, (rjeo ljeos), rjeo lju, rjeo li, rjeo ljeoz, rjeo ljam, rjeo ljeof, rjeo ljeok, rjeo ljur'' | ||
*''nae'' = with (inst.) | *''nae'' = with (inst.) | ||
**''naemna, (naebeos), naebu, naebi, naebeoz, naebam, naebeof, naebeok, naebur'' | **''naemna, (naebeos), naebu, naebi, naebeoz, naebam, naebeof, naebeok, naebur'' | ||
*ae = to, for (ae + eo/n > aen) | *ae = to, for (ae + eo/n > aen) | ||
**''aemna, (aebeos), aebu, aebi, aebeoz, aebam, aebeof, aebeok, aebur'' | **''aemna, (aebeos), aebu, aebi, aebeoz, aebam, aebeof, aebeok, aebur'' | ||
*'' | *''ljang'' = around, about | ||
**'' | **''ljangna, (ljangeos), ljangu, ljangi, ljangeoz, ljangam, ljangeof, ljangeok, ljangur'' | ||
*''eor'' = at | *''eor'' = at | ||
**''eorna, eoreos, | **''eorna, (eoreos), oru, eri, eoreoz, eoram, eoreof, eoreok, eorur'' | ||
*''hjel'' = like | *''hjel'' = like | ||
**''hjelna, hjeleos, hjelu, hjeli, hjeleoz, hjelam, hjeleof, hjeleok, hjerur'' | **''hjelna, hjeleos, hjelu, hjeli, hjeleoz, hjelam, hjeleof, hjeleok, hjerur'' | ||
*''θri'' = with (comitative) | *''θri'' = with (comitative) | ||
*''eor oed'' = against | |||
===Conjunctions=== | ===Conjunctions=== | ||
*''eok'' = and | *''eok'' = and | ||
*''nu'' = xor | *''nu'' = xor | ||
===Numerals=== | |||
====Cardinal==== | |||
1-10 = χjang, θjeodeor, nask, tob, solj, stang, rvaz, laz, paerp, ngjor | |||
11, 12, ... = jagjeong, χnae, nask ljang ngjor, tob ljang ngjor, etc. | |||
====Ordinal==== | |||
χjameor, rjebjeor, naskeor, tobeor, soljeor, stangeor, rvazeor, lazeor, paerpeor, ngjoreor, jagjeor, χnaeëor, nask ljang ngjor-eor, etc. | |||
===Derivational morphology=== | ===Derivational morphology=== | ||
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==Sample texts== | ==Sample texts== | ||
===From H2G2=== | ===From H2G2=== | ||
:'''''N jangθal mokstin: Djeon hslakeort farsngoein eo tartsor. Θoglaïn un san mje lib | :'''''N jangθal mokstin: Djeon hslakeort farsngoein eo tartsor. Θoglaïn un san mje lib eom ngvad eok sjeong e eor fjen djeon dtaki sjeot ntoreuk nknjet.''''' | ||
:/n‿jaŋtʰal mokst⁼in | dʑən hʟak⁼ərt farsŋœin ə t⁼arts⁼ur | tʰuglain ün zan mje ʟib | :/n‿jaŋtʰal mokst⁼in | dʑən hʟak⁼ərt farsŋœin ə t⁼arts⁼ur | tʰuglain ün zan mje ʟib ɔm ŋwad ək ɧɔŋ e əɾ fjen dʑən datɕ⁼i ɧət nuɾük ŋnjet/ | ||
:the story so_far: in-DEF beginning create-PST DEF universe. anger-PAST ERG-DEF thing very | :the story so_far: in-DEF beginning create-PST DEF universe. anger-PAST ERG-DEF thing this very person/PL many and meet/PST it at eye/PL in-DEF wideness as turn bad. | ||
:''The story so far: In the beginning the universe was created. This has made many people very angry and been widely regarded as a bad move.'' | :''The story so far: In the beginning the universe was created. This has made many people very angry and been widely regarded as a bad move.'' | ||
===UDHR=== | ===UDHR=== | ||
:'''''Darkjeorig ba | :'''''Darkjeorig ba h-eom djeo hsjeok eok blje naen fraeχleod eok naen méorjeond. Oskjeonin har naen masrin eok naen stvarnga, eok pjeozjeo eorur djeo skrateon djeo ljesvar n jezeokleon a heosrag.''''' | ||
:be_born-PRES all human PRED free and same INST-DEF dignity and INST-DEF right/PL. endow-PAST 3PL INST-DEF reason and INST-DEF conscience, and part on-3PL ADV mutual in spirit DEF brotherhood | :/daɾtɕəɾig ba hɔm dʑə ɧɔk ək bje nen fɾexləd ək nen mɔɾʲənd. uɕtɕənin har nen masɾin ək nen stwaɾŋa, ək pʲɔɹə ɔɾüɾ dʑə skɾatən dʑə jeswaɾ njezəkʟən a hɔsɾag/ | ||
:be_born-PRES all human PRED free and same INST-DEF dignity and INST-DEF right/PL. endow-PAST 3PL INST-DEF reason and INST-DEF conscience, and part on-3PL ADV mutual in spirit DEF brotherhood A act. | |||
:''All humans are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.'' | :''All humans are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.'' | ||
[[Category:Tricin]] | [[Category:Tricin]] |
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