Linguifex

Arjâm Vâks: Difference between revisions

Page Discussion

Arjâm Vâks (view source)

Revision as of 14:03, 8 February 2021

15,695 bytes added ,  8 February 2021
→‎Notes
 
(49 intermediate revisions by 3 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
==Background==
==Background==
'''Arjâm Vâks''' ("speech of the Aryâsas") is an imagined name given to a language constructed by the notable Indo-Europeanist August Schleicher (1821-1868), which is most notable as the original language of the fable ''Avis Akvâsas ka'' ("The Sheep and the Horses").
'''Arjâm Vâks''' ("speech of the Aryâsas") or '''Sanvâks''' ("old speech") is an imagined name given to a language constructed by the notable Indo-Europeanist August Schleicher (1821-1868), which is most notable as the original language of the fable ''Avis Akvâsas ka'' ("The Sheep and the Horses").


Some justification must be made at the outset for including this language in an encyclopedia of constructed languages. It must be admitted that Schleicher had no intention of creating an artificial language; to the contrary, he believed that he was scientifically reconstructing the original Indo-European languages, ancestral to the languages on which his reconstruction was based. These were Sanskrit, Avestan ("Old Bactrian," in Schleicher's terminology), Greek, Latin, Oscan, Umbrian, Old Irish, Old Church Slavonic (Old Bulgarian in Schleicher's terminology), Lithuanian, and Gothic. It will be observed that of the ten Indo-European branches for which records survive, only six are represented (Indo-Iranian, Hellenic, Italic, Celtic, Balto-Slavic, and Germanic). Hittite and Tocharian were entirely unknown to Schleicher. I am not sure why Armenian and Albanian were not considered; perhaps at the time their positions within the Indo-European family, and their distinctive characteristics, were too poorly known.
Some justification must be made at the outset for including this language in an encyclopedia of constructed languages. It must be admitted that Schleicher had no intention of creating an artificial language; to the contrary, he believed that he was scientifically reconstructing the original Indo-European languages, ancestral to the languages on which his reconstruction was based. These were Sanskrit, Avestan ("Old Bactrian," in Schleicher's terminology), Greek, Latin, Oscan, Umbrian, Old Irish, Old Church Slavonic (Old Bulgarian in Schleicher's terminology), Lithuanian, and Gothic. It will be observed that of the ten Indo-European branches for which records survive, only six are represented (Indo-Iranian, Hellenic, Italic, Celtic, Balto-Slavic, and Germanic). Hittite and Tocharian were entirely unknown to Schleicher. I am not sure why Armenian and Albanian were not considered; perhaps at the time their positions within the Indo-European family, and their distinctive characteristics, were too poorly known.
Line 6: Line 6:
At any rate, it was not a deficiency of data that would render Schleicher's reconstruction utterly obsolete within a few decades of his death (the fatal blow would be dealt by the publication of Karl Brugmann's ''Grundriß'', starting in 1886). It was, if anything, a deficiency of method. For Schleicher, though a keen observer and a systematizer of data, was much less scientific than he believed himself to be. His vision of an early Indo-European language, which took very definite form in his mind, reflected a belief that such a language must be phonologically far more simple than its descendant languages, and while morphologically complex, also much more regular than its descendant languages.
At any rate, it was not a deficiency of data that would render Schleicher's reconstruction utterly obsolete within a few decades of his death (the fatal blow would be dealt by the publication of Karl Brugmann's ''Grundriß'', starting in 1886). It was, if anything, a deficiency of method. For Schleicher, though a keen observer and a systematizer of data, was much less scientific than he believed himself to be. His vision of an early Indo-European language, which took very definite form in his mind, reflected a belief that such a language must be phonologically far more simple than its descendant languages, and while morphologically complex, also much more regular than its descendant languages.


There were valid grounds for both beliefs, since languages do gain phonological complexity and morphological irregularity over time. What Schleicher did not consider, however, was that the reverse may be true as well. At any rate, current analyses of Proto-Indo-European show a language that is far more phonologically complex than Schleicher ever guessed, and one in which a great deal of morphological irregularity is present ''ab initio.''
There were valid grounds for both beliefs, since some languages do gain phonological complexity and morphological irregularity over time; however, Schleicher may not have sufficiently considered examples in which the reverse is true. At any rate, current analyses of Proto-Indo-European show a language that is far more phonologically complex than Schleicher ever guessed, and one in which a great deal of morphological irregularity is present ''ab initio.''


Schleicher's pursuit of an Indo-European ancestral language which fit his preconceptions required him to make many choices: which sounds to consider as subject to specific sound-laws, which to allow to be subject to random variation; which morphological variations to consider as original, and which to be regarded as falling away from an original symmetry of structure. In making these choices he was in part guided by adherence to the notion that Sanskrit and Avestan represented the most primitive recorded Indo-European languages; but he was even more guided by a very personal sense of linguistic æsthetics and elegance.
Schleicher's pursuit of an Indo-European ancestral language which fit his preconceptions required him to make many choices: which sounds to consider as subject to specific sound-laws, which to allow to be subject to random variation; which morphological variations to consider as original, and which to be regarded as falling away from an original symmetry of structure. In making these choices he was in part guided by adherence to the notion that Sanskrit and Avestan represented the most primitive recorded Indo-European languages; but he was even more guided by a very personal sense of linguistic æsthetics and elegance.
Line 13: Line 13:


===Note on the name of the language===
===Note on the name of the language===
The name ''Arjâm Vâks'' appears nowhere in Schleicher's writings, though it is consistent in structure with his ideas about the language, which he simply called ''die indogermanische Ursprache'' (the original Indo-European language). The use of the word ''Arya'' (''Arja'' in Schleicher's spelling) as a name for a unified Indo-European people was popularized by Friedrich Max Müller. Schleicher himself may not have agreed with Müller's conclusions; nonetheless, no plausible alternative presents itself, and the name is very characteristic of the time period in which Schleicher created his language. The dismal racial baggage with which the name would ultimately be saddled did not arise until decades after Schleicher's death.
The name ''Arjâm Vâks'' appears nowhere in Schleicher's writings, though it is consistent in structure with his ideas about the language, which he simply called ''die indogermanische ursprache'' (the original Indo-European language). The use of the word ''Arya'' (''Arja'' in Schleicher's spelling) as a name for a unified Indo-European people was popularized by Friedrich Max Müller. Schleicher himself may not have agreed with Müller's conclusions, as he uses the words ''arier'' and ''arisch'' solely in the sense of "Indo-Iranian"; nonetheless, no plausible alternative presents itself, and the name is very characteristic of the time period in which Schleicher created his language. The dismal racial baggage with which the name would ultimately be saddled did not arise until decades after Schleicher's death.


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
Line 93: Line 93:


===Historical phonology===
===Historical phonology===
In terms of its phonology, Arjâm Vâks can be considered a descendant of Proto-Indo-European marked by the following sound changes:
====Vowels====
:PIE *e, *a, *o > AV a.
:PIE *o > AV â in certain contexts.
:PIE *ē, *ā, *ō > AV â.
:PIE *i, *ī > AV i.
:PIE *u, *ū > AV u.
:PIE *ey, *ay, *oy > AV ai.
:PIE *oy > AV âi in certain contexts.
:PIE *ew, *aw, *ow > AV au.
:PIE *ow > AV âu in certain contexts.
:PIE *ēy, *āy, *ōy > AV âi.
:PIE *ēw, *āw, *ōw > AV âu.
:PIE *ṛ, *ḷ > AV ar.
::PIE *ḱṛd > AV kard, PIE *gʷṛrus > AV garus.
====Consonants====
:PIE *ḱ, *k, *kʷ > AV k.
::PIE *wḷkʷos > AV varkas.
:PIE *ǵ, *g, *gʷ > AV g.
:PIE *ǵh, *gh, *gʷh > AV gh.
:PIE *l > AV r.
:All PIE laryngeals are lost, with compensatory lengthening of a preceding *a, *e, or *o, but otherwise without trace.


==Morphology==
==Morphology==
===Pronouns===
====Personal pronouns====
The personal pronouns are found in 1st person, 2nd person, and reflexive forms. (3rd person pronouns are supplied by demonstratives.) They are inflected in all cases except the vocative; the nominative is also lacking in the reflexive.
{|class=wikitable
|align="center" rowspan="2"|'''agam''' "I"<br>'''tuam''' "you"<br>'''svam''' "oneself"
!colspan="3"|Singular
!colspan="3"|Dual
!colspan="3"|Plural
|-
|1st person
|2nd person
|Reflexive
|1st person
|2nd person
|Reflexive
|1st person
|2nd person
|Reflexive
|-
!Nom
|agam
|tuam
| -
|
|
|
|masmas <ref>From masmajas < masmaisas or masmâsas</ref>
|tvasmas <ref>From tvasmajas < tvasmaisas or tvasmâsas</ref>
|svasmas
|-
!Acc
|mam
|tvam
|svam
|
|
|
|masmams
|tvasmams
|svasmams
|-
!Inst
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Dat
|mabhjam
|tubhjam
|svabhjam
|
|
|
|rowspan="2"|masmaibhjam
|rowspan="2"|tvasmaibhjam
|rowspan="2"|svasmaibhjam
|-
!Abl
|mat, mamat
|tvat
|svat
|
|
|
|-
!Gen
|mas, mamas
|tvas, tvatvas
|svas, svasvas
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Loc
|mai
|tvai
|svai
|
|
|
|masmasva
|tvasmasva
|svasmasva
|}
====Demonstrative pronouns====
''Masculine and Neuter''
{|class=wikitable
|align="center" rowspan="2"|'''ta'''<br>"that"
!colspan="2"|Singular
!colspan="2"|Dual
!colspan="2"|Plural
|-
! mas.
! neu.
! mas.
! neu.
! mas.
! neu.
|-
!Nom
|sa
|rowspan="2"|tat
|rowspan="2"|tâs
|rowspan="2"|tai
|colspan="2"|tai
|-
!Acc
|tam
|tams
|tâ
|-
!Inst
|colspan="2"|tâ, tabhi
|colspan="2" rowspan="3"|tabhjâms
|colspan="2"|tabhis
|-
!Dat
|colspan="2"|tasmâi
|colspan="2" rowspan="2"|taibhjams?
|-
!Abl
|colspan="2"| tasmât
|-
!Gen
|colspan="2"|tasja
|colspan="2" rowspan="2"|tajaus
|colspan="2"|taisâm(s)?
|-
!Loc
|colspan="2"|tasmin?
|colspan="2"|taisva(s)?
|}
===Nouns===
===Nouns===
Nouns are declined for number (singular, dual, and plural and for case (nominative, accusative, ablative, genitive, locative, dative, two forms of instrumental, and vocative). They fall into several types:
Nouns are declined for number (singular, dual, and plural and for case (nominative, accusative, ablative, genitive, locative, dative, two forms of instrumental, and vocative). They fall into several types:
====Consonant stems====
====Consonant stems====
=====Masculine and feminine=====
{|class=wikitable
{|class=wikitable
|align="center"|'''vâk-''' f.<br>"voice, speech"
|align="center"|'''vâk-''' f.<br>"voice, speech"
Line 138: Line 306:
|}
|}


=====Neuter=====
{|class=wikitable
{|class=wikitable
|align="center"|'''manas-''' n.<br>"thought, mind"
|align="center"|'''manas-''' n.<br>"thought, mind"
Line 174: Line 343:
|manassva
|manassva
|}
|}
=====Adjectives=====
{|class=wikitable
|align="center" rowspan="2"|'''bharant-''' a.<br>"carrying"
!colspan="2"|Singular
!colspan="2"|Dual
!colspan="2"|Plural
|-
|m.f.
|n.
|m.f.
|n.
|m.f.
|n.
|-
!Voc
|bharant
|rowspan="3"|bharant
|rowspan="3"|bharantâs
|rowspan="3"|?
|rowspan="2"|bharantas
|rowspan="3"|bharantâ
|-
!Nom
|bharants
|-
!Acc
|bharantam
|bharantams
|-
!Inst
|colspan="2"|bharantâ, bharantbhi
|colspan="2" rowspan="3"|bharantbhjâms
|colspan="2"|bharantbhis
|-
!Dat
|colspan="2"|bharantai
|colspan="2" rowspan="2"|bharantbhjams
|-
!Abl
|colspan="2"|bharantat
|-
!Gen
|colspan="2"|bharantas
|colspan="2" rowspan="2"|bharantaus
|colspan="2"|bharantâm
|-
!Loc
|colspan="2"|bharanti
|colspan="2"|bharantsva
|}
====i- and u-stems====
{|class=wikitable
|align="center" rowspan="2"|'''avis''' "sheep"<br>'''sunus''' "son"
!colspan="2"|Singular
!colspan="2"|Dual
!colspan="2"|Plural
|-
|i-
|u-
|i-
|u-
|i-
|u-
|-
!Voc
|avi (1868 avai)
|sunu
|rowspan="3"|avijâs
|rowspan="3"|sunuvâs
|rowspan="2"|avajas
|rowspan="2"|sunavas
|-
!Nom
|avis
|sunus
|-
!Acc
|avim
|sunum
|avims
|sunums
|-
!Inst
|avjâ, avibhi
|sunvâ, sunibhi
|rowspan="3"|avibhjâms
|rowspan="3"|sunubhjâms
|avibhis
|sunubhis
|-
!Dat
|avajai
|sunavai
|rowspan="2"|avibhjams
|rowspan="2"|sunubhjams
|-
!Abl
|avajat
|sunavat
|-
!Gen
|avajas
|sunavas
|rowspan="2"|avjaus
|rowspan="2"|sunvaus
|avjâm
|sunvâm
|-
!Loc
|avaji
|sunavi
|avisva
|sunusva
|}
===Verbs===
===Verbs===
{|class="wikitable"
{|class="wikitable"
|align="center" colspan="5"|bhar- "carry, bear"
|-
|align="center" colspan="5"|Primary endings
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!colspan="2"|Active
!colspan="2"|Mediopassive
|-
! sg.
! pl.
! sg.
! pl.
|-
!1st
| -mi
| -mas
| -mai
| -madhai
|-
!2nd
| -si
| -tasi
| -sai
| -sdhvai
|-
!3rd
| -ti
| -anti
| -tai
| -antai
|}
 
====Athematic verbs====
{|class="wikitable"
|align="center" colspan="5"|'''as-''' "be"
|-
|align="center" colspan="5"|Primary endings
|-
!rowspan="2"|Present
!colspan="2"|Active
|-
! sg.
! pl.
|-
!1st
|asmi
|asmas
|-
!2nd
|assi
|astasi
|-
!3rd
|asti
|asanti
|-
! Conjunctive
! sg.
! pl.
|-
!1st
|asâmi
|asâmasi
|-
!2nd
|asasi
|asatasi
|-
!3rd
|asati
|asanti
|-
! Future
! sg.
! pl.
|-
!1st
|assjâmi
|assjâmasi
|-
!2nd
|assjasi
|assjatasi
|-
!3rd
|assjati
|assjanti
|-
|align="center" colspan="5"|Secondary Endings
|-
!Imperfect
! sg.
! pl.
|-
!1st
|âsm
|âsmas
|-
!2nd
|âss
|âstas
|-
!3rd
|âst
|âsant
|-
! Optative
! sg.
! pl.
|-
!1st
|asjâm
|asjâmas
|-
!2nd
|asjâs
|asjâtas
|-
!3rd
|asjât
|asjânt
|-
! Optative Perfect
! sg.
! pl.
|-
!1st
|âsjâm
|âsjâmas
|-
!2nd
|âsjâs
|âsjâtas
|-
!3rd
|âsjât
|âsjânt
|-
|align="center" colspan="5"|Other
|-
! Imperative
! sg.
! pl.
|-
!2nd
|asdhi
|astat
|-
!3rd
|?
|?
|-
! Perfect
! sg.
! pl.
|-
!1st
|âsa
|âsmasi
|-
!2nd
|âsta
|âstasi
|-
!3rd
|âsa
|âsanti
|-
|}
 
{|class="wikitable"
|align="center" colspan="5"|'''da-''' "give"
|-
|align="center" colspan="5"|Primary endings
|-
!rowspan="2"|Present
!colspan="2"|Active
!colspan="2"|Mediopassive
|-
! sg.
! pl.
! sg.
! pl.
|-
!1st
|dadâmi
|dadamasi
|dadamai
|dadamadhai
|-
!2nd
|dadâsi
|dadatasi
|dadasai
|dadasdhvai
|-
!3rd
|dadâti
|dadanti
|dadatai
|dadantai
|-
! Conjunctive
! sg.
! pl.
! sg.
! pl.
|-
!1st
|dadâmi
|dadâmasi
|dadâmai
|dadâmadhai
|-
!2nd
|dadâsi
|dadâtasi
|dadâsai
|dadâsdhvai
|-
!3rd
|dadâti
|dadânti
|dadâtai
|dadântai
|-
! Future
! sg.
! pl.
! sg.
! pl.
|-
!1st
|dâsjâmi
|dâsjâmasi
|dâsjâmai
|dâsjâmadhai
|-
!2nd
|dâsjasi
|dâsjatasi
|dâsjasai
|dâsjasdhvai
|-
!3rd
|dâsjati
|dâsjanti
|dâsjatai
|dâsjantai
|-
|align="center" colspan="5"|Secondary Endings
|-
!Imperfect
! sg.
! pl.
! sg.
! pl.
|-
!1st
|adadâm
|adadamas
|adadama
|adadamadha
|-
!2nd
|adadâs
|adadatas
|adadasa
|adadasdhva
|-
!3rd
|adadât
|adadant
|adadata
|adadanta
|-
! Optative
! sg.
! pl.
! sg.
! pl.
|-
!1st
|dadajâm
|dadajâmas
|dadajâma
|dadajâmadha
|-
!2nd
|dadajâs
|dadajâtas
|dadajâsa
|dadajâsdhva
|-
!3rd
|dadajât
|dadajânt
|dadajâta
|dadajânta
|-
! Optative Perfect
! sg.
! pl.
! sg.
! pl.
|-
!1st
|dadâjâm
|dadâjâmas
|dadâjâma
|dadâjâmadha
|-
!2nd
|dadâjâs
|dadâjâtas
|dadâjâsa
|dadâjâsdhva
|-
!3rd
|dadâjât
|dadâjânt
|dadâjâta
|dadâjânta
|-
! Aorist
! sg.
! pl.
! sg.
! pl.
|-
!1st
|adâm
|adamas
|adama
|adamadha
|-
!2nd
|adâs
|adatas
|adasa
|adasdhva
|-
!3rd
|adât
|adant
|adata
|adanta
|-
|align="center" colspan="5"|Other
|-
! Imperative
! sg.
! pl.
! sg.
! pl.
|-
!2nd
|dadadhi
|dadatat
|dadasva
|dadasdhva
|-
!3rd
|?
|?
|?
|dadantâm
|-
! Perfect
! sg.
! pl.
! sg.
! pl.
|-
!1st
|dadâ
|dadamasi
|dadamai
|dadamadhai
|-
!2nd
|dadâta
|dadatasi
|dadasai
|dadasdhvai
|-
!3rd
|dadâ
|dadanti
|dadatai
|dadantai
|-
|}
 
====Thematic verbs====
{|class="wikitable"
|align="center" colspan="5"|'''bhar-''' "carry, bear"
|-
|align="center" colspan="5"|Primary endings
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"|Present
!rowspan="2"|Present
Line 189: Line 872:
!1st
!1st
|bharâmi
|bharâmi
|bharâmas
|bharâmasi
|bharâmai
|bharâmai
|bharâmadhai
|bharâmadhai
Line 204: Line 887:
|bharatai
|bharatai
|bharantai
|bharantai
|-
! Conjunctive
! sg.
! pl.
! sg.
! pl.
|-
!1st
|bharâmi
|bharâmasi
|bharâmai
|bharâmadhai
|-
!2nd
|bharâsi
|bharâtasi
|bharâsai
|bharâsdhvai
|-
!3rd
|bharâti
|bharânti
|bharâtai
|bharântai
|-
! Future
! sg.
! pl.
! sg.
! pl.
|-
!1st
|bharsjâmi
|bharsjâmasi
|bharsjâmai
|bharsjâmadhai
|-
!2nd
|bharsjasi
|bharsjatasi
|bharsjasai
|bharsjasdhvai
|-
!3rd
|bharsjati
|bharsjanti
|bharsjatai
|bharsjantai
|-
|align="center" colspan="5"|Secondary Endings
|-
|-
!Imperfect
!Imperfect
Line 228: Line 961:
|abharata
|abharata
|abharanta
|abharanta
|-
! Optative
! sg.
! pl.
! sg.
! pl.
|-
!1st
|bharaim
|bharaimas
|bharaima
|bharaimadha
|-
!2nd
|bharais
|bharaitas
|bharaisa
|bharaisdhva
|-
!3rd
|bharait
|bharaint
|bharaita
|bharainta
|-
! Optative Perfect
! sg.
! pl.
! sg.
! pl.
|-
!1st
|babhârjâm
|babhârjâmas
|babhârjâma
|babhârjâmadha
|-
!2nd
|babhârjâs
|babhârjâtas
|babhârjâsa
|babhârjâsdhva
|-
!3rd
|babhârjât
|babhârjânt
|babhârjâta
|babhârjânta
|-
! Aorist
! sg.
! pl.
! sg.
! pl.
|-
!1st
|abharsm
|abharsmas
|abharsma
|abharsmadha
|-
!2nd
|abharss
|abharstas
|abharssa
|abharssdhva
|-
!3rd
|abharst
|abharsant
|abharsta
|abharsanta
|-
|align="center" colspan="5"|Other
|-
! Imperative
! sg.
! pl.
! sg.
! pl.
|-
!2nd
|bharadhi
|bharatat
|bharasva
|bharasdhva
|-
!3rd
|?
|?
|?
|bharantâm
|-
! Perfect
! sg.
! pl.
! sg.
! pl.
|-
!1st
|babhâra
|babharmasi
|babharmai
|babharmadhai
|-
!2nd
|babhârta
|babhartasi
|babharsai
|babharsdhvai
|-
!3rd
|babhâra
|babharanti
|babhartai
|babharantai
|-
|}
==Numbers==
===Cardinal===
1. aina 2. dva 3. tri (f. tisar-) 4. katvar 5. kankan 6. saks (?) 7. saptan 8. akta, aktan 9. navan 10. dakan 11. ainam dakan 12. dvâ dakan 13. trajas dakan 14. katvar dakan 15. kankan dakan 16. saks dakan 17. saptan dakan 18. akta dakan 19. navan dakan 100 kantam<ref>From *dakandakanta</ref>
===Ordinal===
1st. prama 2nd. dvitja (?) 3rd. tritja 4th. katvarta 5th. kankanta, kankta 6th. saksta (?) 7th. saptama/saptata 8th. aktama 9th. navama/navanta 10. dakama/dakanta
==Text==
The only extant text in Schleicher's language, thus far, is his own composition of ''The Sheep and the Horses,'' which follows:
{|class="wikitable
|colspan="3"| '''Avis akvâsas ka.'''
|-
|Avi-s ||akva-asas ||ka
|-
|Sheep-<small>NOM.SG</small> ||horse-<small>NOM.PL</small> ||and
|-
|colspan="3"| "The sheep and the horses."
|}
|}
{|class="wikitable
|colspan="6"| '''Avis, jasmin varnâ na â ast,'''
|-
|Avi-s, ||ja-smin ||varn-â ||na ||â ||as-t,
|-
|Sheep-<small>NOM.SG</small>, ||<small>REL-LOC.SG.M</small> ||wool-<small>NOM.SG</small> ||<small>NEG</small> ||<small>PST</small> ||be-<small>3.SG.ACT</small>,
|-
|colspan="6"| "A sheep, on whom there was no wool,"
|}
{|class="wikitable
|colspan="2"| '''dadarka akvams,'''
|-
|da~dark-a ||akva-ms,
|-
|<small>PRF</small>~see-<small>3.SG.ACT</small> ||horse-<small>ACC.PL</small>,
|-
|colspan="2"| "saw horses,"
|}
{|class="wikitable
|colspan="4"| '''tam, vâgham garum vaghantam,'''
|-
|ta-m, ||vâgha-m ||garu-m ||vagh-ant-am,
|-
|<small>DEM-ACC.SG.M</small>, ||vehicle-<small>ACC.SG</small> ||heavy-<small>ACC.SG.M</small> ||pull-<small>PTCP.PRS-ACC.SG</small>
|-
|colspan="4"| "that one, pulling a heavy vehicle"
|}
{|class="wikitable
|colspan="7"| '''tam, bhâram magham, tam, manum âku bharantam.'''
|-
|ta-m, ||bhâra-m ||magha-m, ||ta-m, ||manu-m ||âku-Ø ||bhar-ant-am.
|-
|<small>DEM-ACC.SG.M</small>, ||burden-<small>ACC.SG</small> ||great <small>ACC.SG.M</small>, ||<small>DEM-ACC.SG.M</small>, ||man-<small>ACC.SG</small> ||swift-<small>ACC.SG.N</small> ||carry-<small>PTCP.PRS-ACC.SG</small>
|-
|colspan="7"| "that one, [pulling] a great burden; that one, swiftly carrying a man."
|}
{|class="wikitable
|colspan="4"| '''Avis akvabhjams â vavakat:'''
|-
|avi-s ||akva-bhjams ||â ||va~vaka-t
|-
|sheep-<small>NOM.SG</small> ||horse-<small>DAT.PL.</small> ||<small>PST</small> ||<small>AOR</small>~say-<small>3.SG.ACT</small>
|-
|colspan="4"| "the sheep said to the horses"
|}
{|class="wikitable
|colspan="7"| '''kard aghnutai mai vidanti manum akvams agantam.'''
|-
|kard-Ø ||agh-nu-tai ||ma-i ||vid-ant-i ||manu-m ||akva-ms ||ag-ant-am.
|-
|heart-<small>NOM.SG</small> ||grieve-<small>NU-3.SG.PRS.MED</small> ||<small>1.SG-LOC</small> ||see-<small>PTCP.PRS.-LOC.SG</small> ||man-<small>ACC.SG</small> ||horse-<small>ACC.PL</small> ||drive-<small>PTCP.PRS-ACC.SG</small>
|-
|colspan="7"| "[my] heart grieves in me seeing a man driving horses."
|}
{|class="wikitable
|colspan="3"| '''Akvâsas â vavakant:'''
|-
|akva-asas ||â ||va~vak-ant
|-
|horse-<small>NOM.PL</small> ||<small>PST</small> ||<small>AOR</small>~say-<small>3.PL.ACT</small>
|-
|colspan="3"| "The horses said:"
|}
{|class="wikitable
|colspan="5"| '''krudhi avai, kard aghnutai vividvant-svas:'''
|-
|kru-dhi ||av-ai, ||kard-Ø ||agh-nu-tai ||vi~vid-vant-svas:
|-
|hear-<small>2.SG.IMP</small> ||sheep-<small>VOC.SG</small> ||heart-<small>NOM.SG</small> ||grieve-<small>NU-3.SG.PRS.MED</small> ||<small>PF</small>~know-<small>PTCP-LOC.PL</small>
|-
|colspan="5"| "listen, O sheep, [our] heart grieves in [us] having known:"
|}
{|class="wikitable
|colspan="5"| '''manus patis varnâm avisâms karnauti'''
|-
|manu-s ||pati-s ||varnâ-m ||avi-sâms ||kar-nau-ti
|-
|man-<small>NOM.SG</small> ||master-<small>NOM.SG</small> ||wool-<small>ACC.SG</small> ||sheep-<small>GEN.PL</small> ||make-<small>NU-3.SG.PRS.ACT</small>
|-
|colspan="5"| "Man, the master, makes the wool of sheep"
|}
{|class="wikitable
|colspan="3"| '''svabhjam gharmam vastram'''
|-
|sva-bhjam ||gharma-m ||vastra-m
|-
|<small>REFL-DAT.SG</small> ||warm-<small>ACC.SG.N</small> ||garment-<small>ACC.SG</small> 
|-
|colspan="3"| "for himself [into] a warm garment"
|}
{|class="wikitable
|colspan="5"| '''avibhjams ka varnâ na asti.'''
|-
|avi-bhjams ||ka ||varn-â ||na ||as-ti
|-
|sheep-<small>DAT.PL</small> ||and ||wool-<small>NOM.SG</small> ||<small>NEG</small> ||be-<small>3.SG.PRS.ACT</small>
|-
|colspan="5"| "and for the sheep there is no wool."
|}
{|class="wikitable
|colspan="6"| '''Tat kukruvants avis agram â bhugat.'''
|-
|Ta-t ||ku~kru-vant-s ||avi-s ||agra-m ||â ||bhug-a-t
|-
|<small>DEM-ACC.SG.N</small> ||<small>PF</small>~hear-<small>PTCP-NOM.SG</small> ||sheep-<small>NOM.SG</small> ||field-<small>ACC.SG</small> ||<small>PST</small> ||flee-<small>A-3.SG.IPF.ACT</small>
|-
|colspan="6"| "having heard that, the sheep was fleeing to the field."
|}
:
====Glossary to the fable====
* '''â''' augment prefixed to verbs indicating past tense (PIE *e)
* '''√ag-''' v. drive, force to go (PIE *H₂eǵ-)
* '''agam''' 1st person singular pronoun I, locative '''mai''' (PIE *eǵóH, *eǵHóm)
* '''√agh-''' v. be grieved, mourn (PIE *H₂egh-)
* '''agras''' n. field (PIE *H₂éǵros)
* '''âku-''' a. swift (as av., swiftly) (PIE *eH₃ḱú-)
* '''akvas''' n.m. horse (PIE *éḱwos)
* '''√as-''' v. be (PIE *H₁es-)
* '''avis''' n.m.f. sheep (PIE *H₃éwis)
* '''√bhar-''' v. carry (PIE *bher-)
* '''bhâras''' n.m. burden (PIE *bhorós)
* '''√bhug-''' v. bend; run away, escape (PIE *bhewg-)
* '''√dark-''' v. see (PIE *derḱ-)
* '''garu''' a. heavy (PIE *gʷṛrú-)
* '''gharma''' a. warm (PIE *gʷhṛmó-)
* '''jas, jâ, jat''' rel. pron. which (PIE *yos, *yeH₂, *yod)
* '''ka''' cj. and (suffixed to the word to be joined) (PIE *kʷe)
* '''√kar-''' v. make, do (PIE *kʷer-)
* '''kard''' n.n. heart (PIE *ḱēr, *ḱerd-)
* '''√kru-''' v. hear, listen (PIE *ḱlew-)
* '''magha''' a. great (PIE *meǵH₂-)
* '''manus''' n.m. man (PIE *mánus)
* '''na''' av. not (PIE *ne)
* '''patis''' n.m. lord (PIE *pótis)
* '''sa, sâ, tat''' dem. pron. that (PIE *so, *seH₂, *tod)
* '''sva''' a. (his, her, its, their own) (PIE *se-)
* '''√vagh-''' v. move, pull, carry (PIE *weǵh-)
* '''vâghas''' n.m. vehicle (PIE *woǵhós)
* '''√vak-''' v. say (PIE *wekʷ-)
* '''vastram''' n.n. garment, clothing (PIE *wéstrom)
* '''√vid-''' v. know (PIE *weid-)
===References===
:Schleicher, August, Eine fabel in indogermanischer ursprache, ''Beiträge zur vergleichenden Sprachforschung auf dem Gebiete der arischen, celtischen und slawischen Sprachen'', 5. Bd., 2. H. (1868), pp. 206-208
===Notes===
<references/>
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:A posteriori]]
[[Category:Indo-European languages]]
Nicomega
forumadmin, Administrators
2,041

edits

Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/25001...218660"