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==Background==
==Background==
'''Arjâm Vâks''' ("speech of the Aryâsas") is an imagined name given to a language constructed by the notable Indo-Europeanist August Schleicher (1821-1868), which is most notable as the original language of the fable ''Avis Akvâsas ka'' ("The Sheep and the Horses").
'''Arjâm Vâks''' ("speech of the Aryâsas") or '''Sanvâks''' ("old speech") is an imagined name given to a language constructed by the notable Indo-Europeanist August Schleicher (1821-1868), which is most notable as the original language of the fable ''Avis Akvâsas ka'' ("The Sheep and the Horses").


Some justification must be made at the outset for including this language in an encyclopedia of constructed languages. It must be admitted that Schleicher had no intention of creating an artificial language; to the contrary, he believed that he was scientifically reconstructing the original Indo-European languages, ancestral to the languages on which his reconstruction was based. These were Sanskrit, Avestan ("Old Bactrian," in Schleicher's terminology), Greek, Latin, Oscan, Umbrian, Old Irish, Old Church Slavonic (Old Bulgarian in Schleicher's terminology), Lithuanian, and Gothic. It will be observed that of the ten Indo-European branches for which records survive, only six are represented (Indo-Iranian, Hellenic, Italic, Celtic, Balto-Slavic, and Germanic). Hittite and Tocharian were entirely unknown to Schleicher. I am not sure why Armenian and Albanian were not considered; perhaps at the time their positions within the Indo-European family, and their distinctive characteristics, were too poorly known.
Some justification must be made at the outset for including this language in an encyclopedia of constructed languages. It must be admitted that Schleicher had no intention of creating an artificial language; to the contrary, he believed that he was scientifically reconstructing the original Indo-European languages, ancestral to the languages on which his reconstruction was based. These were Sanskrit, Avestan ("Old Bactrian," in Schleicher's terminology), Greek, Latin, Oscan, Umbrian, Old Irish, Old Church Slavonic (Old Bulgarian in Schleicher's terminology), Lithuanian, and Gothic. It will be observed that of the ten Indo-European branches for which records survive, only six are represented (Indo-Iranian, Hellenic, Italic, Celtic, Balto-Slavic, and Germanic). Hittite and Tocharian were entirely unknown to Schleicher. I am not sure why Armenian and Albanian were not considered; perhaps at the time their positions within the Indo-European family, and their distinctive characteristics, were too poorly known.
Line 13: Line 13:


===Note on the name of the language===
===Note on the name of the language===
The name ''Arjâm Vâks'' appears nowhere in Schleicher's writings, though it is consistent in structure with his ideas about the language, which he simply called ''die indogermanische Ursprache'' (the original Indo-European language). The use of the word ''Arya'' (''Arja'' in Schleicher's spelling) as a name for a unified Indo-European people was popularized by Friedrich Max Müller. Schleicher himself may not have agreed with Müller's conclusions, as he uses the words ''Arier'' and ''arisch'' solely in the sense of "Indo-Iranian"; nonetheless, no plausible alternative presents itself, and the name is very characteristic of the time period in which Schleicher created his language. The dismal racial baggage with which the name would ultimately be saddled did not arise until decades after Schleicher's death.
The name ''Arjâm Vâks'' appears nowhere in Schleicher's writings, though it is consistent in structure with his ideas about the language, which he simply called ''die indogermanische ursprache'' (the original Indo-European language). The use of the word ''Arya'' (''Arja'' in Schleicher's spelling) as a name for a unified Indo-European people was popularized by Friedrich Max Müller. Schleicher himself may not have agreed with Müller's conclusions, as he uses the words ''arier'' and ''arisch'' solely in the sense of "Indo-Iranian"; nonetheless, no plausible alternative presents itself, and the name is very characteristic of the time period in which Schleicher created his language. The dismal racial baggage with which the name would ultimately be saddled did not arise until decades after Schleicher's death.


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
Line 111: Line 111:
====Consonants====
====Consonants====
:PIE *ḱ, *k, *kʷ > AV k.
:PIE *ḱ, *k, *kʷ > AV k.
::PIE *wḷkʷos > AV varkas.
:PIE *ǵ, *g, *gʷ > AV g.
:PIE *ǵ, *g, *gʷ > AV g.
:PIE *ǵh, *gh, *gʷh > AV gh.
:PIE *ǵh, *gh, *gʷh > AV gh.
:PIE *l > AV r.
:PIE *l > AV r.
:All PIE laryngeals are lost.
:All PIE laryngeals are lost, with compensatory lengthening of a preceding *a, *e, or *o, but otherwise without trace.


==Morphology==
==Morphology==
===Pronouns===
====Personal pronouns====
The personal pronouns are found in 1st person, 2nd person, and reflexive forms. (3rd person pronouns are supplied by demonstratives.) They are inflected in all cases except the vocative; the nominative is also lacking in the reflexive.
{|class=wikitable
|align="center" rowspan="2"|'''agam''' "I"<br>'''tuam''' "you"<br>'''svam''' "oneself"
!colspan="3"|Singular
!colspan="3"|Dual
!colspan="3"|Plural
|-
|1st person
|2nd person
|Reflexive
|1st person
|2nd person
|Reflexive
|1st person
|2nd person
|Reflexive
|-
!Nom
|agam
|tuam
| -
|
|
|
|masmas <ref>From masmajas < masmaisas or masmâsas</ref>
|tvasmas <ref>From tvasmajas < tvasmaisas or tvasmâsas</ref>
|svasmas
|-
!Acc
|mam
|tvam
|svam
|
|
|
|masmams
|tvasmams
|svasmams
|-
!Inst
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Dat
|mabhjam
|tubhjam
|svabhjam
|
|
|
|rowspan="2"|masmaibhjam
|rowspan="2"|tvasmaibhjam
|rowspan="2"|svasmaibhjam
|-
!Abl
|mat, mamat
|tvat
|svat
|
|
|
|-
!Gen
|mas, mamas
|tvas, tvatvas
|svas, svasvas
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Loc
|mai
|tvai
|svai
|
|
|
|masmasva
|tvasmasva
|svasmasva
|}
====Demonstrative pronouns====
''Masculine and Neuter''
{|class=wikitable
|align="center" rowspan="2"|'''ta'''<br>"that"
!colspan="2"|Singular
!colspan="2"|Dual
!colspan="2"|Plural
|-
! mas.
! neu.
! mas.
! neu.
! mas.
! neu.
|-
!Nom
|sa
|rowspan="2"|tat
|rowspan="2"|tâs
|rowspan="2"|tai
|colspan="2"|tai
|-
!Acc
|tam
|tams
|tâ
|-
!Inst
|colspan="2"|tâ, tabhi
|colspan="2" rowspan="3"|tabhjâms
|colspan="2"|tabhis
|-
!Dat
|colspan="2"|tasmâi
|colspan="2" rowspan="2"|taibhjams?
|-
!Abl
|colspan="2"| tasmât
|-
!Gen
|colspan="2"|tasja
|colspan="2" rowspan="2"|tajaus
|colspan="2"|taisâm(s)?
|-
!Loc
|colspan="2"|tasmin?
|colspan="2"|taisva(s)?
|}
===Nouns===
===Nouns===
Nouns are declined for number (singular, dual, and plural and for case (nominative, accusative, ablative, genitive, locative, dative, two forms of instrumental, and vocative). They fall into several types:
Nouns are declined for number (singular, dual, and plural and for case (nominative, accusative, ablative, genitive, locative, dative, two forms of instrumental, and vocative). They fall into several types:
====Consonant stems====
====Consonant stems====
=====Masculine and feminine=====
{|class=wikitable
{|class=wikitable
|align="center"|'''vâk-''' f.<br>"voice, speech"
|align="center"|'''vâk-''' f.<br>"voice, speech"
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|}
|}


=====Neuter=====
{|class=wikitable
{|class=wikitable
|align="center"|'''manas-''' n.<br>"thought, mind"
|align="center"|'''manas-''' n.<br>"thought, mind"
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|manassva
|manassva
|}
|}
=====Adjectives=====
{|class=wikitable
|align="center" rowspan="2"|'''bharant-''' a.<br>"carrying"
!colspan="2"|Singular
!colspan="2"|Dual
!colspan="2"|Plural
|-
|m.f.
|n.
|m.f.
|n.
|m.f.
|n.
|-
!Voc
|bharant
|rowspan="3"|bharant
|rowspan="3"|bharantâs
|rowspan="3"|?
|rowspan="2"|bharantas
|rowspan="3"|bharantâ
|-
!Nom
|bharants
|-
!Acc
|bharantam
|bharantams
|-
!Inst
|colspan="2"|bharantâ, bharantbhi
|colspan="2" rowspan="3"|bharantbhjâms
|colspan="2"|bharantbhis
|-
!Dat
|colspan="2"|bharantai
|colspan="2" rowspan="2"|bharantbhjams
|-
!Abl
|colspan="2"|bharantat
|-
!Gen
|colspan="2"|bharantas
|colspan="2" rowspan="2"|bharantaus
|colspan="2"|bharantâm
|-
!Loc
|colspan="2"|bharanti
|colspan="2"|bharantsva
|}
====i- and u-stems====
{|class=wikitable
|align="center" rowspan="2"|'''avis''' "sheep"<br>'''sunus''' "son"
!colspan="2"|Singular
!colspan="2"|Dual
!colspan="2"|Plural
|-
|i-
|u-
|i-
|u-
|i-
|u-
|-
!Voc
|avi (1868 avai)
|sunu
|rowspan="3"|avijâs
|rowspan="3"|sunuvâs
|rowspan="2"|avajas
|rowspan="2"|sunavas
|-
!Nom
|avis
|sunus
|-
!Acc
|avim
|sunum
|avims
|sunums
|-
!Inst
|avjâ, avibhi
|sunvâ, sunibhi
|rowspan="3"|avibhjâms
|rowspan="3"|sunubhjâms
|avibhis
|sunubhis
|-
!Dat
|avajai
|sunavai
|rowspan="2"|avibhjams
|rowspan="2"|sunubhjams
|-
!Abl
|avajat
|sunavat
|-
!Gen
|avajas
|sunavas
|rowspan="2"|avjaus
|rowspan="2"|sunvaus
|avjâm
|sunvâm
|-
!Loc
|avaji
|sunavi
|avisva
|sunusva
|}
===Verbs===
===Verbs===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
|align="center" colspan="5"|Primary endings
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!colspan="2"|Active
!colspan="2"|Mediopassive
|-
! sg.
! pl.
! sg.
! pl.
|-
!1st
| -mi
| -mas
| -mai
| -madhai
|-
!2nd
| -si
| -tasi
| -sai
| -sdhvai
|-
!3rd
| -ti
| -anti
| -tai
| -antai
|}
====Athematic verbs====
{|class="wikitable"
|align="center" colspan="5"|'''as-''' "be"
|-
|align="center" colspan="5"|Primary endings
|-
!rowspan="2"|Present
!colspan="2"|Active
|-
! sg.
! pl.
|-
!1st
|asmi
|asmas
|-
!2nd
|assi
|astasi
|-
!3rd
|asti
|asanti
|-
! Conjunctive
! sg.
! pl.
|-
!1st
|asâmi
|asâmasi
|-
!2nd
|asasi
|asatasi
|-
!3rd
|asati
|asanti
|-
! Future
! sg.
! pl.
|-
!1st
|assjâmi
|assjâmasi
|-
!2nd
|assjasi
|assjatasi
|-
!3rd
|assjati
|assjanti
|-
|align="center" colspan="5"|Secondary Endings
|-
!Imperfect
! sg.
! pl.
|-
!1st
|âsm
|âsmas
|-
!2nd
|âss
|âstas
|-
!3rd
|âst
|âsant
|-
! Optative
! sg.
! pl.
|-
!1st
|asjâm
|asjâmas
|-
!2nd
|asjâs
|asjâtas
|-
!3rd
|asjât
|asjânt
|-
! Optative Perfect
! sg.
! pl.
|-
!1st
|âsjâm
|âsjâmas
|-
!2nd
|âsjâs
|âsjâtas
|-
!3rd
|âsjât
|âsjânt
|-
|align="center" colspan="5"|Other
|-
! Imperative
! sg.
! pl.
|-
!2nd
|asdhi
|astat
|-
!3rd
|?
|?
|-
! Perfect
! sg.
! pl.
|-
!1st
|âsa
|âsmasi
|-
!2nd
|âsta
|âstasi
|-
!3rd
|âsa
|âsanti
|-
|}
{|class="wikitable"
|align="center" colspan="5"|'''da-''' "give"
|-
|align="center" colspan="5"|Primary endings
|-
!rowspan="2"|Present
!colspan="2"|Active
!colspan="2"|Mediopassive
|-
! sg.
! pl.
! sg.
! pl.
|-
!1st
|dadâmi
|dadamasi
|dadamai
|dadamadhai
|-
!2nd
|dadâsi
|dadatasi
|dadasai
|dadasdhvai
|-
!3rd
|dadâti
|dadanti
|dadatai
|dadantai
|-
! Conjunctive
! sg.
! pl.
! sg.
! pl.
|-
!1st
|dadâmi
|dadâmasi
|dadâmai
|dadâmadhai
|-
!2nd
|dadâsi
|dadâtasi
|dadâsai
|dadâsdhvai
|-
!3rd
|dadâti
|dadânti
|dadâtai
|dadântai
|-
! Future
! sg.
! pl.
! sg.
! pl.
|-
!1st
|dâsjâmi
|dâsjâmasi
|dâsjâmai
|dâsjâmadhai
|-
!2nd
|dâsjasi
|dâsjatasi
|dâsjasai
|dâsjasdhvai
|-
!3rd
|dâsjati
|dâsjanti
|dâsjatai
|dâsjantai
|-
|align="center" colspan="5"|Secondary Endings
|-
!Imperfect
! sg.
! pl.
! sg.
! pl.
|-
!1st
|adadâm
|adadamas
|adadama
|adadamadha
|-
!2nd
|adadâs
|adadatas
|adadasa
|adadasdhva
|-
!3rd
|adadât
|adadant
|adadata
|adadanta
|-
! Optative
! sg.
! pl.
! sg.
! pl.
|-
!1st
|dadajâm
|dadajâmas
|dadajâma
|dadajâmadha
|-
!2nd
|dadajâs
|dadajâtas
|dadajâsa
|dadajâsdhva
|-
!3rd
|dadajât
|dadajânt
|dadajâta
|dadajânta
|-
! Optative Perfect
! sg.
! pl.
! sg.
! pl.
|-
!1st
|dadâjâm
|dadâjâmas
|dadâjâma
|dadâjâmadha
|-
!2nd
|dadâjâs
|dadâjâtas
|dadâjâsa
|dadâjâsdhva
|-
!3rd
|dadâjât
|dadâjânt
|dadâjâta
|dadâjânta
|-
! Aorist
! sg.
! pl.
! sg.
! pl.
|-
!1st
|adâm
|adamas
|adama
|adamadha
|-
!2nd
|adâs
|adatas
|adasa
|adasdhva
|-
!3rd
|adât
|adant
|adata
|adanta
|-
|align="center" colspan="5"|Other
|-
! Imperative
! sg.
! pl.
! sg.
! pl.
|-
!2nd
|dadadhi
|dadatat
|dadasva
|dadasdhva
|-
!3rd
|?
|?
|?
|dadantâm
|-
! Perfect
! sg.
! pl.
! sg.
! pl.
|-
!1st
|dadâ
|dadamasi
|dadamai
|dadamadhai
|-
!2nd
|dadâta
|dadatasi
|dadasai
|dadasdhvai
|-
!3rd
|dadâ
|dadanti
|dadatai
|dadantai
|-
|}
====Thematic verbs====
{|class="wikitable"
{|class="wikitable"
|align="center" colspan="5"|'''bhar-''' "carry, bear"
|align="center" colspan="5"|'''bhar-''' "carry, bear"
|-
|align="center" colspan="5"|Primary endings
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"|Present
!rowspan="2"|Present
Line 211: Line 872:
!1st
!1st
|bharâmi
|bharâmi
|bharâmas
|bharâmasi
|bharâmai
|bharâmai
|bharâmadhai
|bharâmadhai
Line 226: Line 887:
|bharatai
|bharatai
|bharantai
|bharantai
|-
! Conjunctive
! sg.
! pl.
! sg.
! pl.
|-
!1st
|bharâmi
|bharâmasi
|bharâmai
|bharâmadhai
|-
!2nd
|bharâsi
|bharâtasi
|bharâsai
|bharâsdhvai
|-
!3rd
|bharâti
|bharânti
|bharâtai
|bharântai
|-
! Future
! sg.
! pl.
! sg.
! pl.
|-
!1st
|bharsjâmi
|bharsjâmasi
|bharsjâmai
|bharsjâmadhai
|-
!2nd
|bharsjasi
|bharsjatasi
|bharsjasai
|bharsjasdhvai
|-
!3rd
|bharsjati
|bharsjanti
|bharsjatai
|bharsjantai
|-
|align="center" colspan="5"|Secondary Endings
|-
|-
!Imperfect
!Imperfect
Line 274: Line 985:
|bharaita
|bharaita
|bharainta
|bharainta
|-
! Optative Perfect
! sg.
! pl.
! sg.
! pl.
|-
!1st
|babhârjâm
|babhârjâmas
|babhârjâma
|babhârjâmadha
|-
!2nd
|babhârjâs
|babhârjâtas
|babhârjâsa
|babhârjâsdhva
|-
!3rd
|babhârjât
|babhârjânt
|babhârjâta
|babhârjânta
|-
! Aorist
! sg.
! pl.
! sg.
! pl.
|-
!1st
|abharsm
|abharsmas
|abharsma
|abharsmadha
|-
!2nd
|abharss
|abharstas
|abharssa
|abharssdhva
|-
!3rd
|abharst
|abharsant
|abharsta
|abharsanta
|-
|align="center" colspan="5"|Other
|-
|-
! Imperative
! Imperative
Line 292: Line 1,053:
|?
|?
|bharantâm
|bharantâm
|-
! Perfect
! sg.
! pl.
! sg.
! pl.
|-
!1st
|babhâra
|babharmasi
|babharmai
|babharmadhai
|-
!2nd
|babhârta
|babhartasi
|babharsai
|babharsdhvai
|-
!3rd
|babhâra
|babharanti
|babhartai
|babharantai
|-
|}
|}
==Numbers==
===Cardinal===
1. aina 2. dva 3. tri (f. tisar-) 4. katvar 5. kankan 6. saks (?) 7. saptan 8. akta, aktan 9. navan 10. dakan 11. ainam dakan 12. dvâ dakan 13. trajas dakan 14. katvar dakan 15. kankan dakan 16. saks dakan 17. saptan dakan 18. akta dakan 19. navan dakan 100 kantam<ref>From *dakandakanta</ref>
===Ordinal===
1st. prama 2nd. dvitja (?) 3rd. tritja 4th. katvarta 5th. kankanta, kankta 6th. saksta (?) 7th. saptama/saptata 8th. aktama 9th. navama/navanta 10. dakama/dakanta


==Text==
==Text==
The only extant text in Schleicher's language, thus far, is his own composition of ''The Sheep and the Horses,'' which follows:
The only extant text in Schleicher's language, thus far, is his own composition of ''The Sheep and the Horses,'' which follows:


'''Avis akvâsas ka.'''
{|class="wikitable
|colspan="3"| '''Avis akvâsas ka.'''
|-
|Avi-s ||akva-asas ||ka
|-
|Sheep-<small>NOM.SG</small> ||horse-<small>NOM.PL</small> ||and
|-
|colspan="3"| "The sheep and the horses."
|}
 
{|class="wikitable
|colspan="6"| '''Avis, jasmin varnâ na â ast,'''
|-
|Avi-s, ||ja-smin ||varn-â ||na ||â ||as-t,
|-
|Sheep-<small>NOM.SG</small>, ||<small>REL-LOC.SG.M</small> ||wool-<small>NOM.SG</small> ||<small>NEG</small> ||<small>PST</small> ||be-<small>3.SG.ACT</small>,
|-
|colspan="6"| "A sheep, on whom there was no wool,"
|}
 
{|class="wikitable
|colspan="2"| '''dadarka akvams,'''
|-
|da~dark-a ||akva-ms,
|-
|<small>PRF</small>~see-<small>3.SG.ACT</small> ||horse-<small>ACC.PL</small>,
|-
|colspan="2"| "saw horses,"
|}
 
{|class="wikitable
|colspan="4"| '''tam, vâgham garum vaghantam,'''
|-
|ta-m, ||vâgha-m ||garu-m ||vagh-ant-am,
|-
|<small>DEM-ACC.SG.M</small>, ||vehicle-<small>ACC.SG</small> ||heavy-<small>ACC.SG.M</small> ||pull-<small>PTCP.PRS-ACC.SG</small>
|-
|colspan="4"| "that one, pulling a heavy vehicle"
|}
 
{|class="wikitable
|colspan="7"| '''tam, bhâram magham, tam, manum âku bharantam.'''
|-
|ta-m, ||bhâra-m ||magha-m, ||ta-m, ||manu-m ||âku-Ø ||bhar-ant-am.
|-
|<small>DEM-ACC.SG.M</small>, ||burden-<small>ACC.SG</small> ||great <small>ACC.SG.M</small>, ||<small>DEM-ACC.SG.M</small>, ||man-<small>ACC.SG</small> ||swift-<small>ACC.SG.N</small> ||carry-<small>PTCP.PRS-ACC.SG</small>
|-
|colspan="7"| "that one, [pulling] a great burden; that one, swiftly carrying a man."
|}


:Avis, jasmin varnâ na â ast, dadarka akvams, tam, vâgham garum vaghantam, tam, bhâram magham, tam, manum âku bharantam. Avis akvabhjams â vavakat: kard aghnutai mai vidanti manum akvams agantam.
{|class="wikitable
:Akvâsas â vavakant: krudhi avai, kard aghnutai vividvant-svas: manus patis varnâm avisâms karnauti svabhjam gharmam vastram avibhjams ka varnâ na asti.
|colspan="4"| '''Avis akvabhjams â vavakat:'''
:Tat kukruvants avis agram â bhugat.
|-
|avi-s ||akva-bhjams ||â ||va~vaka-t
|-
|sheep-<small>NOM.SG</small> ||horse-<small>DAT.PL.</small> ||<small>PST</small> ||<small>AOR</small>~say-<small>3.SG.ACT</small>
|-
|colspan="4"| "the sheep said to the horses"
|}
 
{|class="wikitable
|colspan="7"| '''kard aghnutai mai vidanti manum akvams agantam.'''
|-
|kard-Ø ||agh-nu-tai ||ma-i ||vid-ant-i ||manu-m ||akva-ms ||ag-ant-am.
|-
|heart-<small>NOM.SG</small> ||grieve-<small>NU-3.SG.PRS.MED</small> ||<small>1.SG-LOC</small> ||see-<small>PTCP.PRS.-LOC.SG</small> ||man-<small>ACC.SG</small> ||horse-<small>ACC.PL</small> ||drive-<small>PTCP.PRS-ACC.SG</small>
|-
|colspan="7"| "[my] heart grieves in me seeing a man driving horses."
|}
 
{|class="wikitable
|colspan="3"| '''Akvâsas â vavakant:'''
|-
|akva-asas ||â ||va~vak-ant
|-
|horse-<small>NOM.PL</small> ||<small>PST</small> ||<small>AOR</small>~say-<small>3.PL.ACT</small>
|-
|colspan="3"| "The horses said:"
|}
 
{|class="wikitable
|colspan="5"| '''krudhi avai, kard aghnutai vividvant-svas:'''
|-
|kru-dhi ||av-ai, ||kard-Ø ||agh-nu-tai ||vi~vid-vant-svas:
|-
|hear-<small>2.SG.IMP</small> ||sheep-<small>VOC.SG</small> ||heart-<small>NOM.SG</small> ||grieve-<small>NU-3.SG.PRS.MED</small> ||<small>PF</small>~know-<small>PTCP-LOC.PL</small>
|-
|colspan="5"| "listen, O sheep, [our] heart grieves in [us] having known:"
|}
 
{|class="wikitable
|colspan="5"| '''manus patis varnâm avisâms karnauti'''
|-
|manu-s ||pati-s ||varnâ-m ||avi-sâms ||kar-nau-ti
|-
|man-<small>NOM.SG</small> ||master-<small>NOM.SG</small> ||wool-<small>ACC.SG</small> ||sheep-<small>GEN.PL</small> ||make-<small>NU-3.SG.PRS.ACT</small>
|-
|colspan="5"| "Man, the master, makes the wool of sheep"
|}
 
{|class="wikitable
|colspan="3"| '''svabhjam gharmam vastram'''
|-
|sva-bhjam ||gharma-m ||vastra-m
|-
|<small>REFL-DAT.SG</small> ||warm-<small>ACC.SG.N</small> ||garment-<small>ACC.SG</small> 
|-
|colspan="3"| "for himself [into] a warm garment"
|}
{|class="wikitable
|colspan="5"| '''avibhjams ka varnâ na asti.'''
|-
|avi-bhjams ||ka ||varn-â ||na ||as-ti
|-
|sheep-<small>DAT.PL</small> ||and ||wool-<small>NOM.SG</small> ||<small>NEG</small> ||be-<small>3.SG.PRS.ACT</small>
|-
|colspan="5"| "and for the sheep there is no wool."
|}
 
{|class="wikitable
|colspan="6"| '''Tat kukruvants avis agram â bhugat.'''
|-
|Ta-t ||ku~kru-vant-s ||avi-s ||agra-m ||â ||bhug-a-t
|-
|<small>DEM-ACC.SG.N</small> ||<small>PF</small>~hear-<small>PTCP-NOM.SG</small> ||sheep-<small>NOM.SG</small> ||field-<small>ACC.SG</small> ||<small>PST</small> ||flee-<small>A-3.SG.IPF.ACT</small>
|-
|colspan="6"| "having heard that, the sheep was fleeing to the field."
|}
:
 
====Glossary to the fable====
* '''â''' augment prefixed to verbs indicating past tense (PIE *e)
* '''√ag-''' v. drive, force to go (PIE *H₂eǵ-)
* '''agam''' 1st person singular pronoun I, locative '''mai''' (PIE *eǵóH, *eǵHóm)
* '''√agh-''' v. be grieved, mourn (PIE *H₂egh-)
* '''agras''' n. field (PIE *H₂éǵros)
* '''âku-''' a. swift (as av., swiftly) (PIE *eH₃ḱú-)
* '''akvas''' n.m. horse (PIE *éḱwos)
* '''√as-''' v. be (PIE *H₁es-)
* '''avis''' n.m.f. sheep (PIE *H₃éwis)
* '''√bhar-''' v. carry (PIE *bher-)
* '''bhâras''' n.m. burden (PIE *bhorós)
* '''√bhug-''' v. bend; run away, escape (PIE *bhewg-)
* '''√dark-''' v. see (PIE *derḱ-)
* '''garu''' a. heavy (PIE *gʷṛrú-)
* '''gharma''' a. warm (PIE *gʷhṛmó-)
* '''jas, jâ, jat''' rel. pron. which (PIE *yos, *yeH₂, *yod)
* '''ka''' cj. and (suffixed to the word to be joined) (PIE *kʷe)
* '''√kar-''' v. make, do (PIE *kʷer-)
* '''kard''' n.n. heart (PIE *ḱēr, *ḱerd-)
* '''√kru-''' v. hear, listen (PIE *ḱlew-)
* '''magha''' a. great (PIE *meǵH₂-)
* '''manus''' n.m. man (PIE *mánus)
* '''na''' av. not (PIE *ne)
* '''patis''' n.m. lord (PIE *pótis)
* '''sa, sâ, tat''' dem. pron. that (PIE *so, *seH₂, *tod)
* '''sva''' a. (his, her, its, their own) (PIE *se-)
* '''√vagh-''' v. move, pull, carry (PIE *weǵh-)
* '''vâghas''' n.m. vehicle (PIE *woǵhós)
* '''√vak-''' v. say (PIE *wekʷ-)
* '''vastram''' n.n. garment, clothing (PIE *wéstrom)
* '''√vid-''' v. know (PIE *weid-)


===References===
===References===
:Schleicher, August, Eine fabel in indogermanischer ursprache, ''Beiträge zur vergleichenden Sprachforschung auf dem Gebiete der arischen, celtischen und slawischen Sprachen'', 5. Bd., 2. H. (1868), pp. 206-208
:Schleicher, August, Eine fabel in indogermanischer ursprache, ''Beiträge zur vergleichenden Sprachforschung auf dem Gebiete der arischen, celtischen und slawischen Sprachen'', 5. Bd., 2. H. (1868), pp. 206-208
===Notes===
<references/>
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:A posteriori]]
[[Category:Indo-European languages]]
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