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[[Category: Aterran]]
[[Category: Aterran]]


{{Bpnjohnson.info|Modern Standard Imperial|Drikva Yakke |ˈdrik.vɑ ˈjɑk.ʃe|2020|Planet Aterra|Conlang|||||||||}}
{{Bpnjohnson.info|Modern Standard Imperial|Drikva Yakke |ˈdrik.va ˈjak.ʃe|2020|Planet Aterra|Conlang|||||||||}}


'''''Drikva Yakke''''' /ˈdrik.vɑ ˈjɑk.ʃe/, or '''Modern Standard Imperial''', is a standardized analytic language developed from an earlier creolized form of of various ancient languages, though it still retains a rather deep orthography from an earlier form. It is written in the Imperial Script (Kuggi Yakke /ˈkuɡ.ʒi ˈjɑk.ʃe/), which is an alphabet originally written vertically in syllable blocks, but is now most commonly written left-to-right in individual letters. The block-form letters are still commonly used similarly to how majuscule letters are used in Latinate scripts.
'''''[[Contionary: drikva yakke#Modern Standard Imperial|Drikva Yakke]]''''' /ˈdrik.va ˈjak.ʃe/, or '''Modern Standard Imperial''', is a standardized analytic language developed from an earlier creolized form of of various ancient languages, though it still retains a rather deep orthography from an earlier form. It is written in the Imperial Script ('''''[[Contionary: kuggi yakke#Modern Standard Imperial|Kuggi Yakke]]''''' /ˈkuɡ.ʒi ˈjak.ʃe/), which is an alphabet originally written vertically in syllable blocks, but is now most commonly written left-to-right in individual letters. The block-form letters are still commonly used similarly to how majuscule letters are used in Latinate scripts.
 
The Imperial Language is actually a snapshot of several languages over the course of several centuries. While the written language changed very little in that time, the spoken language changed significantly, and the word order and syntax became much more rigid. In a way, it is analogous to Latin, the Classical form of which would barely be understood by speakers of Vulgar Latin a few centuries later, but the word forms remained largely the same.
 
* '''[[:Category: Modern Standard Imperial words|Modern Standard Imperial on Contionary]]'''


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
The Imperial Language is actually a snapshot of several languages over the course of several centuries. While the written language changed very little in that time, the spoken language changed significantly, and the word order and syntax became much more rigid. In a way, it is analogous to Latin, the Classical form of which would barely be understood by speakers of Vulgar Latin a few centuries later, but the word forms remained largely the same.


===Consonants===
===Consonants===
Line 105: Line 108:
!style="text-align: right;"| Mid
!style="text-align: right;"| Mid
| æ ·
| æ ·
| · ɑ
| a ·
|}
|}


====Diphthongs====
====Diphthongs====


There were no diphthongs in Old Imperial; The modern diphthongs are contractions or earlier bi-syllabic constructions. E.g. '''''[[Contionary: meu#Modern Standard Imperial|meu]]''''' ‘I’ was pronounced as /ˈme.u/ rather than the modern /mew/.
There were no diphthongs in Old Imperial; The modern diphthongs are contractions of earlier bi-syllabic constructions. E.g. '''''[[Contionary: meu#Modern Standard Imperial|meu]]''''' ‘I’ was pronounced as /ˈme.u/ rather than the modern /mew/.


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
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|}
|}


==Writing System(s)==
===Orthography & Romanization===
===Orthography & Romanization===


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!width=50| Hrz
!width=50| Vrt
!width=50| Rom
!width=50| Rom
!width=50| IPA
!width=50| IPA
!width=600 style="text-align: left;"| Description
!width=600 style="text-align: left;"| Description
!width=200| Example
|-
|-
|
|
| '''a'''
| '''a'''
| ɑ
| a~ɑ
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈a〉 in English ''father''.  
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈a〉 in English ''father''.  
|style="text-align: left;"| '''''[[Contionary: aggè#Modern Standard Imperial|aggè]]''''' ‘some’
|-
|-
|
|
| '''ae'''
| '''ae'''
| aj
| aj
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈i〉 in English ''wine''.
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈i〉 in English ''wine''.  
|-
|style="text-align: left;"| '''''[[Contionary: blaesh#Modern Standard Imperial|blaesh]]''''' ‘144’
| '''ai'''
| aj
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈i〉 in English ''wine''.
|-
|-
|
|
| '''ao'''
| '''ao'''
| aw
| aw
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈ow〉 in English ''house''.
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈ow〉 in English ''house''.  
|style="text-align: left;"| '''''[[Contionary: lhao#Modern Standard Imperial|lhao]]''''' ‘above’
|-
|-
|
|
| '''à'''
| '''à'''
| æ
| æ
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈a〉 in English ''bat''.
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈a〉 in English ''bat''.  
|style="text-align: left;"| '''''[[Contionary: pàn#Modern Standard Imperial|pàn]]''''' ‘child’
|-
|-
|
|
| '''b'''
| '''b'''
| b
| b
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈b〉 in English ''bot''.
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈b〉 in English ''bot''.  
|style="text-align: left;"| '''''[[Contionary: blizh#Modern Standard Imperial|beblizh]]''''' ‘pair of eyes’
|-
|-
|
|
| '''bb'''
| '''bb'''
| bv
| bv
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈bv〉 in English ''obvious''.
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈bv〉 in English ''obvious''.  
|style="text-align: left;"| '''''[[Contionary: rabba#Modern Standard Imperial|rabba]]''''' ‘to swim’
|-
|-
|
|
| '''bh'''
| '''bh'''
| v
| v
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈v〉 in English ''very''. Identical to 〈v〉, but from an earlier /bʰ/.
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈v〉 in English ''very''. Identical to 〈v〉, but from an earlier /bʰ/.
|style="text-align: left;"| '''''[[Contionary: raebh#Modern Standard Imperial|raebh]]''''' ‘new’
|-
|-
|
|
| '''d'''
| '''d'''
| d
| d
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈d〉 in English ''day''.
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈d〉 in English ''day''.  
|style="text-align: left;"| '''''[[Contionary: dehi#Modern Standard Imperial|dehi]]''''' ‘to do’
|-
|-
|
|
| '''dd'''
| '''dd'''
| dz
| dz
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈dz〉 in English ''adze''. Identical to 〈tz〉, but from an earlier /dd/.
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈dz〉 in English ''adze''. Identical to 〈tz〉, but from an earlier /dd/.
|style="text-align: left;"| '''''[[Contionary: yadde#Modern Standard Imperial|yadde]]''''' ‘old’
|-
|-
|
|
| '''dh'''
| '''dh'''
| ð
| ð
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈th〉 in English ''this''. (Never as in ''thin''.)
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈th〉 in English ''this''. (Never as in ''thin''.)  
|style="text-align: left;"| '''''[[Contionary: kladha#Modern Standard Imperial|kladha]]''''' ‘9’
|-
|-
|
|
| '''dl'''
| '''dl'''
| dɮ
| dɮ
|style="text-align: left;"| Not an English sound. Identical to 〈dlh〉, but from an earlier /dl/.
|style="text-align: left;"| Not an English sound. Identical to 〈dlh〉, but from an earlier /dl/.
|style="text-align: left;"| '''''[[Contionary: dlaka#Modern Standard Imperial|dlaka]]''''' ‘snake’
|-
|-
|
|
| '''dlh'''
| '''dlh'''
| dɮ
| dɮ
|style="text-align: left;"| Not an English sound. The sound of 〈d〉 followed immediately by 〈lh〉.
|style="text-align: left;"| Not an English sound. The sound of 〈d〉 followed immediately by 〈lh〉.  
|style="text-align: left;"| '''''[[Contionary: dlhu#Modern Standard Imperial|dlhu]]''''' ‘not’
|-
|-
|
|
| '''dzh'''
| '''dzh'''
| dʒ
| dʒ
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈j〉 in English ''joke''.
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈j〉 in English ''joke''.  
|style="text-align: left;"| '''''[[Contionary: dzhote#Modern Standard Imperial|dzhote]]''''' ‘young’
|-
|-
|
|
| '''e'''
| '''e'''
| e
| e
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈e〉 in Spanish ''vero''.
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈e〉 in Spanish ''vero''.  
|style="text-align: left;"| '''''[[Contionary: etlh#Modern Standard Imperial|etlh]]''''' ‘4’
|-
|-
|
|
| '''ei'''
| '''ei'''
| ej
| ej
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈ay〉 in English ''day''.
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈ay〉 in English ''day''.  
|style="text-align: left;"| '''''[[Contionary: hei#Modern Standard Imperial|hei]]''''' ‘you all’
|-
|-
|
|
| '''eu'''
| '''eu'''
| ew
| ew
|style="text-align: left;"| Like the 〈e〉 in ''egg'' followed immediately by 〈w〉.
|style="text-align: left;"| Like the 〈e〉 in ''egg'' followed immediately by 〈w〉.  
|style="text-align: left;"| '''''[[Contionary: meu#Modern Standard Imperial|meu]]''''' ‘me’
|-
|-
|
|
| '''è'''
| '''è'''
| ɛ
| ɛ
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈e〉 in English ''bet''.
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈e〉 in English ''bet''.  
|style="text-align: left;"| '''''[[Contionary: shviè#Modern Standard Imperial|shviè]]''''' ‘ice’
|-
|-
|
|
| '''f'''
| '''f'''
| f
| f
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈f〉 in English ''foot''. Identical to 〈ph〉.
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈f〉 in English ''foot''. Identical to 〈ph〉.  
|style="text-align: left;"| '''''[[Contionary: fortal#Modern Standard Imperial|fortal]]''''' ‘rope’
|-
|-
|
|
| '''g'''
| '''g'''
| ɡ
| ɡ
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈g〉 in English ''get''. (Never as in ''gel''.)
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈g〉 in English ''get''. (Never as in ''gel''.)  
|style="text-align: left;"| '''''[[Contionary: gathka#Modern Standard Imperial|gathka]]''''' ‘to steal’
|-
|-
|
|
| '''gg'''
| '''gg'''
| ɡʒ
| ɡʒ
|style="text-align: left;"| A little like 〈gg〉 in English ''suggest''. A 〈g〉 followed by a 〈zh〉 (see).
|style="text-align: left;"| A little like 〈gg〉 in English ''suggest''. A 〈g〉 followed by a 〈zh〉 (see).  
|style="text-align: left;"| '''''[[Contionary: ngaggè#Modern Standard Imperial|ngaggè]]''''' ‘sometime’
|-
|-
|
|
| '''h'''
| '''h'''
| h
| h
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈h〉 in English ''have''.
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈h〉 in English ''have''.  
|style="text-align: left;"| '''''[[Contionary: hati#Modern Standard Imperial|hati]]''''' ‘to finish’
|-
|-
|
|
| '''i'''
| '''i'''
| i
| i
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈i〉 in English ''machine''.
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈i〉 in English ''machine''.  
|style="text-align: left;"| '''''[[Contionary: ilè#Modern Standard Imperial|ilè]]''''' ‘1’
|-
|-
|
|
| '''ie'''
| '''ie'''
| jɛ
| jɛ
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈ye〉 in English ''yet''.
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈ye〉 in English ''yet''.  
|style="text-align: left;"| '''''[[Contionary: iel#Modern Standard Imperial|iel]]''''' ‘other’
|-
|-
|
|
| '''iu'''
| '''iu'''
| ju
| ju
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈you〉 in English ''you''.
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈you〉 in English ''you''.  
|style="text-align: left;"| '''''[[Contionary: dhiun#Modern Standard Imperial|dhiun]]''''' ‘right side’
|-
|-
|
|
| '''ì'''
| '''ì'''
| ɪ
| ɪ
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈i〉 in English ''bit''.
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈i〉 in English ''bit''.  
|style="text-align: left;"| '''''[[Contionary: trìdla#Modern Standard Imperial|trìdla]]''''' ‘why’
|-
|-
|
|
| '''k'''
| '''k'''
| k
| k
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈k〉 in English ''keep''.
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈k〉 in English ''keep''.  
|style="text-align: left;"| '''''[[Contionary: kashkì#Modern Standard Imperial|kashkì]]''''' ‘very’
|-
|-
|
|
| '''kh'''
| '''kh'''
| kʃ
| kʃ
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈ct〉 in English ''action''. Identical to 〈kk〉, but from earlier /kʰ/.
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈ct〉 in English ''action''. Identical to 〈kk〉, but from earlier /kʰ/.
|style="text-align: left;"| '''''[[Contionary: khìth#Modern Standard Imperial|khìth]]''''' ‘dirty’
|-
|-
|
|
| '''kk'''
| '''kk'''
| kʃ
| kʃ
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈ct〉 in English ''action''. Identical to 〈kh〉, but from earlier /kk/.
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈ct〉 in English ''action''. Identical to 〈kh〉, but from earlier /kk/.
|style="text-align: left;"| '''''[[Contionary: ukka#Modern Standard Imperial|ukka]]''''' ‘6’
|-
|-
|
|
| '''l'''
| '''l'''
| l
| l
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈l〉 in English ''laugh''.
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈l〉 in English ''laugh''.  
|style="text-align: left;"| '''''[[Contionary: lavani#Modern Standard Imperial|lavani]]''''' ‘year’
|-
|-
|
|
| '''lh'''
| '''lh'''
| ɬ~ɮ
| ɬ~ɮ
|style="text-align: left;"| Not an English sound. Like 〈ll〉 in Welsh ''llygoden'', but usually voiced.
|style="text-align: left;"| Not an English sound. Like 〈ll〉 in Welsh ''llygoden'', but usually voiced.  
|style="text-align: left;"| '''''[[Contionary: lhat#Modern Standard Imperial|lhat]]''''' ‘tooth’
|-
|-
|
|
| '''m'''
| '''m'''
| m
| m
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈m〉 in English ''man''.
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈m〉 in English ''man''.  
|style="text-align: left;"| '''''[[Contionary: mahe#Modern Standard Imperial|mahe]]''''' ‘house’
|-
|-
|
|
| '''n'''
| '''n'''
| n
| n
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈n〉 in English ''no''.
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈n〉 in English ''no''.  
|style="text-align: left;"| '''''[[Contionary: nente#Modern Standard Imperial|nente]]''''' ‘star’
|-
|-
|
|
| '''ng'''
| '''ng'''
| ŋ
| ŋ
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈ng〉 in English ''singer''. (Never as in ''finger'' or ''ginger''.)
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈ng〉 in English ''singer''. (Never as in ''finger'' or ''ginger''.)  
|style="text-align: left;"| '''''[[Contionary: ngun#Modern Standard Imperial|ngun]]''''' ‘whenever’
|-
|-
|
|
| '''o'''
| '''o'''
| o
| o
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈oa〉 in English ''boat''.  
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈oa〉 in English ''boat''.  
|style="text-align: left;"| '''''[[Contionary: tho#Modern Standard Imperial|tho]]''''' ‘in front of’
|-
|-
|
|
| '''ò'''
| '''ò'''
| ɔ
| ɔ
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈au〉 in English ''caught''.
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈au〉 in English ''caught''.  
|style="text-align: left;"| '''''[[Contionary: òla#Modern Standard Imperial|òla]]''''' ‘father’
|-
|-
|
|
| '''p'''
| '''p'''
| p
| p
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈p〉 in English ''put''.
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈p〉 in English ''put''.  
|style="text-align: left;"| '''''[[Contionary: paen#Modern Standard Imperial|paen]]''''' ‘large’
|-
|-
|
|
| '''ph'''
| '''ph'''
| f
| f
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈f〉 in English ''foot''. Identical to 〈f〉, but from earlier /pʰ/.
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈f〉 in English ''foot''. Identical to 〈f〉, but from earlier /pʰ/.
|style="text-align: left;"| '''''[[Contionary: phamba#Modern Standard Imperial|phamba]]''''' ‘to fall’
|-
|-
|
|
| '''pp'''
| '''pp'''
| pf
| pf
|style="text-align: left;"| Not an English sound. Like 〈pf〉 in German ''Apfel''. From earlier /pp/.
|style="text-align: left;"| Not an English sound. Like 〈pf〉 in German ''Apfel''. From earlier /pp/.
|style="text-align: left;"| '''''[[Contionary: veppat#Modern Standard Imperial|veppat]]''''' ‘smoke’
|-
|-
|
|
| '''r'''
| '''r'''
| ɾ
| ɾ
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈r〉 in Spanish ''pero''; like 〈t〉 in (American) English ''water''.
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈r〉 in Spanish ''pero''; like 〈t〉 in (American) English ''water''.  
|style="text-align: left;"| '''''[[Contionary: riggu#Modern Standard Imperial|riggu]]''''' ‘red’
|-
|-
|
|
| '''s'''
| '''s'''
| s
| s
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈s〉 in English ''soap''.
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈s〉 in English ''soap''.  
|style="text-align: left;"| '''''[[Contionary: sakha#Modern Standard Imperial|sakha]]''''' ‘to strike’
|-
|-
|
|
| '''sh'''
| '''sh'''
| ʃ
| ʃ
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈sh〉 in English ''shoe''.
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈sh〉 in English ''shoe''.  
|style="text-align: left;"| '''''[[Contionary: shukh#Modern Standard Imperial|shukh]]''''' ‘seed’
|-
|-
|
|
| '''t'''
| '''t'''
| t
| t
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈t〉 in English ''table''.
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈t〉 in English ''table''.  
|style="text-align: left;"| '''''[[Contionary: tè#Modern Standard Imperial|tè]]''''' ‘person’
|-
|-
|
|
| '''th'''
| '''th'''
| θ
| θ
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈th〉 in English ''thing''. (Never as in ''these''.) From earlier /tʰ/.
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈th〉 in English ''thing''. (Never as in ''these''.) From earlier /tʰ/.
|style="text-align: left;"| '''''[[Contionary: thra#Modern Standard Imperial|thra]]''''' ‘8’
|-
|-
|
|
| '''tl'''
| '''tl'''
| tɬ
| tɬ
|style="text-align: left;"| Not an English sound. Identical to 〈tlh〉, but from an earlier /tl/.
|style="text-align: left;"| Not an English sound. Identical to 〈tlh〉, but from an earlier /tl/.
|style="text-align: left;"| '''''[[Contionary: tlaste#Modern Standard Imperial|tlaste]]''''' ‘distant’
|-
|-
|
|
| '''tlh'''
| '''tlh'''
| tɬ
| tɬ
|style="text-align: left;"| Not an english sound. Like 〈tl〉 in Nahuatl ''coyotl''.
|style="text-align: left;"| Not an english sound. Like 〈tl〉 in Nahuatl ''coyotl''.  
|style="text-align: left;"| '''''[[Contionary: tvetlh#Modern Standard Imperial|tvetlh]]''''' ‘16’
|-
|-
|
|
| '''ts'''
| '''ts'''
| ts
| ts
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈ts〉 in English ''cats''. Identical to 〈tt〉.
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈ts〉 in English ''cats''. Identical to 〈tt〉.  
|style="text-align: left;"| '''''[[Contionary: yatsù#Modern Standard Imperial|yatsù]]''''' ‘left side’
|-
|-
|
|
| '''tsh'''
| '''tsh'''
| tʃ
| tʃ
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈ch〉 in English ''chair''.
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈ch〉 in English ''chair''.  
|style="text-align: left;"| '''''[[Contionary: metsha#Modern Standard Imperial|metsha]]''''' ‘here’
|-
|-
|
|
| '''tt'''
| '''tt'''
| ts
| ts
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈ts〉 in English ''cats''. Identical to 〈ts〉, but from earlier /tt/.
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈ts〉 in English ''cats''. Identical to 〈ts〉, but from earlier /tt/.
|style="text-align: left;"| '''''[[Contionary: mittè#Modern Standard Imperial|mittè]]''''' ‘just, only’
|-
|-
|
|
| '''tz'''
| '''tz'''
| dz
| dz
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈ds〉 in English ''ads''. Identical to 〈dz〉, but from an earlier /ts/ that became voiced.
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈ds〉 in English ''ads''. Identical to 〈dd〉, but from an earlier /ts/ that became voiced.  
|style="text-align: left;"| '''''[[Contionary: atze#Modern Standard Imperial|atze]]''''' ‘island’
|-
|-
|
|
| '''u'''
| '''u'''
| u
| u
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈oo〉 in English ''boot''.
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈oo〉 in English ''boot''.  
|style="text-align: left;"| '''''[[Contionary: umè#Modern Standard Imperial|umè]]''''' ‘2’
|-
|-
|
|
| '''ua'''
| '''ua'''
| wɑ
| wɑ
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈wa〉 in English ''want''.
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈wa〉 in English ''want''.  
|style="text-align: left;"| '''''[[Contionary: ruan#Modern Standard Imperial|ruan]]''''' ‘daughter’
|-
|-
|
|
| '''ue'''
| '''ue'''
| we
| we
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈we〉 in English ''went''.
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈we〉 in English ''went''.  
|style="text-align: left;"| '''''[[Contionary: guelh#Modern Standard Imperial|guelh]]''''' ‘brown’
|-
|-
|
|
| '''ui'''
| '''ui'''
| wi
| wi
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈wee〉 in English ''week''.
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈wee〉 in English ''week''.  
|style="text-align: left;"| '''''[[Contionary: kuis#Modern Standard Imperial|kuis]]''''' ‘grey’
|-
|-
|
|
| '''ù'''
| '''ù'''
| ʊ
| ʊ
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈oo〉 in English ''good''.
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈oo〉 in English ''good''.  
|style="text-align: left;"| '''''[[Contionary: phetùk#Modern Standard Imperial|phetùk]]''''' ‘brother’
|-
|-
|
|
| '''v'''
| '''v'''
| v
| v
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈v〉 in English ''very''. Identical to 〈bh〉, but from earlier /w/.
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈v〉 in English ''very''. Identical to 〈bh〉, but from earlier /w/.
|style="text-align: left;"| '''''[[Contionary: vae#Modern Standard Imperial|vae]]''''' ‘for’
|-
|-
|
|
| '''y'''
| '''y'''
| j
| j
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈y〉 in English ''yes''.
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈y〉 in English ''yes''.  
|style="text-align: left;"| '''''[[Contionary: yagre#Modern Standard Imperial|yagre]]''''' ‘heavy’
|-
|-
|
|
| '''z'''
| '''z'''
| z
| z
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈z〉 in English ''zoo''.
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈z〉 in English ''zoo''.  
|style="text-align: left;"| '''''[[Contionary: azokha#Modern Standard Imperial|azokha]]''''' ‘ash’
|-
|-
|
|
| '''zh'''
| '''zh'''
| ʒ
| ʒ
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈si〉 in English ''vision'' or 〈g〉 in French ''genre''.
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈si〉 in English ''vision'' or 〈g〉 in French ''genre''.  
|style="text-align: left;"| '''''[[Contionary: lezh#Modern Standard Imperial|lezh]]''''' ‘will be’
|}
|}


You will note that there are several combinations which appear to have identical pronunciation. This is due to sound changes during the creolization of the Imperial language which have created mergers. For example, the '''kh''' in '''''[[Contionary: thikhe#Modern Standard Imperial|thikhe]]''''' ‘sharp’ and the '''kk''' in '''''[[Contionary: thrakku#Modern Standard Imperial|thrakku]]''''' ‘like that’ are both pronounced like the '''ksh''' in '''''[[Contionary: thraksha#Modern Standard Imperial|thraksha]]''''' ‘like this’. However, in Old Imperial, they were pronounced [ˈuːkʰɑ], [tʰrɑkˈkũ], and [tʰrɑkˈtʃɑ], respectively.
You will note that there are several combinations which appear to have identical pronunciation. This is due to sound changes during the creolization of the Imperial language which have created mergers. For example, the '''kh''' in '''''[[Contionary: thikhe#Modern Standard Imperial|thikhe]]''''' [ˈθi'''kʃ'''e] ‘sharp’ and the '''kk''' in '''''[[Contionary: thrakku#Modern Standard Imperial|thrakku]]''''' [ˈθɾa'''kʃ'''u] ‘like that’ are both pronounced like the '''ksh''' in '''''[[Contionary: thraksha#Modern Standard Imperial|thraksha]]''''' [ˈθɾa'''kʃ'''a] ‘like this’. However, in Old Imperial, they were pronounced [ˈtʰi'''kʰ'''eː], [tʰrɑ'''kˈk'''ũ], and [tʰrɑ'''kˈtʃ'''ɑ], respectively.
 
===The Imperial Script (''Kuggi Yakke'')===
Though this guide uses almost exclusively Romanization for describing the Imperial language, that Romanization (as described above) is derived directly from the Imperial “Alphabet” known as '''''[[Contionary: kuggi yakke#Modern Standard Imperial|Kuggi Yakke]]''''' (“Imperial Writing”). The ''Yakke'' script is arranged in “blocks” of syllables consisting of (minimally) a single vowel, and may contain various types on onsets and codas, each syllable basically forming a square shape. In most modern writing, this square format has been ignored due to constraints on space, and writing has become more compact, but the block style is still a default for signs, titles, important words, and other functions, a bit like majuscule letters or italics might used in Latin scripts, or hiragana in Japanese. These are not direct analogies, of course, but be aware that block script is usually used to set apart important words from other text.
 
Traditionally the ''Yakke'' script was written vertically from top to bottom in columns from right to left. Recently it has become more common to write it horizontally from left to right, but unlike languages like Chinese or Japanese, where writing direction has changed but character orientation has remained constant, Yakke script written horizontally also changes the direction of the written characters, so a horizontal text can simply be turned 90° to become a vertical text, more like how Mongolian or Manchurian are vertical scripts derived from Sogdian, a vertical script based on horizontally written Syriac.
 
In all there are three main types of characters: Onsets, secondary onset modifiers, and vowels. Onsets may use the entire width of the character, or may share the initial space with a secondary onset modifier. Vowels always use the entire width of the character (in the case of vertical script) or height (for horizontal).
 
====Onsets====
There are nineteen possible onsets: (Stay tuned for graphics!)
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!width=39| Hrz
!width=39| Vrt
!width=39| Rom
|width=13 rowspan=6|  
!width=39| Hrz
!width=39| Vrt
!width=39| Rom
|width=13 rowspan=6|  
!width=39| Hrz
!width=39| Vrt
!width=39| Rom
|width=13 rowspan=6|  
!width=39| Hrz
!width=39| Vrt
!width=39| Rom
|width=13 rowspan=6|  
!width=39| Hrz
!width=39| Vrt
!width=39| Rom
|-
| [[File:Kuggiyakke-p-hrz.png|frameless|none|Kuggi Yakke Horizontal Letter p]]
| [[File:Kuggiyakke-p-vrt.png|frameless|none|Kuggi Yakke Vertical Letter p]]
| '''p'''
| [[File:Kuggiyakke-t-hrz.png|frameless|none|Kuggi Yakke Horizontal Letter t]]
| [[File:Kuggiyakke-t-vrt.png|frameless|none|Kuggi Yakke Vertical Letter t]]
| '''t'''
| [[File:Kuggiyakke-k-hrz.png|frameless|none|Kuggi Yakke Horizontal Letter k]]
| [[File:Kuggiyakke-k-vrt.png|frameless|none|Kuggi Yakke Vertical Letter k]]
| '''k'''
| [[File:Kuggiyakke-s-hrz.png|frameless|none|Kuggi Yakke Horizontal Letter s]]
| [[File:Kuggiyakke-s-vrt.png|frameless|none|Kuggi Yakke Vertical Letter s]]
| '''s'''
| [[File:Kuggiyakke-l-hrz.png|frameless|none|Kuggi Yakke Horizontal Letter l]]
| [[File:Kuggiyakke-l-vrt.png|frameless|none|Kuggi Yakke Vertical Letter l]]
| '''l'''
|-
| [[File:Kuggiyakke-b-hrz.png|frameless|none|Kuggi Yakke Horizontal Letter b]]
| [[File:Kuggiyakke-b-vrt.png|frameless|none|Kuggi Yakke Vertical Letter b]]
| '''b'''
| [[File:Kuggiyakke-d-hrz.png|frameless|none|Kuggi Yakke Horizontal Letter d]]
| [[File:Kuggiyakke-d-vrt.png|frameless|none|Kuggi Yakke Vertical Letter d]]
| '''d'''
| [[File:Kuggiyakke-g-hrz.png|frameless|none|Kuggi Yakke Horizontal Letter g]]
| [[File:Kuggiyakke-g-vrt.png|frameless|none|Kuggi Yakke Vertical Letter g]]
| '''g'''
| [[File:Kuggiyakke-z-hrz.png|frameless|none|Kuggi Yakke Horizontal Letter z]]
| [[File:Kuggiyakke-z-vrt.png|frameless|none|Kuggi Yakke Vertical Letter z]]
| '''z'''
| [[File:Kuggiyakke-r-hrz.png|frameless|none|Kuggi Yakke Horizontal Letter r]]
| [[File:Kuggiyakke-r-vrt.png|frameless|none|Kuggi Yakke Vertical Letter r]]
| '''r'''
|-
| [[File:Kuggiyakke-m-hrz.png|frameless|none|Kuggi Yakke Horizontal Letter m]]
| [[File:Kuggiyakke-m-vrt.png|frameless|none|Kuggi Yakke Vertical Letter m]]
| '''m'''
| [[File:Kuggiyakke-n-hrz.png|frameless|none|Kuggi Yakke Horizontal Letter n]]
| [[File:Kuggiyakke-n-vrt.png|frameless|none|Kuggi Yakke Vertical Letter n]]
| '''n'''
| [[File:Kuggiyakke-ng-hrz.png|frameless|none|Kuggi Yakke Horizontal Letter ng]]
| [[File:Kuggiyakke-ng-vrt.png|frameless|none|Kuggi Yakke Vertical Letter ng]]
| '''ng'''
| [[File:Kuggiyakke-sh-hrz.png|frameless|none|Kuggi Yakke Horizontal Letter sh]]
| [[File:Kuggiyakke-sh-vrt.png|frameless|none|Kuggi Yakke Vertical Letter sh]]
| '''sh'''
| [[File:Kuggiyakke-lh-hrz.png|frameless|none|Kuggi Yakke Horizontal Letter lh]]
| [[File:Kuggiyakke-lh-vrt.png|frameless|none|Kuggi Yakke Vertical Letter lh]]
| '''lh'''
|-
| [[File:Kuggiyakke-v-hrz.png|frameless|none|Kuggi Yakke Horizontal Letter v]]
| [[File:Kuggiyakke-v-vrt.png|frameless|none|Kuggi Yakke Vertical Letter v]]
| '''v'''
| [[File:Kuggiyakke-y-hrz.png|frameless|none|Kuggi Yakke Horizontal Letter y]]
| [[File:Kuggiyakke-y-vrt.png|frameless|none|Kuggi Yakke Vertical Letter y]]
| '''y'''
| [[File:Kuggiyakke-h-hrz.png|frameless|none|Kuggi Yakke Horizontal Letter h]]
| [[File:Kuggiyakke-h-vrt.png|frameless|none|Kuggi Yakke Vertical Letter h]]
| '''h'''
| [[File:Kuggiyakke-zh-hrz.png|frameless|none|Kuggi Yakke Horizontal Letter zh]]
| [[File:Kuggiyakke-zh-vrt.png|frameless|none|Kuggi Yakke Vertical Letter zh]]
| '''zh'''
|colspan=3|  
|}
 
====Secondary Onsets====
There are eight possible secondary onsets, consisting of two groups: four which precede the primary onset (starting at the bottom of a stroke in the vertical or on the left for horizontal), and four which follow it (at the top or right, respectively):  (Stay tuned for graphics!)
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan=3| Preceding
|width=13 rowspan=6|  
!colspan=3| Following
|-
!width=39| Hrz
!width=39| Vrt
!width=39| Rom
!width=39| Hrz
!width=39| Vrt
!width=39| Rom
|-
| [[File:Kuggiyakke-s-hrz.png|frameless|none|Kuggi Yakke Horizontal Letter s]]
| [[File:Kuggiyakke-s-vrt.png|frameless|none|Kuggi Yakke Vertical Letter s]]
| '''s'''
| [[File:Kuggiyakke-h-hrz.png|frameless|none|Kuggi Yakke Horizontal Letter h]]
| [[File:Kuggiyakke-h-vrt.png|frameless|none|Kuggi Yakke Vertical Letter h]]
| '''h'''
|-
| [[File:Kuggiyakke-d-hrz.png|frameless|none|Kuggi Yakke Horizontal Letter d]]
| [[File:Kuggiyakke-d-vrt.png|frameless|none|Kuggi Yakke Vertical Letter d]]
| '''d'''
| [[File:Kuggiyakke-r-hrz.png|frameless|none|Kuggi Yakke Horizontal Letter r]]
| [[File:Kuggiyakke-r-vrt.png|frameless|none|Kuggi Yakke Vertical Letter r]]
| '''r'''
|-
| [[File:Kuggiyakke-t-hrz.png|frameless|none|Kuggi Yakke Horizontal Letter t]]
| [[File:Kuggiyakke-t-vrt.png|frameless|none|Kuggi Yakke Vertical Letter t]]
| '''t'''
| [[File:Kuggiyakke-l-hrz.png|frameless|none|Kuggi Yakke Horizontal Letter l]]
| [[File:Kuggiyakke-l-vrt.png|frameless|none|Kuggi Yakke Vertical Letter l]]
| '''l'''
|-
| [[File:Kuggiyakke-sh-hrz.png|frameless|none|Kuggi Yakke Horizontal Letter sh]]
| [[File:Kuggiyakke-sh-vrt.png|frameless|none|Kuggi Yakke Vertical Letter sh]]
| '''sh'''
| [[File:Kuggiyakke-v-hrz.png|frameless|none|Kuggi Yakke Horizontal Letter v]]
| [[File:Kuggiyakke-v-vrt.png|frameless|none|Kuggi Yakke Vertical Letter v]]
| '''v'''
|}
 
====Nuclei (Vowels)====
There are ten vowels or nuclei:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan=3| Tense
|width=13 rowspan=7|  
!colspan=3| Lax
|-
!width=39| Hrz
!width=52| Vrt
!width=39| Rom
!width=39| Hrz
!width=52| Vrt
!width=39| Rom
|-
| [[File:Kuggiyakke-i-hrz.png|frameless|none|Kuggi Yakke Horizontal Letter i]]
| [[File:Kuggiyakke-i-vrt.png|frameless|none|Kuggi Yakke Vertical Letter i]]
| '''i'''
| [[File:Kuggiyakke-ì-hrz.png|frameless|none|Kuggi Yakke Horizontal Letter ì]]
| [[File:Kuggiyakke-ì-vrt.png|frameless|none|Kuggi Yakke Vertical Letter ì]]
| '''ì'''
|-
| [[File:Kuggiyakke-e-hrz.png|frameless|none|Kuggi Yakke Horizontal Letter e]]
| [[File:Kuggiyakke-e-vrt.png|frameless|none|Kuggi Yakke Vertical Letter e]]
| '''e'''
| [[File:Kuggiyakke-è-hrz.png|frameless|none|Kuggi Yakke Horizontal Letter è]]
| [[File:Kuggiyakke-è-vrt.png|frameless|none|Kuggi Yakke Vertical Letter è]]
| '''è'''
|-
| [[File:Kuggiyakke-a-hrz.png|frameless|none|Kuggi Yakke Horizontal Letter a]]
| [[File:Kuggiyakke-a-vrt.png|frameless|none|Kuggi Yakke Vertical Letter a]]
| '''a'''
| [[File:Kuggiyakke-à-hrz.png|frameless|none|Kuggi Yakke Horizontal Letter à]]
| [[File:Kuggiyakke-à-vrt.png|frameless|none|Kuggi Yakke Vertical Letter à]]
| '''à'''
|-
| [[File:Kuggiyakke-o-hrz.png|frameless|none|Kuggi Yakke Horizontal Letter o]]
| [[File:Kuggiyakke-o-vrt.png|frameless|none|Kuggi Yakke Vertical Letter o]]
| '''o'''
| [[File:Kuggiyakke-ò-hrz.png|frameless|none|Kuggi Yakke Horizontal Letter ò]]
| [[File:Kuggiyakke-ò-vrt.png|frameless|none|Kuggi Yakke Vertical Letter ò]]
| '''ò'''
|-
| [[File:Kuggiyakke-u-hrz.png|frameless|none|Kuggi Yakke Horizontal Letter u]]
| [[File:Kuggiyakke-u-vrt.png|frameless|none|Kuggi Yakke Vertical Letter u]]
| '''u'''
| [[File:Kuggiyakke-ù-hrz.png|frameless|none|Kuggi Yakke Horizontal Letter ù]]
| [[File:Kuggiyakke-ù-vrt.png|frameless|none|Kuggi Yakke Vertical Letter ù]]
| '''ù'''
|}
 
There are no diphthongs in the writing system. Diphthongs are a recent development which evolved from adjacent syllables with no intervening consonants. In writing, they are still written as if they were two separate syllables. For example, meu ‘I’ is written as two blocks: me-u. However, this has led to modern non-block writing developing ligatures for the diphthongs which are beginning to take on their own shapes. Until such time as a spelling reform is implemented, however, the syllable blocks continue to be the standard.
 
====Codae====
Codae are ostensibly identical to the onsets, only written on to the right of the vowel (or below it in vertical script), but several of the onsets (such as '''p''', '''b''', '''d''', '''ng''', and '''z''') are not used in coda position. The secondary onsets are also very rarely used, occurring only in '''dzh''', '''tsh''', '''tlh''', and '''bh'''. Also note that syllables do not always fall into blocks as they do phonologically in polysyllabic words: There is a tendancy towards maximizing onsets which may not always be reflected in the writing.


==Morphology==
==Morphology==
Line 426: Line 796:
====Irregular & Suppletive Nouns====
====Irregular & Suppletive Nouns====


There are several of the most common nouns which have irregular plurals. Some of the most common are:
Several of the most common nouns have irregular plurals. Some of the most common are:
* '''''[[Contionary: òla#Modern Standard Imperial|òla]]''''' ‘father’ → '''''kvòla''''' ‘fathers’ (not **''kvola'')
* '''''[[Contionary: òla#Modern Standard Imperial|òla]]''''' ‘father’ → '''''kvòla''''' ‘fathers’ (not **''kvola'')
* '''''[[Contionary: pàn#Modern Standard Imperial|pàn]]''''' ‘child’ → '''''pepàn''''' ‘children’ (not **''kve pàn'')
* '''''[[Contionary: pàn#Modern Standard Imperial|pàn]]''''' ‘child’ → '''''pepàn''''' ‘children’ (not **''kve pàn'')
* '''''[[Contionary: tè#Modern Standard Imperial|tè]]''''' ‘person’ → '''''kvètè''''' ‘people’ (not **''tete''), '''''but'''''
* '''''[[Contionary: yìr#Modern Standard Imperial|yìr]]''''' ‘thing’ → '''''kveyir''''' ‘things’ (not **''kve yìr'')
* '''''[[Contionary: tè#Modern Standard Imperial|tè]]''''' ‘person’ → '''''kvètè''''' ‘people’ (not **''tete''). '''''[[Contionary: tè#Modern Standard Imperial|Tè]]''''' in particular has a number of irregular compounds. One commonality is that the lax vowel is almost never tensed as it would be in normal plurals. Some compounds are formed with '''''[[Contionary: kvè#Modern Standard Imperial|kvè]]''''' (rather than the expected **'''''[[Contionary: kve#Modern Standard Imperial|kve]]'''''), while others use reduplication:
** '''''[[Contionary: arratè#Modern Standard Imperial|arratè]]''''' ‘hunter’ → '''''kv'''arrat'''è'''''
** '''''[[Contionary: lurkatè#Modern Standard Imperial|lurkatè]]''''' ‘murderer’ → '''''kvè'''lurkat'''è'''''
** '''''[[Contionary: shatviarratè#Modern Standard Imperial|shatviarratè]]''''' ‘investigator’ → ''shatvi'''kv'''arra'''tè'''''
** '''''[[Contionary: shatvietè#Modern Standard Imperial|shatvietè]]''''' ‘teacher’ → '''''she'''shatvie'''tè''''', '''''but'''''
** '''''[[Contionary: tetzavà#Modern Standard Imperial|tetzavà]]''''' ‘cyborg’ → '''''kvètetzava''''' ‘cyborgs’ (not **''kvètètzava'', using the irregular plural of '''''tè''''' or **''tetetzava'' using the regular masculine plural)
** '''''[[Contionary: tetzavà#Modern Standard Imperial|tetzavà]]''''' ‘cyborg’ → '''''kvètetzava''''' ‘cyborgs’ (not **''kvètètzava'', using the irregular plural of '''''tè''''' or **''tetetzava'' using the regular masculine plural)
* '''''[[Contionary: yìr#Modern Standard Imperial|yìr]]''''' ‘thing’ → '''''kveyir''''' ‘things’ (not **''kve yìr'')


=====Dual Nouns=====
=====Dual Nouns=====


Some non-masculine nouns, particularly those referring to body parts which come in pairs, use masculine-type reduplication when referring explicitly to the paired sense, and '''''[[Contionary: kve#Modern Standard Imperial|kve]]''''' otherwise. E.g.:
Some non-masculine nouns, particularly those referring to body parts which come in pairs, use masculine-type reduplication when referring explicitly to the paired sense, and '''''[[Contionary: kve#Modern Standard Imperial|kve]]''''' otherwise. E.g.:
* '''''[[Contionary: bhèt#Modern Standard Imperial|bhèt]]''''' ‘breast’ → '''''bebhèt''''' ‘pair of breasts’ → '''''kve bhèt''''' ‘(many) breasts’
* '''''[[Contionary: blizh#Modern Standard Imperial|blizh]]''''' ‘eye’ → '''''beblizh''''' ‘pair of eyes’ → '''''kve blizh''''' ‘(many) eyes’
* '''''[[Contionary: blizh#Modern Standard Imperial|blizh]]''''' ‘eye’ → '''''beblizh''''' ‘pair of eyes’ → '''''kve blizh''''' ‘(many) eyes’
* '''''[[Contionary: bresh#Modern Standard Imperial|bresh]]'''''  ‘foot’ → '''''bebresh''''' ‘pair of feet’ → '''''kve bresh''''' ‘(many) feet’
* '''''[[Contionary: bresh#Modern Standard Imperial|bresh]]'''''  ‘foot’ → '''''bebresh''''' ‘pair of feet’ → '''''kve bresh''''' ‘(many) feet’
Line 444: Line 819:
* '''''[[Contionary: rinen#Modern Standard Imperial|rinen]]'''''  ‘knee’ → '''''rerinen''''' ‘pair of knees’ → '''''kve rinen''''' ‘(many) knees’
* '''''[[Contionary: rinen#Modern Standard Imperial|rinen]]'''''  ‘knee’ → '''''rerinen''''' ‘pair of knees’ → '''''kve rinen''''' ‘(many) knees’
* '''''[[Contionary: yinkesh#Modern Standard Imperial|yinkesh]]'''''  ‘wing’ → '''''yeyinkesh''''' ‘pair of wings’ → '''''kve yinkesh''''' ‘(many) wings’
* '''''[[Contionary: yinkesh#Modern Standard Imperial|yinkesh]]'''''  ‘wing’ → '''''yeyinkesh''''' ‘pair of wings’ → '''''kve yinkesh''''' ‘(many) wings’
While these “dual” forms almost always refer to grouped pairs of objects, they sometimes refer to sets of more than two, e.g. '''''[[Contionary: lhat#Modern Standard Imperial|lhat]]''''' ‘tooth’ → kve lhat ‘teeth’ → lelhat ‘set of teeth’. In the case of teeth, this may have originated with the dual sense of the upper and lower sets of teeth, and other sets were later analogized on this model.
Another slight irregularity is the (usually poetic) dual usage of '''''[[Contionary: thrin#Modern Standard Imperial|thrin]]''''' ‘heart’ to refer to couples in love, but generally the use of '''''tethrin''''' is discouraged in formal writing.


====Possession====
====Possession====
Line 498: Line 876:
| '''''[[Contionary: yìraggè#Mordern Standard Imperial|Yìraggè]] [[Contionary: dhi#Mordern Standard Imperial|dhi]] [[Contionary: bresh#Mordern Standard Imperial|bresh]] [[Contionary: go#Mordern Standard Imperial|go]] [[Contionary: meu#Mordern Standard Imperial|meu]].'''''<br />Something is on the bottom of my foot.
| '''''[[Contionary: yìraggè#Mordern Standard Imperial|Yìraggè]] [[Contionary: dhi#Mordern Standard Imperial|dhi]] [[Contionary: bresh#Mordern Standard Imperial|bresh]] [[Contionary: go#Mordern Standard Imperial|go]] [[Contionary: meu#Mordern Standard Imperial|meu]].'''''<br />Something is on the bottom of my foot.
|-
|-
! [[Contionary: dzu#Mordern Standard Imperial|dzu]]
! [[Contionary: tzu#Mordern Standard Imperial|tzu]]
| under, beneath, below
| under, beneath, below
| ''Sublative''
| ''Sublative''
| '''''[[Contionary: thombir#Mordern Standard Imperial|Thombir]] [[Contionary: dzu#Mordern Standard Imperial|dzu]] [[Contionary: dà#Mordern Standard Imperial|dà]].'''''<br />The worm is under the rock.
| '''''[[Contionary: thombir#Mordern Standard Imperial|Thombir]] [[Contionary: tzu#Mordern Standard Imperial|tzu]] [[Contionary: dà#Mordern Standard Imperial|dà]].'''''<br />The worm is under the rock.
|-
|-
! [[Contionary: go#Mordern Standard Imperial|go]]
! [[Contionary: go#Mordern Standard Imperial|go]]
Line 970: Line 1,348:
* ‘I know how to swim.’  
* ‘I know how to swim.’  
*: (“I swimming know.”)  
*: (“I swimming know.”)  
*: ''[[Contionary: meu#Modern Standard Imperial|Meu]] [[Contionary: rabva#Modern Standard Imperial|rabva]] [[Contionary: shatviè#Modern Standard Imperial|shatviè]].''
*: ''[[Contionary: meu#Modern Standard Imperial|Meu]] [[Contionary: rabba#Modern Standard Imperial|rabba]] [[Contionary: shatviè#Modern Standard Imperial|shatviè]].''
(Here there is a direct object, which triggers the sentence to revert back to its natural SOV order.)
(Here there is a direct object, which triggers the sentence to revert back to its natural SOV order.)
* ‘I teach.’  
* ‘I teach.’  
Line 980: Line 1,358:
* ‘I teach you how to swim.’  
* ‘I teach you how to swim.’  
*: (“I you swim know I” → “I cause you to know how to swim.”)  
*: (“I you swim know I” → “I cause you to know how to swim.”)  
*: ''[[Contionary: meu#Modern Standard Imperial|Meu]] [[Contionary: vè#Modern Standard Imperial|vè]] [[Contionary: rabva#Modern Standard Imperial|rabva]] [[Contionary: shatviè#Modern Standard Imperial|shatviè]] [[Contionary: meu#Modern Standard Imperial|meu]] .''
*: ''[[Contionary: meu#Modern Standard Imperial|Meu]] [[Contionary: vè#Modern Standard Imperial|vè]] [[Contionary: rabba#Modern Standard Imperial|rabba]] [[Contionary: shatviè#Modern Standard Imperial|shatviè]] [[Contionary: meu#Modern Standard Imperial|meu]] .''
If the subject is a noun or noun phrase (rather than a pronoun), its equivalent pronoun will follow the verb. (A full noun can never follow a verb in Modern Standard Imperial.)
If the subject is a noun or noun phrase (rather than a pronoun), its equivalent pronoun will follow the verb. (A full noun can never follow a verb in Modern Standard Imperial.)
* ‘That man teaches swimming.’  
* ‘That man teaches swimming.’  
*: (“Man that knows swimming he.”)  
*: (“Man that knows swimming he.”)  
*: ''[[Contionary: rosha#Modern Standard Imperial|Rosha]] [[Contionary: ku#Modern Standard Imperial|ku]] [[Contionary: rabva#Modern Standard Imperial|rabva]] [[Contionary: shatviè#Modern Standard Imperial|shatviè]] [[Contionary: shva#Modern Standard Imperial|shva]] .''
*: ''[[Contionary: rosha#Modern Standard Imperial|Rosha]] [[Contionary: ku#Modern Standard Imperial|ku]] [[Contionary: rabba#Modern Standard Imperial|rabba]] [[Contionary: shatviè#Modern Standard Imperial|shatviè]] [[Contionary: shva#Modern Standard Imperial|shva]] .''


Some other examples of bi-transitive causatives are:
Some other examples of bi-transitive causatives are:
Line 1,022: Line 1,400:
| to see (sth)
| to see (sth)
| to understand
| to understand
|}
==Vocabulary & Lexicon==
* '''[[:Category: Modern Standard Imperial words|Modern Standard Imperial on Contionary]]'''
===Swadesh List===
''(For those of you who like this sort of thing.)''
{| class="wikitable"
! &nbsp;
!width=75px| Imperial
!width=100px| English
! &nbsp;
!width=75px| Imperial
!width=105px| English
! &nbsp;
!width=75px| Imperial
!width=100px| English
|-
! 001
| '''[[Contionary: meu#Modern Standard Imperial|meu]]'''
| I
! 070
| '''[[Contionary: kvitta#Modern Standard Imperial|kvitta]]'''
| feather
! 139
| '''[[Contionary: nasta#Modern Standard Imperial|nasta]]'''
| to count
|-
! 002
| '''[[Contionary: vè#Modern Standard Imperial|vè]]'''
| you
! 071
| '''[[Contionary: platti#Modern Standard Imperial|platti]]'''
| hair (on head)
! 140
| '''[[Contionary: gvida#Modern Standard Imperial|gvida]]'''
| to say
|-
! 003
| '''[[Contionary: shva#Modern Standard Imperial|shva]]''', '''[[Contionary: dehu#Modern Standard Imperial|dehu]]'''
| he, she, it
! 072
| '''[[Contionary: patuk#Modern Standard Imperial|patuk]]'''
| head
! 141
| '''[[Contionary: shula#Modern Standard Imperial|shula]]'''
| to sing
|-
! 004
| '''[[Contionary: ta#Modern Standard Imperial|ta]]'''
| we
! 073
| '''[[Contionary: noth#Modern Standard Imperial|noth]]'''
| ear
! 142
| '''[[Contionary: nopra#Modern Standard Imperial|nopra]]'''
| to play
|-
! 005
| '''[[Contionary: hei#Modern Standard Imperial|hei]]'''
| you
! 074
| '''[[Contionary: blizh#Modern Standard Imperial|blizh]]'''
| eye
! 143
| '''[[Contionary: threka#Modern Standard Imperial|threka]]'''
| to float
|-
! 006
| '''[[Contionary: dì#Modern Standard Imperial|dì]]'''
| they
! 075
| '''[[Contionary: gaman#Modern Standard Imperial|gaman]]'''
| nose
! 144
| '''[[Contionary: blei#Modern Standard Imperial|blei]]'''
| to flow
|-
! 007
| '''[[Contionary: tsha#Modern Standard Imperial|tsha]]'''
| this
! 076
| '''[[Contionary: rigla#Modern Standard Imperial|rigla]]'''
| mouth
! 145
| '''[[Contionary: brona#Modern Standard Imperial|brona]]'''
| to freeze
|-
! 008
| '''[[Contionary: ku#Modern Standard Imperial|ku]]'''
| that
! 077
| '''[[Contionary: lhat#Modern Standard Imperial|lhat]]'''
| tooth
! 146
| '''[[Contionary: varra#Modern Standard Imperial|varra]]'''
| to swell
|-
! 009
| '''[[Contionary: metsha#Modern Standard Imperial|metsha]]'''
| here
! 078
| '''[[Contionary: merka#Modern Standard Imperial|merka]]'''
| tongue
! 147
| '''[[Contionary: shakuth#Modern Standard Imperial|shakuth]]'''
| sun
|-
! 010
| '''[[Contionary: methku#Modern Standard Imperial|methku]]'''
| there
! 079
| '''[[Contionary: krè#Modern Standard Imperial|krè]]'''
| fingernail
! 148
| '''[[Contionary: mirat#Modern Standard Imperial|mirat]]'''
| moon
|-
! 011
| '''[[Contionary: tèla#Modern Standard Imperial|tèla]]'''
| who
! 080
| '''[[Contionary: bresh#Modern Standard Imperial|bresh]]'''
| foot
! 149
| '''[[Contionary: nente#Modern Standard Imperial|nente]]'''
| star
|-
! 012
| '''[[Contionary: yìdla#Modern Standard Imperial|yìdla]]'''
| what
! 081
| '''[[Contionary: dendor#Modern Standard Imperial|dendor]]'''
| leg
! 150
| '''[[Contionary: yash#Modern Standard Imperial|yash]]'''
| water
|-
! 013
| '''[[Contionary: methla#Modern Standard Imperial|methla]]'''
| where
! 082
| '''[[Contionary: rinen#Modern Standard Imperial|rinen]]'''
| knee
! 151
| '''[[Contionary: yempath#Modern Standard Imperial|yempath]]'''
| rain
|-
! 014
| '''[[Contionary: ngala#Modern Standard Imperial|ngala]]'''
| when
! 083
| '''[[Contionary: doman#Modern Standard Imperial|doman]]'''
| hand
! 152
| '''[[Contionary: midli#Modern Standard Imperial|midli]]'''
| river
|-
! 015
| '''[[Contionary: thrakla#Modern Standard Imperial|thrakla]]'''
| how
! 084
| '''[[Contionary: yinkesh#Modern Standard Imperial|yinkesh]]'''
| wing
! 153
| '''[[Contionary: uthka#Modern Standard Imperial|uthka]]'''
| lake
|-
! 016
| '''[[Contionary: dlhu#Modern Standard Imperial|dlhu]]'''
| not
! 085
| '''[[Contionary: kèba#Modern Standard Imperial|kèba]]'''
| belly, abdomen
! 154
| '''[[Contionary: kespe#Modern Standard Imperial|kespe]]'''
| sea
|-
! 017
| '''[[Contionary: tash#Modern Standard Imperial|tash]]'''
| all
! 086
| '''[[Contionary: kigvezh#Modern Standard Imperial|kigvezh]]'''
| guts, entrails
! 155
| '''[[Contionary: bitlun#Modern Standard Imperial|bitlun]]'''
| salt
|-
! 018
| '''[[Contionary: gatzo#Modern Standard Imperial|gatzo]]'''
| many
! 087
| '''[[Contionary: nadzha#Modern Standard Imperial|nadzha]]'''
| neck
! 156
| '''[[Contionary: dà#Modern Standard Imperial|dà]]'''
| stone
|-
! 019
| '''[[Contionary: aggè#Modern Standard Imperial|aggè]]'''
| some
! 088
| '''[[Contionary: gesh#Modern Standard Imperial|gesh]]'''
| back
! 157
| '''[[Contionary: thè#Modern Standard Imperial|thè]]'''
| sand
|-
! 020
| '''[[Contionary: kith#Modern Standard Imperial|kith]]'''
| few
! 089
| '''[[Contionary: bhaya#Modern Standard Imperial|bhaya]]'''
| breast
! 158
| '''[[Contionary: sahal#Modern Standard Imperial|sahal]]'''
| dust
|-
! 021
| '''[[Contionary: iel#Modern Standard Imperial|iel]]'''
| other
! 090
| '''[[Contionary: thrin#Modern Standard Imperial|thrin]]'''
| heart
! 159
| '''[[Contionary: seklesh#Modern Standard Imperial|seklesh]]'''
| earth, soil, dirt
|-
! 022
| '''[[Contionary: ilè#Modern Standard Imperial|ilè]]'''
| one
! 091
| '''[[Contionary: nuyom#Modern Standard Imperial|nuyom]]'''
| liver
! 160
| '''[[Contionary: druya#Modern Standard Imperial|druya]]'''
| cloud
|-
! 023
| '''[[Contionary: umè#Modern Standard Imperial|umè]]'''
| two
! 092
| '''[[Contionary: godha#Modern Standard Imperial|godha]]'''
| to drink
! 161
| '''[[Contionary: ngeshet#Modern Standard Imperial|ngeshet]]'''
| fog, mist
|-
! 024
| '''[[Contionary: shar#Modern Standard Imperial|shar]]'''
| three
! 093
| '''[[Contionary: langa#Modern Standard Imperial|langa]]'''
| to eat
! 162
| '''[[Contionary: nash#Modern Standard Imperial|nash]]'''
| sky
|-
! 025
| '''[[Contionary: etlh#Modern Standard Imperial|etlh]]'''
| four
! 094
| '''[[Contionary: lenka#Modern Standard Imperial|lenka]]'''
| to bite
! 163
| '''[[Contionary: keishi#Modern Standard Imperial|keishi]]'''
| wind
|-
! 026
| '''[[Contionary: pikh#Modern Standard Imperial|pikh]]'''
| five
! 095
| '''[[Contionary: sanga#Modern Standard Imperial|sanga]]'''
| to suck
! 164
| '''[[Contionary: shise#Modern Standard Imperial|shise]]'''
| snow
|-
! 027
| '''[[Contionary: paen#Modern Standard Imperial|paen]]'''
| big, large
! 096
| '''[[Contionary: tlatta#Modern Standard Imperial|tlatta]]'''
| to spit
! 165
| '''[[Contionary: shviè#Modern Standard Imperial|shviè]]'''
| ice
|-
! 028
| '''[[Contionary: yetlh#Modern Standard Imperial|yetlh]]'''
| long
! 097
| '''[[Contionary: bhenkò#Modern Standard Imperial|bhenkò]]'''
| to vomit
! 166
| '''[[Contionary: veppat#Modern Standard Imperial|veppat]]'''
| smoke
|-
! 029
| '''[[Contionary: bìku#Modern Standard Imperial|bìku]]'''
| wide, broad
! 098
| '''[[Contionary: prahe#Modern Standard Imperial|prahe]]'''
| to blow
! 167
| '''[[Contionary: nuk#Modern Standard Imperial|nuk]]'''
| fire
|-
! 030
| '''[[Contionary: yadla#Modern Standard Imperial|yadla]]'''
| thick
! 099
| '''[[Contionary: harra#Modern Standard Imperial|harra]]'''
| to breathe
! 168
| '''[[Contionary: azokha#Modern Standard Imperial|azokha]]'''
| ash, ashes
|-
! 031
| '''[[Contionary: yagre#Modern Standard Imperial|yagre]]'''
| heavy
! 100
| '''[[Contionary: netha#Modern Standard Imperial|netha]]'''
| to laugh
! 169
| '''[[Contionary: paksha#Modern Standard Imperial|paksha]]'''
| burn
|-
! 032
| '''[[Contionary: kie#Modern Standard Imperial|kie]]'''
| small, little
! 101
| '''[[Contionary: veta#Modern Standard Imperial|veta]]'''
| to see
! 170
| '''[[Contionary: athri#Modern Standard Imperial|athri]]'''
| path, road, trail
|-
! 033
| '''[[Contionary: tzi#Modern Standard Imperial|tzi]]'''
| short
! 102
| '''[[Contionary: kesta#Modern Standard Imperial|kesta]]'''
| to hear
! 171
| '''[[Contionary: lhadzhè#Modern Standard Imperial|lhadzhè]]'''
| mountain
|-
! 034
| '''[[Contionary: nesi#Modern Standard Imperial|nesi]]'''
| narrow
! 103
| '''[[Contionary: shatviè#Modern Standard Imperial|shatviè]]'''
| to know
! 172
| '''[[Contionary: riggu#Modern Standard Imperial|riggu]]'''
| red
|-
! 035
| '''[[Contionary: meish#Modern Standard Imperial|meish]]'''
| thin
! 104
| '''[[Contionary: telka#Modern Standard Imperial|telka]]'''
| to think
! 173
| '''[[Contionary: merri#Modern Standard Imperial|merri]]'''
| green
|-
! 036
| '''[[Contionary: paletsh#Modern Standard Imperial|paletsh]]'''
| woman
! 105
| '''[[Contionary: falta#Modern Standard Imperial|falta]]'''
| to smell
! 174
| '''[[Contionary: thibre#Modern Standard Imperial|thibre]]'''
| yellow
|-
! 037
| '''[[Contionary: rosha#Modern Standard Imperial|rosha]]'''
| man
! 106
| '''[[Contionary: krakha#Modern Standard Imperial|krakha]]'''
| to fear
! 175
| '''[[Contionary: lhasi#Modern Standard Imperial|lhasi]]'''
| white
|-
! 038
| '''[[Contionary: tè#Modern Standard Imperial|tè]]'''
| person
! 107
| '''[[Contionary: gendzha#Modern Standard Imperial|gendzha]]'''
| to sleep
! 176
| '''[[Contionary: geka#Modern Standard Imperial|geka]]'''
| black
|-
! 039
| '''[[Contionary: pàn#Modern Standard Imperial|pàn]]'''
| child
! 108
| '''[[Contionary: budhra#Modern Standard Imperial|budhra]]'''
| to live
! 177
| '''[[Contionary: naril#Modern Standard Imperial|naril]]'''
| night
|-
! 040
| '''[[Contionary: ebreth#Modern Standard Imperial|ebreth]]'''
| wife
! 109
| '''[[Contionary: skobha#Modern Standard Imperial|skobha]]'''
| to die
! 178
| '''[[Contionary: dashi#Modern Standard Imperial|dashi]]'''
| day
|-
! 041
| '''[[Contionary: lòga#Modern Standard Imperial|lòga]]'''
| husband
! 110
| '''[[Contionary: lurka#Modern Standard Imperial|lurka]]'''
| to kill
! 179
| '''[[Contionary: lavani#Modern Standard Imperial|lavani]]'''
| year
|-
! 042
| '''[[Contionary: elin#Modern Standard Imperial|elin]]'''
| mother
! 111
| '''[[Contionary: voka#Modern Standard Imperial|voka]]'''
| to fight
! 180
| '''[[Contionary: theda#Modern Standard Imperial|theda]]'''
| hot (weather)
|-
! 043
| '''[[Contionary: òla#Modern Standard Imperial|òla]]'''
| father
! 112
| '''[[Contionary: arradae#Modern Standard Imperial|arradae]]'''
| to hunt
! 181
| '''[[Contionary: amedi#Modern Standard Imperial|amedi]]'''
| cold
|-
! 044
| '''[[Contionary: shi#Modern Standard Imperial|shi]]'''
| animal
! 113
| '''[[Contionary: sakha#Modern Standard Imperial|sakha]]'''
| to hit
! 182
| '''[[Contionary: pisash#Modern Standard Imperial|pisash]]'''
| full
|-
! 045
| '''[[Contionary: reshte#Modern Standard Imperial|reshte]]'''
| fish
! 114
| '''[[Contionary: shaka#Modern Standard Imperial|shaka]]'''
| to cut
! 183
| '''[[Contionary: raebh#Modern Standard Imperial|raebh]]'''
| new
|-
! 046
| '''[[Contionary: yaral#Modern Standard Imperial|yaral]]'''
| bird
! 115
| '''[[Contionary: khegriè#Modern Standard Imperial|khegriè]]'''
| to split
! 184
| '''[[Contionary: kopra#Modern Standard Imperial|kopra]]'''
| old
|-
! 047
| '''[[Contionary: bagè#Modern Standard Imperial|bagè]]'''
| dog
! 116
| '''[[Contionary: ditsha#Modern Standard Imperial|ditsha]]'''
| to stab, to pierce
! 185
| '''[[Contionary: savati#Modern Standard Imperial|savati]]'''
| good
|-
! 048
| '''[[Contionary: svì#Modern Standard Imperial|svì]]'''
| louse
! 117
| '''[[Contionary: dlhage#Modern Standard Imperial|dlhage]]'''
| to scratch
! 186
| '''[[Contionary: kash#Modern Standard Imperial|kash]]'''
| bad
|-
! 049
| '''[[Contionary: dlaka#Modern Standard Imperial|dlaka]]'''
| snake
! 118
| '''[[Contionary: tvanda#Modern Standard Imperial|tvanda]]'''
| to dig
! 187
| '''[[Contionary: yetsh#Modern Standard Imperial|yetsh]]'''
| rotten
|-
! 050
| '''[[Contionary: thombir#Modern Standard Imperial|thombir]]'''
| worm
! 119
| '''[[Contionary: rabba#Modern Standard Imperial|rabba]]'''
| to swim
! 188
| '''[[Contionary: khìth#Modern Standard Imperial|khìth]]'''
| dirty
|-
! 051
| '''[[Contionary: thule#Modern Standard Imperial|thule]]'''
| tree
! 120
| '''[[Contionary: thruga#Modern Standard Imperial|thruga]]'''
| to fly
! 189
| '''[[Contionary: gata#Modern Standard Imperial|gata]]'''
| straight
|-
! 052
| '''[[Contionary: yathrèk#Modern Standard Imperial|yathrèk]]'''
| forest, woods
! 121
| '''[[Contionary: vanda#Modern Standard Imperial|vanda]]'''
| to walk
! 190
| '''[[Contionary: vòbh#Modern Standard Imperial|vòbh]]'''
| round
|-
! 053
| '''[[Contionary: yakèt#Modern Standard Imperial|yakèt]]'''
| stick
! 122
| '''[[Contionary: thuri#Modern Standard Imperial|thuri]]'''
| come
! 191
| '''[[Contionary: thikhe#Modern Standard Imperial|thikhe]]'''
| sharp
|-
! 054
| '''[[Contionary: nithren#Modern Standard Imperial|nithren]]'''
| fruit
! 123
| '''[[Contionary: nubhi#Modern Standard Imperial|nubhi]]'''
| to lie (down)
! 192
| '''[[Contionary: rog#Modern Standard Imperial|rog]]'''
| dull
|-
! 055
| '''[[Contionary: shukh#Modern Standard Imperial|shukh]]'''
| seed
! 124
| '''[[Contionary: darrana#Modern Standard Imperial|darrana]]'''
| to sit
! 193
| '''[[Contionary: sheris#Modern Standard Imperial|sheris]]'''
| smooth
|-
! 056
| '''[[Contionary: din#Modern Standard Imperial|din]]'''
| leaf
! 125
| '''[[Contionary: eska#Modern Standard Imperial|eska]]'''
| to stand
! 194
| '''[[Contionary: kera#Modern Standard Imperial|kera]]'''
| wet
|-
! 057
| '''[[Contionary: kazin#Modern Standard Imperial|kazin]]'''
| root
! 126
| '''[[Contionary: tviska#Modern Standard Imperial|tviska]]'''
| to turn
! 195
| '''[[Contionary: akram#Modern Standard Imperial|akram]]'''
| dry
|-
! 058
| '''[[Contionary: nuis#Modern Standard Imperial|nuis]]'''
| bark (of tree)
! 127
| '''[[Contionary: phamba#Modern Standard Imperial|phamba]]'''
| to fall
! 196
| '''[[Contionary: yadì#Modern Standard Imperial|yadì]]'''
| correct, right
|-
! 059
| '''[[Contionary: thuman#Modern Standard Imperial|thuman]]'''
| flower
! 128
| '''[[Contionary: satha#Modern Standard Imperial|satha]]'''
| to give
! 197
| '''[[Contionary: dzhesa#Modern Standard Imperial|dzhesa]]'''
| near
|-
! 060
| '''[[Contionary: athe#Modern Standard Imperial|athe]]'''
| grass
! 129
| '''[[Contionary: korda#Modern Standard Imperial|korda]]'''
| to hold
! 198
| '''[[Contionary: tlaste#Modern Standard Imperial|tlaste]]'''
| far
|-
! 061
| '''[[Contionary: fortal#Modern Standard Imperial|fortal]]'''
| rope
! 130
| '''[[Contionary: kveda#Modern Standard Imperial|kveda]]'''
| to squeeze
! 199
| '''[[Contionary: dhiun#Modern Standard Imperial|dhiun]]'''
| right (hand)
|-
! 062
| '''[[Contionary: toma#Modern Standard Imperial|toma]]'''
| skin
! 131
| '''[[Contionary: bìna#Modern Standard Imperial|bìna]]'''
| to rub
! 200
| '''[[Contionary: yatsù#Modern Standard Imperial|yatsù]]'''
| left (hand)
|-
! 063
| '''[[Contionary: rundzhat#Modern Standard Imperial|rundzhat]]'''
| flesh, meat
! 132
| '''[[Contionary: nodha#Modern Standard Imperial|nodha]]'''
| to wash
! 201
| '''[[Contionary: ti#Modern Standard Imperial|ti]]'''
| at
|-
! 064
| '''[[Contionary: tadlash#Modern Standard Imperial|tadlash]]'''
| blood
! 133
| '''[[Contionary: ridva#Modern Standard Imperial|ridva]]'''
| to wipe
! 202
| '''[[Contionary: lu#Modern Standard Imperial|lu]]'''
| in
|-
! 065
| '''[[Contionary: ikva#Modern Standard Imperial|ikva]]'''
| bone
! 134
| '''[[Contionary: kuna#Modern Standard Imperial|kuna]]'''
| to pull
! 203
| '''[[Contionary: thie#Modern Standard Imperial|thie]]'''
| with
|-
! 066
| '''[[Contionary: grabh#Modern Standard Imperial|grabh]]'''
| grease, fat
! 135
| '''[[Contionary: sidlha#Modern Standard Imperial|sidlha]]'''
| to push
! 204
| '''[[Contionary: ya#Modern Standard Imperial|ya]]'''
| and
|-
! 067
| '''[[Contionary: ngusha#Modern Standard Imperial|ngusha]]'''
| egg
! 136
| '''[[Contionary: vaka#Modern Standard Imperial|vaka]]'''
| to throw
! 205
| '''[[Contionary: dzhe#Modern Standard Imperial|dzhe]]'''
| if
|-
! 068
| '''[[Contionary: dèt#Modern Standard Imperial|dèt]]'''
| horn
! 137
| '''[[Contionary: durga#Modern Standard Imperial|durga]]'''
| to tie, bind
! 206
| '''[[Contionary: tritsha#Modern Standard Imperial|tritsha]]'''
| because
|-
! 069
| '''[[Contionary: kadu#Modern Standard Imperial|kadu]]'''
| tail
! 138
| '''[[Contionary: hovae#Modern Standard Imperial|hovae]]'''
| to sew
! 207
| '''[[Contionary: arel#Modern Standard Imperial|arel]]'''
| name
|}
|}
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