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====Irregular & Suppletive Nouns==== | ====Irregular & Suppletive Nouns==== | ||
Several of the most common nouns have irregular plurals. Some of the most common are: | |||
* '''''[[Contionary: òla#Modern Standard Imperial|òla]]''''' ‘father’ → '''''kvòla''''' ‘fathers’ (not **''kvola'') | * '''''[[Contionary: òla#Modern Standard Imperial|òla]]''''' ‘father’ → '''''kvòla''''' ‘fathers’ (not **''kvola'') | ||
* '''''[[Contionary: pàn#Modern Standard Imperial|pàn]]''''' ‘child’ → '''''pepàn''''' ‘children’ (not **''kve pàn'') | * '''''[[Contionary: pàn#Modern Standard Imperial|pàn]]''''' ‘child’ → '''''pepàn''''' ‘children’ (not **''kve pàn'') | ||
* '''''[[Contionary: tè#Modern Standard Imperial|tè]]''''' ‘person’ → '''''kvètè''''' ‘people’ (not **''tete''), '''''but''''' | * '''''[[Contionary: yìr#Modern Standard Imperial|yìr]]''''' ‘thing’ → '''''kveyir''''' ‘things’ (not **''kve yìr'') | ||
* '''''[[Contionary: tè#Modern Standard Imperial|tè]]''''' ‘person’ → '''''kvètè''''' ‘people’ (not **''tete''). '''''[[Contionary: tè#Modern Standard Imperial|Tè]]''''' in particular has a number of irregular compounds. One commonality is that the lax vowel is almost never tensed as it would be in normal plurals. Some compounds are formed with '''''[[Contionary: kvè#Modern Standard Imperial|kvè]]''''' (rather than the expected **'''''[[Contionary: kve#Modern Standard Imperial|kve]]'''''), while others use reduplication: | |||
** '''''[[Contionary: arratè#Modern Standard Imperial|arratè]]''''' ‘hunter’ → '''''kv'''arrat'''è''''' | |||
** '''''[[Contionary: lurkatè#Modern Standard Imperial|lurkatè]]''''' ‘murderer’ → '''''kvè'''lurkat'''è''''' | |||
** '''''[[Contionary: shatviarratè#Modern Standard Imperial|shatviarratè]]''''' ‘investigator’ → ''shatvi'''kv'''arra'''tè''''' | |||
** '''''[[Contionary: shatvietè#Modern Standard Imperial|shatvietè]]''''' ‘teacher’ → '''''she'''shatvie'''tè''''', '''''but''''' | |||
** '''''[[Contionary: tetzavà#Modern Standard Imperial|tetzavà]]''''' ‘cyborg’ → '''''kvètetzava''''' ‘cyborgs’ (not **''kvètètzava'', using the irregular plural of '''''tè''''' or **''tetetzava'' using the regular masculine plural) | ** '''''[[Contionary: tetzavà#Modern Standard Imperial|tetzavà]]''''' ‘cyborg’ → '''''kvètetzava''''' ‘cyborgs’ (not **''kvètètzava'', using the irregular plural of '''''tè''''' or **''tetetzava'' using the regular masculine plural) | ||
=====Dual Nouns===== | =====Dual Nouns===== | ||
Some non-masculine nouns, particularly those referring to body parts which come in pairs, use masculine-type reduplication when referring explicitly to the paired sense, and '''''[[Contionary: kve#Modern Standard Imperial|kve]]''''' otherwise. E.g.: | Some non-masculine nouns, particularly those referring to body parts which come in pairs, use masculine-type reduplication when referring explicitly to the paired sense, and '''''[[Contionary: kve#Modern Standard Imperial|kve]]''''' otherwise. E.g.: | ||
* '''''[[Contionary: bhèt#Modern Standard Imperial|bhèt]]''''' ‘breast’ → '''''bebhèt''''' ‘pair of breasts’ → '''''kve bhèt''''' ‘(many) breasts’ | |||
* '''''[[Contionary: blizh#Modern Standard Imperial|blizh]]''''' ‘eye’ → '''''beblizh''''' ‘pair of eyes’ → '''''kve blizh''''' ‘(many) eyes’ | * '''''[[Contionary: blizh#Modern Standard Imperial|blizh]]''''' ‘eye’ → '''''beblizh''''' ‘pair of eyes’ → '''''kve blizh''''' ‘(many) eyes’ | ||
* '''''[[Contionary: bresh#Modern Standard Imperial|bresh]]''''' ‘foot’ → '''''bebresh''''' ‘pair of feet’ → '''''kve bresh''''' ‘(many) feet’ | * '''''[[Contionary: bresh#Modern Standard Imperial|bresh]]''''' ‘foot’ → '''''bebresh''''' ‘pair of feet’ → '''''kve bresh''''' ‘(many) feet’ | ||
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* '''''[[Contionary: rinen#Modern Standard Imperial|rinen]]''''' ‘knee’ → '''''rerinen''''' ‘pair of knees’ → '''''kve rinen''''' ‘(many) knees’ | * '''''[[Contionary: rinen#Modern Standard Imperial|rinen]]''''' ‘knee’ → '''''rerinen''''' ‘pair of knees’ → '''''kve rinen''''' ‘(many) knees’ | ||
* '''''[[Contionary: yinkesh#Modern Standard Imperial|yinkesh]]''''' ‘wing’ → '''''yeyinkesh''''' ‘pair of wings’ → '''''kve yinkesh''''' ‘(many) wings’ | * '''''[[Contionary: yinkesh#Modern Standard Imperial|yinkesh]]''''' ‘wing’ → '''''yeyinkesh''''' ‘pair of wings’ → '''''kve yinkesh''''' ‘(many) wings’ | ||
While these “dual” forms almost always refer to grouped pairs of objects, they sometimes refer to sets of more than two, e.g. '''''[[Contionary: lhat#Modern Standard Imperial|lhat]]''''' ‘tooth’ → kve lhat ‘teeth’ → lelhat ‘set of teeth’. In the case of teeth, this may have originated with the dual sense of the upper and lower sets of teeth, and other sets were later analogized on this model. | |||
Another slight irregularity is the (usually poetic) dual usage of '''''[[Contionary: thrin#Modern Standard Imperial|thrin]]''''' ‘heart’ to refer to couples in love, but generally the use of '''''tethrin''''' is discouraged in formal writing. | |||
====Possession==== | ====Possession==== | ||