Atlantic/Older version: Difference between revisions

{{Infobox language

|name          = Atlantic

|nativename    = ondartigor; ra nimba ondartigora

|states (state) = Atlantic Provinces

|region        = Northwestern Africa

|nation        = Atlantic Provinces

}}

==Diachronic development==

Among mid vowels, the short ones were raised to /i u/ while the long ones remained /e o/, cf. <small>TERRA</small> > ''tira'' "land, earth, soil", <small>FOCVM</small> > ''fug'' "fire", <small>RATIŌNEM</small> > ''raçon'' "reason, cause", <small>TRĒS</small> > ''cet'' "three (m/f)".

/l/ completely disappeared from the Vulgar Latin dialects that became Atlantic, often by dissimilation to /r/ before other consonants (cf. <small>(PRŌVINCIĀS) ĀTLANTICĀS</small> > *Ordanticot > ''Ondàrtigot''), and usually by turning into /j/ (after back vowels or /a/) or /w/ (after front vowels), cf. <small>CABALLVM</small> > ''cauài'' "horse", <small>MĪLLE</small> > ''miu'' "thousand".<br/>Word-initially, it most commonly turned into /n/ – cf. <small>LINGVAM</small> > ''nimba'' "language" – but if the word contained an onset nasal, then it turned into /r/, as in <small>LV̄NA</small> > ''rauna'' "moon". This is the origin of the two sets of definite articles used in Atlantic, with the usual forms being ''in'' and ''na'', but with ''ir'' and ''ra'' being used if the word they attach to has a nasal in its first syllable (cf. ''na rauna'' "the moon" but ''ra nimba'' "the language"). Originally this only applied to the feminine article, and if the word had a nasal but in coda it didn't apply, but analogy has extended this to all cases (cf. ''ir ondartigòr'' "the Atlantic man").<br/>/l/ changed this way also in the <small>FL-</small> initial cluster, where (just as in <small>FR-</small>) the initial /f/ became first an approximant /w/ and then got fully vocalized to /u/, giving ''ur-'' or ''un-'' in such words, like <small>FLŌREM</small> > */wnor/ > ''unor'' /uˈnor/ "flower" or <small>FLV̄MEN</small> > */wrau̯m/ > ''uraum'' /uˈrau̯m/ "river". <small>PL-</small> and <small>CR-</small>, however, consistently became ''pr-'' and ''cr-'', which means that /l/ got rhotacized there before it got lost in other places (cf. <small>PLVVIAM</small> > ''pruia'' "rain", <small>ECCLĒSIAM</small> > **ecclīsam > ''icraisa'' "church").<br/>The <small>-LI-</small> cluster became a simple /j/, perhaps earlier */jj/, blocking the diphthongization of a preceding /uː iː/, as seen in the name of the Atlantic Provinces' second largest city, [[w:Iulia Valentia Banasa|Iuia Uaìnça]] < <small>IV̄LIAM VALENTIAM</small>.

: <small>FRIGIDVM</small> > */wriɣiðu/ > */urijið/ > ''urìu'' "cold"

: <small>MAGVM</small> > */maɣu/ > ''mau'' "nomad"<ref>Originally "magician, fortune-teller", this term came to identify wandering fortune-tellers.</ref>

/kt/ and /pt/ clusters were resolved by turning the backmost element to /s/, i.e. to /st/ and /ps/ respectively, see <small>LACTEM</small> > ''nast'' "milk"; <small>APTVM</small> > ''aps'' "ready".

===Mauritanian palatalization===

: /n/ > /ɲ/, cf. ''uiçain'' "neighbour" (Maur. /wiˈsaɲ/, Num. /wiˈ(t)sai̯n/). Historic /ni/ > /ɲi/ is, however, universal across the Atlantic-speaking world and therefore not a part of Mauritanian palatalization; this change is still productive and even found in loanwords.

: /r/ > /ʒ/, cf. ''Uiolarea'', capital city of the Atlantic Provinces (Maur. /ujoˈlaʒa/, Num. /ujoˈlarja/). This change also happened, as part of Mauritanian palatalization, before /i/; Numidian still has /r/ before /i/, cf. ''riduòi'' "ritual" Maur. /ʒiˈdwoi̯/, Num. /riˈdwoi̯/.

: /l/ > /ʎ/, cf. ''sail'' "flood" (Maur. /saʎ/, Num. /sai̯l/), ''Iulea'', proper name (Maur. /ˈjuʎa/, Num. /ˈjulja/).

==Orthography==

==Morphology==

===Nouns===

Atlantic nouns do not decline for case and are only inflected for number.

*: Some are Greek neuter nouns in ''-a'' which were generalized in the plural to be in *''-ās'' instead of ''-ta'', and shifted to the feminine class:

*:: <small>BAPTISMA</small>, *baptismās → ''bapsima, bapsimot'' "baptism, baptisms"

*: Greek masculine nouns in ''-a'' still follow this declension (e.g. all ''-ista'' → ''-istot''), as do the following two masculine exceptions:

*:: <small>AGRICOLAM, AGRICOLĀS</small> → ''arìguea, arìguiot'' "farmer, farmers"

*:: Arabic سوق ''sūq'' → ''suc, sucot'' "market, markets"

* The third declension, as mentioned before, contains all nouns which were originally neuter in Latin, independent of their declension, which were reanalyzed as masculines and therefore kept the ''-a'' plural ending. This declension includes all Latin third declension nouns following the <small>TEMPVS, TEMPORA</small> pattern, where the ''-or-'' or equivalent marker was reanalyzed as part of the stem even in the form that became the singular:

*: <small>PECV̄, PECVA</small> → ''pìgu, pìgua'' "pet, pets"

*: *lītor, <small>LĪTORA</small> → ''nàidur, nàidura'' "shore, shores"

*: <small>NIVEM, NIVĒS</small> → ''nìu, nìuet'' "cold; cold day, cold days; snow, snows" (f)

*: This declension also includes all neuters (mostly in <small>-EN</small>) which were reanalyzed as feminine:

*: All Latin fifth declension nouns were also reanalyzed as feminine nouns of this declension:

*:: <small>EFFIGIEM, EFFIGIĒS</small> → ''ifìu, ifìuet'' "portrait, portraits" (f)

* <small>HOMŌ, HOMINĒS</small> → ''om, unnet'' "man, men" (m)

* <small>ITER, ITINERA</small> → ''ìdir, idìnira'' "way(s), route(s), passage(s)" (m)

===Pronouns===

|-

! 3SG masc.

|-

! 3SG femm

|-

! 1PL

|-

! 2PL

|-

! 3SG

| colspan=2 | aiot || -iot || eit || ior

|}

The atonic accusative form is regularly used after verbs:

* ''cumiu-a'' "I eat it"

It is also used, in all levels of formality (unlike many other Romance languages, which only allow this in very formal speech), after active participles, even when used as adjectives:

In informal Atlantic, this form is replacing the dative:

* (standard) ''do-a tìu'' "I give it to you"; ''su dadura(-a) tìu'' "I (f.) will give (it) to you"

* (informal) ''dòt'' "I give to you" ''su dadurat'' "I (f?) will give (it?) to you"

===Verbs===

{| class="wikitable"

|-

|-

! 1SG

|-

! 2SG

|-

! 3SG

|-

! 1PL

|-

! 2PL

|-

! 3PL

|-

! Active participles

|-

! Passive participles

| colspan=2 | – || colspan=2 | capsod || capsand

|}

|-

|-

! 1SG

|-

! 2SG

|-

! 3SG

|-

! 1PL

|-

! 2PL

|-

! 3PL

|-

As common among Romance languages, "to be" is irregular in Atlantic. Like in Iberian Romance, some forms were taken from the conjugation of <small>SEDEŌ</small> "to sit" (with a new, stative verb *<small>SEDITŌ</small> being developed for that meaning); however, there is only one copulative verb, without the general Iberian distinction between essence and state: ''siuè'' /ʃiˈwe/ is used for both. However, there are two forms of the future: the one with the ''sisur'' participle (< <small>SESSV̄RVM</small>) is used when the meaning is "to be in a place", while the ''fudur'' (< <small>FVTV̄RVM</small>) is used in all other cases, cf.:

{| class="wikitable"

|+''siuè'' "to be"

|-

|-

! 1SG

|-

! 2SG

|-

! 3SG

|-

! 1PL

|-

! 2PL

|-

! 3PL

|-

! Participles

|}

===Numerals===

|-

! 4

|-

! 5

|-

! 9

|}

{{col-break}}

|-

! 11

|-

! 12

|-

! 13

|-

! 14

|-

! 15

|-

! 16

|-

! 17

|-

! 18

|-

! 19

|}

{{col-break}}

|-

! 20

|-

! 30

|-

! 40

|-

! 50

|-

! 60

|-

! 70

|-

! 80

|-

! 90

|}

{{col-break}}

==Vocabulary==

===Colours===

Of the 11 basic colours in Atlantic, only four of them derive from Latin roots (<small>ĀTRVM</small> > ''oç''; <small>LIGNEVM</small> > ''rin''; *<small>AMARELLVM</small> > ''marìu''; <small>CANDIDVM</small> > ''càndiu''); all others are Arabic loanwords.

| Yellow || ''asfar, asfara / asfarot'' || style="background:#FFFF33" |

|}

==Notes==