Azalic
Azalic is an imagined Indo-European branch, intended to serve as an alternate possible diachronics of the English language.
The name Azalic is a Persian cognate of Əngoil /ˈəngojl/, the legendary mother of the Azalic people (cognate of Ahalyā in Hindu mythology).
Family tree
- Azalic
- Time Traveler English
- Khuômiskh
- a living Proto-Azalic
Phonology
Inspirations: Vietnamese, Armenian, literally read Irish
m n bh dh gh ᵹh p t c q ph th ch qh ṗ ṫ ċ q̇ s ṡ h l r y v
/m n bʰ dʰ gʰ gʷʰ p t k kʷ pʰ tʰ kʰ kʷʰ f θ x xw s z h l r j w/
Vowels: e i o u ə é í ó ú oe aw eo ou ieu ia ua /e i o u ə e: i: o: u: oe əɨ eo əu iəu iə uə/ + offglides in -i; allophonic Open Syllable Lengthening
Reflexes:
- oi > uə
- iH > i:
- ei > oə, sometimes iə
- ē > e:
- e, i > e, i
- uH > u:
- u > u (needs umlaut)
- ou > əɨ
- eu > əɨ (iəu in some words)
- o > o (needs umlaut)
- oH, ô, eh2, eh3 > əu
- enC > oeC
- onC > əuC
- nC > eoC
h1oinos, dwoh1, treyes, kwetwores, penkwe, sweks, septm, oktōw, h₁néwn̥, deḱm -> xuən, təu, tʰriə~tʰre:, pʰoþur, pʰoəxw, seks, sefn, oxʰtəu, nəɨn, texn~te:n
huon, tou, thré, phoṫur, phoeq̇, secs, seṗn, ohtou, nawn, teċn/tén
h₃nómṇ > *nomə > L-MidE name > name
Morphology
Nouns
Proto-Azalic had a highly eroded case system. The notation (i) denotes "i-umlaut" or a j-offglide on the nucleus.
- dir. -0, (i)
- voc. (i), (i)
- obl. (i)~(i)-ə~ə, -su~-ṡu
- gen. -is, (i)-is~-ə
- lat. -ther, (no pl)
| wəlqh 'wolf' | ||
|---|---|---|
| Case | Singular | Plural |
| Nominative | wəlqh | wəilqh |
| Vocative | wəilqh | wəilqh |
| Genitive | wəlqhəis | wəilqhis, wəlqhə |
| Oblique | wəilqhə | wəilqhsu |
| Lative | wəlqhthir | - |
| qenə 'lady; wife' | ||
|---|---|---|
| Case | Singular | Plural |
| Nominative | qenə | qenəh |
| Vocative | qenə | qenəh |
| Genitive | qenəis | qenə |
| Oblique | qenə | qenəṡu |
| Lative | qenəthir | - |
| ghous 'goose' | ||
|---|---|---|
| Case | Singular | Plural |
| Nominative | ghous | ghouis |
| Vocative | ghouis | ghouis |
| Genitive | ghousəis | ghouisis, ghousə |
| Oblique | ghouis | ghoussu |
| Lative | ghousthir | - |
Adjectives
Adjectives were uninflected, because they were split off from adjective-noun compounds.
Pronouns
The conjunctive pronouns were used as pronominal subjects in unmarked sentences. The disjunctive pronouns were used as direct, indirect or prepositional objects and as emphasis in sentences such as It est mé "It's me".
| case | 1sg. | 2sg. | 3sg. proximal | 1pl. | 2pl. | 3pl, distal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 'he' | 'she' | 'it' | ||||||
| Conjunctive | iċ | júh | cheh | sí | it | wia | júh | ṫoe |
| Disjunctive | mé | jú | chem | chéh | it | eos | jú | ṫem |
| Possessive | mínə | jurə | chessə | chéṡə | essə | eosərə | jurə | ṫoerə |
Verbs
-eh2ti > -ə; -yeti, -eyeti > (i)-ə
Verb tenses were relatively complex, but the original PIE personal affixes were lost.
When the subject was nominal singular, "he", "she" or "it", the suffix -se (from PIE *swe) was required for verbal agreement. The 2sg and 3sg distal pronouns are number neutral so they didn't take -se.
The different forms were:
- Imperative (source of English imperative and subjunctive): non-past without any endings
- Nonpast (the source of the English present): e-grade or otherwise the unmarked form of the verb
- Past: PIE reduplicated perfect or root aorist
- Irrealis (source of the English subjunctive were): sigmatic future.
- Stative (the source of the English past): a tenseless form like the Akkadian stative. Originally a deverbal noun; formed with the o-grade (deriving nouns in PIE) for strongs, -d from -tús for weaks, (i)-ə from -ih2 for semistrongs. It was not a true finite verb form so it didn't take -se.
- Modal verbs such as can, will, shall, may, must, ought are stative-present verbs.
- Active participle: -ənt
- -ənt-qhe became the present progressive -ing in English.
- Passive participle (source of English past participle): zero-grade with -n from -nós, or -d from -tós
Proto-Azalic had at least three distinct verb paradigms:
- The weak verbs became the English weaks
- The strong verbs became the non-class 7 strongs in English (e.g. bind)
- The semistrong verbs became the class 7 strongs such as fall, hold, grow, know
| Weak: luṗə 'love' | Strong: bhendh 'bind' | Semistrong: choldh 'grasp' | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Imperative | luṗə | bhendh | choldh |
| Nonpast | luṗə(-se) | bhendh(-se) | choldh(-se) |
| Past | leluṗə(-se) | bhəndh(-se) | cechəldh(-se) |
| Irrealis | luṗəṡə(-se), luṗəh(-se) | bhendhəṡə(-se), bhendhəh(-se) | choldhəṡə(-se), choldhəh(-se) |
| Stative | luṗəd | bhondh | choildhə |
| Active part. | luṗənt | bhəndhənt | choldhənt |
| Passive part. | luṗəd | bhəndhən | choldhən |
Syntax
Constituent order
- SVO, VSO in questions or for emphasis
- Prepositions over postpositions
- Adjectives and genitives before nouns; relative clauses after nouns.