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Bźatga: Difference between revisions
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==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
===Nouns=== | ===Nouns=== | ||
Nouns have no grammatical gender but are marked for case and number. There are two cases | Nouns have no grammatical gender but are marked for case and number. There are two cases: the '''Nominative-Accusative''' (NA) which is used for the subject and direct object of verbs; and the '''Genitive-Dative''' (GD) which is used following prepositions and in some other constructions. Each case is marked in the singular and plural. | ||
Nouns belong to one of four declensions based on the NASg. | Nouns belong to one of four declensions based on the NASg. Indefinite: | ||
* 1st and 2nd declension end in a vowel (''-a'' or ''-e'') | * 1st and 2nd declension end in a vowel (''-a'' or ''-e'') | ||
* 3rd declension end in a consonant | * 3rd declension end in a consonant | ||
* 4th declension have a stem in -n but a NASg in a vowel | * 4th declension have a stem in -n but a NASg in a vowel, usually ''-u''. | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" text-align:center;" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" text-align:center;" | ||
! rowspan="2;" | Decl. | ! rowspan="2;" | Decl. | ||
! colspan="2;" align="center" | Singular | ! colspan="2;" align="center" | Singular | ||
! | ! colspan="2;" align="center" | Plural | ||
! rowspan="2;" style="width: 150px;" | | ! rowspan="2;" style="width: 150px;" | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="width: 150px; " align="center"| Nom.-Acc. | ! style="width: 150px; " align="center"| Nom.-Acc. | ||
! style="width: 150px; " align="center"| | ! style="width: 150px; " align="center"| Gen.-Dat. | ||
! style="width: 150px; " align="center"| Nom.-Acc. | |||
! style="width: 150px; " align="center"| Gen.-Dat. | |||
|- | |- | ||
! align="center" style="width: 50px;"| 1 | ! align="center" style="width: 50px;"| 1 | ||
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| align="center"| ''dońu'' | | align="center"| ''dońu'' | ||
| align="center"| ''dońi'' | | align="center"| ''dońi'' | ||
| align="center"| ''dońva'' | |||
| align="center" | "person" | | align="center" | "person" | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| align="center"| ''sule'' | | align="center"| ''sule'' | ||
| align="center"| ''suĺi'' | | align="center"| ''suĺi'' | ||
| align="center"| ''sułva'' | |||
| align="center" | "sun" | | align="center" | "sun" | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| align="center"| ''troud'' | | align="center"| ''troud'' | ||
| align="center"| ''troude'' | | align="center"| ''troude'' | ||
| align="center"| ''trouda'' | | colspan="2;" align="center"| ''trouda'' | ||
| align="center" | "foot" | | align="center" | "foot" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! align="center" | 4 | ! align="center" | 4 | ||
| align="center"| '' | | align="center"| ''au'' | ||
| align="center"| ''aune'' | | align="center"| ''aune'' | ||
| align="center"| ''auna'' | | colspan="2;" align="center"| ''auna'' | ||
| align="center" | "river" | | align="center" | "river" | ||
|} | |} | ||
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* stem-final consonants may undergo palatalisation in the plural, e.g. ''vade'' "oracle", pl. ''vaẑi''. | * stem-final consonants may undergo palatalisation in the plural, e.g. ''vade'' "oracle", pl. ''vaẑi''. | ||
* stem-final ''v'' or ''j'' may also disappear before ''-i'' and ''-u'' according to rules set out above, e.g. ''căbrova'' "tribesman", pl. ''căbroî''. | * stem-final ''v'' or ''j'' may also disappear before ''-i'' and ''-u'' according to rules set out above, e.g. ''căbrova'' "tribesman", pl. ''căbroî''. | ||
* a number of 3rd declension nouns have a NASg. in | * a number of 3rd declension nouns have a NASg. ending in a vowel, e.g. ''tei'' "house", ''mau'' "place", ''neu'' "sky". | ||
* a group of 4th declension nouns has an NASg. in -C'' | * a group of 4th declension nouns has an NASg. in -C''u'' (where C represents any consonant) but a stem in -C''on-'', e.g. ''camvu'' "whelp, lad", pl. ''camvone''. | ||
The following nouns are irregular: | The following nouns are irregular: | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! style="width: 150px; " align="center"| Nom.-Acc. | ! style="width: 150px; " align="center"| Nom.-Acc. | ||
! style="width: 150px; " align="center"| | ! style="width: 150px; " align="center"| Gen.-Dat. | ||
|- | |- | ||
! align="center" style="width: 50px" | 3 | ! align="center" style="width: 50px" | 3 | ||
| align="center"| ''źi'' | | align="center"| ''źi'' | ||
| align="center"| ''źije'' | |||
| align="center"| ''źija'' | | align="center"| ''źija'' | ||
| align="center"| "king" | | align="center"| "king" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! align="center"| 3 | ! align="center"| 3 | ||
| align="center"| ''bô'' | | align="center"| ''bô'' | ||
| align="center"| ''bove'' | |||
| align="center"| ''bova'' | | align="center"| ''bova'' | ||
| align="center" | "cow" | | align="center" | "cow" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! align="center" | 3 | ! align="center" | 3 | ||
| align="center"| ''aģi'' | | align="center"| ''aģi'' | ||
| align="center"| ''aģe'' | |||
| align="center"| ''aģa'' | | align="center"| ''aģa'' | ||
| align="center" | "father" | | align="center" | "father" | ||
|- | |- | ||
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Like ''aģi'' are ''maģi'' "mother" and ''braģi'' "brother". | Like ''aģi'' are ''maģi'' "mother" and ''braģi'' "brother". | ||
====The Vocative==== | |||
A vestigial vocative case exists when addressing people or things directly. In most cases, the singular form of the vocative is identical to the NASg. (e.g. ''Bracźi'' "Bracźi!"), but for masculine personal names of the 1st declension, the vocative ending ''-e'' is used, e.g. ''Craumare'' "Craumara!". In the plural, all nouns are identical to the NAPl., e.g. ''braģa'' "brothers!". | |||
A specifically polite or respectful form of the vocative, ending in ''-u'', is used only when showing extreme deference and is particularly associated with words denoting people of high authority, e.g. ''bźaćnu'' "(your) majesty)", ''teźnu'' "(my) lord". | |||
===Articles=== | ===Articles=== | ||