Bźatga: Difference between revisions

Bźatga (view source)

Revision as of 20:26, 3 April 2016

446 bytes added , 3 April 2016

no edit summary

Psammead

803

edits

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-<!-- Template area -->
 '''Bźatga''' (/ˈbʒatgɐ/) is an Indo-European language spoken by the tribes of the ''Enśi Bźata'' "The Bźatan Islands", a small archipelago in the Atlantic Ocean. According to the people of these islands, the language came with their ancestors from a land called ''Creńa'' along with a knowledge of metalworking and the sacred horse.
@@ Line 10: / Line 8: @@
 <br />
-In addition to these base forms, called '''primary''' or '''unmarked''' letters, diacritics are used to create '''secondary''' and '''tertiary''' forms, which are collectively called the '''marked''' letters. In the case of vowels, secondary forms represent pretonic and therefore unstressed variants and are marked with a breve, e.g. ''răveusemi'' "I have seen". Secondary forms of consonants are '''iotised''' variants of the primary sounds and are marked with an acute accent, e.g. ''craśu'' "drier". The tertiary forms of both vowels and consonants are marked with the caret and only the letters ''ê, ô, ŝ'' and ''ẑ'' occur. They are not derived from the primary forms.
+In addition to these base forms, called '''primary''' or '''unmarked''' letters, diacritics are used to create '''secondary''' and '''tertiary''' forms, which are collectively called the '''marked''' letters. In the case of vowels, secondary forms represent pretonic and therefore unstressed variants and are marked with a breve, e.g. ''răveŭsemi'' "I have seen" (see Phonetic Processes for special use of ''ŭ''). Secondary forms of consonants are '''iotised''' variants of the primary sounds and are marked with an acute accent (note that the graph ''ł'' is used for secondary ''l''), e.g. ''craśu'' "drier". The tertiary forms of both vowels and consonants are marked with the caret and only the letters ''ê, ô, ŝ'' and ''ẑ'' occur. They are not derived from the primary forms.
 The table below shows the various forms of the letters:
@@ Line 297: / Line 295: @@
 Whenever the combinations ''**ji'' and ''*vu'' would occur as a result of inflexion or derivation, the consonant is lost and the remaining ''i'' or ''u'' forms a diphthong with the preceding vowel. The same occurs to the combination ''*ovi'', which becomes ''oî''. The second element of a diphthong formed in this way is marked by a caret, not to show a difference in pronunciation from the unmarked form, but to show the absence of the consonant. This process can clearly be seen in the declension of the adjective ''dova'' "black": ''dova'' (NAsg), ''doû'' (Osg, < *''dovu''), ''doî'' (Pl, < *''dovi''). Note also the change of ''*iji'' > ''î'' and ''*ivu, *iju'' > ''jû'' (e.g. ''bźija'' "power, status", Osg. ''bźû'', pl. ''bźî'').
+====Alternation of ''l/ŭ'' and ''ł/ĭ''====
+The letter ''l'' and its marked form ''ł'' may only stand in pre-vocalic position, whether word initially or medially. When these sounds come to stand before a consonant they alternate to ''ŭ'' and ''ĭ'' respectively, e.g. ''velą'' "seeing" but ''veŭdoja'' "visible".
 ==Morphology==
@@ Line 537: / Line 538: @@
 Verbs possess a relatively simple agglutinative morphology. Each verb consists of a stem to which affixes denoting such things as tense, person and voice are added. The position of the affixes is restricted, with the stem (e.g. ''vel-'' "see") taking '''Position 1''', and the other affixes as follows:
-* '''Position 2''' must be filled with one of the tense-marking suffixes ''d'' for the non-past or ''s'' for the past (e.g. ''veld-'' "sees", ''vels-'' "saw"). In imperative verbs the position is held by the imperative suffix ''a'' (e.g. ''vela'' "see!").
+* '''Position 2''' must be filled with one of the tense-marking suffixes ''d'' for the non-past or ''s'' for the past (e.g. ''veŭd-'' "sees", ''veŭs-'' "saw"). In imperative verbs the position is held by the imperative suffix ''a'' (e.g. ''vela'' "see!").
-* '''Position 3''' denotes voice and is empty when the verb is active, but contains ''or'' when passive (e.g. ''veld-'' "sees", ''veldor-'' "is seen").
+* '''Position 3''' denotes voice and is empty when the verb is active, but contains ''or'' when passive (e.g. ''veŭd-'' "sees", ''veŭdor-'' "is seen").
-* '''Position 4''' is usually empty, but is filled by ''ja'' when the verb is relative (''velśa'' "who saw" < ''vels-ja'').
+* '''Position 4''' is usually empty, but is filled by ''ja'' when the verb is relative (''veŭśa'' "who saw" < ''vel-s-ja'').
-* '''Position 5''' is always theoretically filled by a suffix denoting person. In most cases these are identical to the NA pronouns, with an epenthetic ''e'' following consonants (e.g. ''veldemi'' "I see", ''velsoreśi'' "you were seen"). When the subject is a noun or a 3sg pronoun, the ending is ''-e'', but this disappears following relative ''ja'' (e.g. ''velde'' "he/she/it sees", ''velģa'' "whom he etc. sees" < ''veld-ja''). Only the 2nd person pronouns may be used with the imperative (e.g. ''velatu'' "see!").
+* '''Position 5''' is always theoretically filled by a suffix denoting person. In most cases these are identical to the NA pronouns, with an epenthetic ''e'' following consonants (e.g. ''veŭdemi'' "I see", ''veŭsoreśi'' "you were seen"). When the subject is a noun or a 3sg pronoun, the ending is ''-e'', but this disappears following relative ''ja'' (e.g. ''veŭde'' "he/she/it sees", ''veŭģa'' "whom he etc. sees" < ''vel-d-ja''). Only the 2nd person pronouns may be used with the imperative (e.g. ''velatu'' "see!").
 * '''Position 0''' may be empty or filled by one of the several prefixes:
-** ''ră'' is used with past-tense verbs to denote the perfect, but in the non-past it denotes a modal of possibility, often used to express doubt (e.g. ''răvelseje'' "they have seen", ''răveldeśńi'' "we may see"). It may not be used with the imperative.
+** ''ră'' is used with past-tense verbs to denote the perfect, but in the non-past it denotes a modal of possibility, often used to express doubt (e.g. ''răveŭseje'' "they have seen", ''răveŭdeśńi'' "we may see"). It may not be used with the imperative.
-** ''nă'' is the negative, which may be used with any of the suffixes (e.g. ''năvelsemi'' "I did not see", ''năvelģaśi'' "whom you did not see").
+** ''nă'' is the negative, which may be used with any of the suffixes (e.g. ''năveŭsemi'' "I did not see", ''năveŭģaśi'' "whom you did not see").
-** ''mă'' is the conditional, used with the past or non-past to mean "if ..." (e.g. ''măveldetu'' "if you see", ''măvelsoremi'' "if I were seen"). The conditional cannot be used with the relative suffix.
+** ''mă'' is the conditional, used with the past or non-past to mean "if ..." (e.g. ''măveŭdetu'' "if you see", ''măveŭsoremi'' "if I were seen"). The conditional cannot be used with the relative suffix.
 The table below summarises the position of the affixes in relation to the stem:
@@ Line 580: / Line 581: @@
 ! align="center" rowspan="4;" | Present
 ! align="center" | Affirmative
-| align="center" | ''velde''
+| align="center" | ''veŭde''
-| align="center" | ''velģa''
+| align="center" | ''veŭģa''
-| align="center" | ''veldore''
+| align="center" | ''veŭdore''
-| align="center" | ''veldoŕa''
+| align="center" | ''veŭdoŕa''
 |-
 ! align="center" | Perfective
-| align="center" | ''răvelde''
+| align="center" | ''răveŭde''
-| align="center" | ''răvelģa''
+| align="center" | ''răveŭģa''
-| align="center" | ''răveldore''
+| align="center" | ''răveŭdore''
-| align="center" | ''răveldoŕa''
+| align="center" | ''răveŭdoŕa''
 |-
 ! align="center" | Negative
-| align="center" | ''năvelde''
+| align="center" | ''năveŭde''
-| align="center" | ''năvelģa''
+| align="center" | ''năveŭģa''
-| align="center" | ''năveldore''
+| align="center" | ''năveŭdore''
-| align="center" | ''năveldoŕa''
+| align="center" | ''năveŭdoŕa''
 |-
 ! align="center" | Conditional
-| align="center" | ''măvelde''
+| align="center" | ''măveŭde''
 | align="center" |
-| align="center" | ''măveldore''
+| align="center" | ''măveŭdore''
 | align="center" |
 |-
@@ Line 611: / Line 612: @@
 |-
 ! align="center" | Perfective
-| align="center" | ''răvelse''
+| align="center" | ''răveŭse''
-| align="center" | ''răvelśa''
+| align="center" | ''răveŭśa''
-| align="center" | ''răvelsore''
+| align="center" | ''răveŭsore''
-| align="center" | ''răvelsoŕa''
+| align="center" | ''răveŭsoŕa''
 |-
 ! align="center" | Negative
-| align="center" | ''năvelse''
+| align="center" | ''năveŭse''
-| align="center" | ''năvelśa''
+| align="center" | ''năveŭśa''
-| align="center" | ''năvelsore''
+| align="center" | ''năveŭsore''
-| align="center" | ''năvelsoŕa''
+| align="center" | ''năveŭsoŕa''
 |-
 ! align="center" | Conditional
-| align="center" | ''măvelse''
+| align="center" | ''măveŭse''
 | align="center" |
-| align="center" | ''măvelsore''
+| align="center" | ''măveŭsore''
 | align="center" |
 |-