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→‎Irregular Verbs

Psammead

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-====Irregular Verbs====
+===="To Be"====
-The verb ''es'' is used as a copula, used to join a subject with a noun or adjective predicate, e.g. ''Citvena sena es'' "Citvena is old". It has a separate past tense form ''jat''. Each of these may take the prefixes and the personal suffixes of regular verbs, e.g. ''Citvena jouc nes'' "Citvena is not young'', ''cart tu esemi'' "I am your friend". The relative forms are ''eśa'' and ''jaća''.
+The verb "to be" is translated with two separate verbs, the copula ''es'' and the substantive verb ''bide''.
-Besides the copula, there is a substantive verb denoting existence and used to join subjects to adverbial clauses. Its forms are ''bide'' (present) and ''bove'' (past), ''biģa'' (present relative) and ''boja'' (past relative), which function much like regular verbs except that they cannot take passive forms.
+The copula is used to join a subject with a noun or adjective predicate, e.g. ''Citvena sena es'' "Citvena is old". The forms are:
+* Present tense: ''es''
+* Past tense: ''jat''
+* Present relative: ''eśa''
+* Past relative: ''jaća''
+There is no verbal noun and no verbal adjectives. Neither ''es'' nor ''jat'' take take the usual final ''-e'' unless to represent the 3rd person singular pronoun, e.g. ''berća ese'' "she is beautiful" but ''źińida berća es'' "the queen is beautiful".
+The substantive verb denotes existence and may be used alone (e.g. ''abrazdemi ćese bidemi'' "I think therefore I am") or to join a subject with an adverbial predicate (e.g. ''boveźńi e teîda'' "we were in the house"). The forms are:
+* Present tense: ''bide''
+* Past tense: ''bove''
+* Present relative: ''biģa''
+* Past relative: ''boja''
+* Imperative: ''bje''
+* Verbal noun: ''bôda'' (1st declension)
+* Present participle: ''ĕbôda'' (1st declension)
+* Participle of necessity: ''bidoja''
 ===Prepositions===