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[[Category: Artlangs]]
[[Category: Artlangs]]
[[Category: A_priori]]
[[Category: A_priori]]
[[Category: Alien_languages]]
[[Category: Alien languages]]
[[Category: Brooding]]
<br />
<br />


{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|name = Brooding
|name = Brooding
|nativename = Brooding, Riddlesdiculous
|nativename = Baus Broodingee, Riddlesdiculous
|pronunciation = /ˈbru.dɪŋ/
|pronunciation = baʊ̯s ˈbru.dɪ.ŋi
|creator = [[User: Vaxjedi|Veronica Hamilton]],<br />Ryan D. Long,<br />and [[User: Bpnjohnson|BenJamin P. Johnson]],<br />
|creator = [[User: Vaxjedi|Veronica Hamilton]],<br />Ryan D. Long,<br />and [[User: Bpnjohnson|BenJamin P. Johnson]],<br />
<small>creator of:<br />
{{Bpjohnson.langs}}
<ul>
<li>[[Ox-Yew|Adzaay]]</li>
<li>[[Brooding]]</li>
<li>[[Dlatci]]</li>
<li>[[Grayis]]</li>
<li>[[Maltcégj]]</li>
<li>[[Northeadish]]</li>
<li>[[Valthungian]]</li>
<ul>
<li>''[[Griutungi]]''</li>
<li>''[[Old Valthungian]]''</li>
<li>''[[Middle Valthungian]]''</li>
</ul>
</ul>
</small>
|created = 2012
|created = 2012
|setting = [[Contionary: harken|Harken]]<br /> “[[Contionary: nool|Nool]] [[Contionary: khauma|khauma]] [[Contionary: faebran|Faebran]]”<br /><small>(the world beyond the veil),</small> and parts of New Jersey and Pennsylvania
|setting = [[Contionary: harken|Harken]]<br /> “[[Contionary: nool|Nool]] [[Contionary: khauma|khauma]] [[Contionary: faebran|Faebran]]”<br /><small>(the world beyond the veil),</small> and parts of New Jersey and Pennsylvania
|familycolor = language isolate
|familycolor = Conlang
|script = [[Brooding#Writing_System_and_Orthography|Brooding Abjad]]<br />[[w:Latin script|Latin script]] (transliteration)
|script = [[Brooding#Writing_System_and_Orthography|Brooding Abjad]]<br />[[w:Latin script|Latin script]] (transliteration)
|iso3 = qbd
|clcr = qbd
|brcl= brdg
|brcl= brdg
}}
}}
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[[File:Brooding-harken-cast.jpg|thumbnail|Some of the cast of ''Harken'', which features many lines of dialogue and song lyrics in Brooding. Clyde P. Riddlesbrood stands on the left.]]
[[File:Brooding-harken-cast.jpg|thumbnail|Some of the cast of ''Harken'', which features many lines of dialogue and song lyrics in Brooding. Clyde P. Riddlesbrood stands on the left.]]
[[File:Brooding-Riddlesbrood-novel.jpg|smallpx|thumbnail|Riddlesbrood and the Greatest Brochure in the World]]
[[File:Brooding-Riddlesbrood-novel.jpg|smallpx|thumbnail|Riddlesbrood and the Greatest Brochure in the World]]
Brooding was created by Veronica Hamilton (formerly Scott) for the [http://www.riddlesbrood.com/ Riddlesbrood Touring Theater Company] based on elements developed by the theater’s director Ryan Long. In the fall of 2014, development and curatorship of the language was assumed by [[User:Bpnjohnson|BenJamin P. Johnson]].
Brooding was created by Veronica Hamilton for the [http://www.riddlesbrood.com/ Riddlesbrood Touring Theater Company] based on elements developed by the theater’s director Ryan Long. In the fall of 2014, development and curatorship of the language was assumed by [[User:Bpnjohnson|BenJamin P. Johnson]].


Brooding has been featured in Riddlesbrood’s theme song, the 2012 play ''The Dark Side Show'', the 2015 play ''Harken – A Game of Phones'', the 2016 novel ''[https://www.createspace.com/5858564 Riddlesbrood and the Greatest Brochure in the World]'', and the 2017 revival of ''Harken''. Riddlesbrood’s use of Brooding is briefly explored in the 2017 film [http://conlangingfilm.com Conlanging], and in more depth in [https://vimeo.com/232731860 this video] by the ''Conlanging'' producers.
Brooding has been featured in Riddlesbrood’s theme song, the 2012 play ''The Dark Side Show'', the 2015 play ''Harken – A Game of Phones'', the 2016 novel ''[https://www.amazon.com/Riddlesbrood-Greatest-Brochure-World-Clyde/dp/1795132426/ Riddlesbrood and the Greatest Brochure in the World]'', and the 2017 revival of ''Harken''. Riddlesbrood’s use of Brooding is briefly explored in the 2017 film [http://conlangingfilm.com Conlanging], and in more depth in [https://vimeo.com/232731860 this video] by the ''Conlanging'' producers.


Both Veronica’s and Jamin’s involvement with Brooding was facilitated by the [http://conlang.org Language Creation Society (LCS)].
Both Veronica’s and Jamin’s involvement with Brooding was facilitated by the [http://conlang.org Language Creation Society (LCS)].


'''[https://linguifex.com/wiki/Category:Brooding_words Brooding on Contionary]'''
{{Template: Brooding/nav}}


== Phonology ==
== Phonology ==
=== Consonants ===
=== Consonants ===


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!width="100"|
!width="60"|'''Labial'''
!width="60"|'''Dental'''
!width="60"|'''Coronal'''
!width="60"|'''Palatal'''
!width="60"|'''Dorsal'''
!width="60"|'''Glottal'''
|-
|-
|colspan=3| '''''Stops'''''
!'''Stop'''
|'''p · b'''<br />[p] · [b]
|
|'''t · d'''<br />[t] · [d]
|
|'''k · g'''<br />[k] · [ɡ]
|
|-
|-
| '''b''' || /b/ || as in ‘bee’
!'''Affricate'''
|
|
|
|'''ch ·  '''<br />[ʧ] ·
|
|
|-
|-
| '''p''' || /p/ || as in ‘pea’
!'''Fricative'''
|'''f ·'''<br />[f] ·
|'''th ·'''<br />[θ] ·
|'''s · z'''<br />[s] · [z]
|'''sh ·'''<br />[ʃ] ·
|'''kh ·'''<br />[x] ·
|'''h ·'''<br />[h] ·
|-
|-
| '''d''' || /d/ || as in ‘deed’
!'''Approximant'''
|''' · w'''<br />· [w]
|
|
|''' · y'''<br />· [j]
|
|
|-
|-
| '''t''' || /t/ || as in ‘tea’
!'''Tap or Trill'''
|
|
|''' · r'''<br />· [r~ɾ]
|
|
|
|-
|-
| '''g''' || /g/ || as in ‘get’
!'''Lateral'''
|
|
|''' · l'''<br />·[l]
|
|
|
|-
|-
| '''k''' || /k/ || as in ‘key’
!'''Nasal'''
|''' · m'''<br />· [m]
|
|''' · n'''<br />· [n]
|
|''' · ng'''</br />· [ŋ]
|
|}
 
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan=3| ''Stops''
|-
| '''b''' || /b/ || as in ‘bee’
|-
| '''p''' || /p/ || as in ‘pea’
|-
| '''d''' || /d/ || as in ‘deed’
|-
| '''t''' || /t/ || as in ‘tea’
|-
| '''g''' || /g/ || as in ‘get’
|-
| '''k''' || /k/ || as in ‘key’
|-
!colspan=3| ''Affricates''
|-
| '''ch''' || /t͡ʃ/ || as in ‘cheek’
|-
|-
|colspan=3| '''''Fricatives'''''
!colspan=3| ''Fricatives''
|-
|-
| '''f''' || /f/ || as in ‘fee’
| '''f''' || /f/ || as in ‘fee’
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| '''h''' || /h/ || as in ‘he’
| '''h''' || /h/ || as in ‘he’
|-
|-
|colspan=3| '''''Affricates'''''
!colspan=3| ''Semi-Vowels / Glides''
|-
| '''w''' || /w/ || as in ‘we’
|-
|-
| '''ch''' || /t͡ʃ/ || as in ‘cheek’
| '''y''' || /j/ || as in ‘yea’
|-
|-
|colspan=3| '''''Nasals and Liquids'''''
!colspan=3| ''Nasals and Liquids''
|-
|-
| '''m''' || /m/ || as in ‘me’
| '''m''' || /m/ || as in ‘me’
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|-
|-
| '''r''' || /r/ || as in ‘reed’
| '''r''' || /r/ || as in ‘reed’
|-
|colspan=3| '''''Semi-Vowels / Glides'''''
|-
| '''w''' || /w/ || as in ‘we’
|-
| '''y''' || /j/ || as in ‘yea’
|}
|}


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* ''r'' is a variable ''rhotic'' phoneme which may be pronounced however is most comfortable for the speaker, e.g. [r], [ɾ], [ɹ], [ʁ], &c.
* ''r'' is a variable ''rhotic'' phoneme which may be pronounced however is most comfortable for the speaker, e.g. [r], [ɾ], [ɹ], [ʁ], &c.


==== Consonant Blends and Clusters ====
====Consonant Blends and Clusters====


Several of the sounds have a ‘blended’ version.  A consonant blend is two consonants in a row pronounced one after the other.  Most of these blends only appear at the beginning of syllables. While these blends are represented by a single letter in Brooding orthography, they are two consonant sounds (and this subject to Brooding word structure rules that apply to two consonants in a row).
Several of the sounds have a ‘blended’ version.  A consonant blend is two consonants in a row pronounced one after the other.  Most of these blends only appear at the beginning of syllables. While these blends are represented by a single letter in Brooding orthography, they are two consonant sounds (and this subject to Brooding word structure rules that apply to two consonants in a row).
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{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
|colspan=3| '''Voiced Consonant + /r/'''
!colspan=3| Voiced Consonant + /r/
|-
|-
| '''br''' || /br/ || as in ‘'''br'''eathe’
| '''br''' || /br/ || as in ‘'''br'''eathe’
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| '''zr''' || /zr/ || not an English sound. ''z'' followed immediately by ''r''
| '''zr''' || /zr/ || not an English sound. ''z'' followed immediately by ''r''
|-
|-
|colspan=3| '''Unvoiced Consonant + /l/'''
!colspan=3| Unvoiced Consonant + /l/
|-
|-
| '''pl''' || /pl/  || as in ‘'''pl'''ea’
| '''pl''' || /pl/  || as in ‘'''pl'''ea’
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| '''hl''' || /hl/ || not an English sound. ''h'' followed immediately by ''l''
| '''hl''' || /hl/ || not an English sound. ''h'' followed immediately by ''l''
|-
|-
|colspan=3| '''/s/ + Stop'''
!colspan=3| /s/ + Stop
|-
|-
| '''sk''' || /sk/ || as in ‘'''sk'''ill’
| '''sk''' || /sk/ || as in ‘'''sk'''ill’
Line 163: Line 216:
=== Vowels ===
=== Vowels ===


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!width="60"|
!width="60"|'''Front'''
!width="60"|'''Central'''
!width="60"|'''Back'''
|-
|-
|colspan=3| '''''Front'''''
! Diphthong
|'''ai'''<br />[aj~aɪ̯]
|
|'''au'''<br />[aw ~ aʊ̯]
|-
! High
|'''ee''' ·<br />[i]
|'''i''' ·<br />[ɪ]
|· '''oo'''<br />[u]
|-
!rowspan=2| Mid
| '''ae'''· <br />[e]
|
| · '''o'''<br />[o]
|-
| '''e'''· <br />[ɛ]
| '''uh'''· <br />[ʌ]
| · '''aw'''<br />[ɔ]
|-
! Low
| '''aa'''· <br />[æ]
|
| '''a'''· <br />[ɑ]
|}
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan=3| ''Front''
|-
|-
| '''ee''' || /i/ || as ''ee'' in ‘b'''ee'''t’
| '''ee''' || /i/ || as ''ee'' in ‘b'''ee'''t’
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| '''aa''' || /æ/ || as ''a'' in ‘b'''a'''t’
| '''aa''' || /æ/ || as ''a'' in ‘b'''a'''t’
|-
|-
|colspan=3| '''''Back'''''
!colspan=3| ''Back''
|-
|-
| '''a''' || /ɑ/ || as ''o'' in ‘b'''o'''t’
| '''a''' || /ɑ/ || as ''o'' in ‘b'''o'''t’
Line 189: Line 273:
| '''oo''' || /u/ || as ''oo'' in ‘b'''oo'''t’
| '''oo''' || /u/ || as ''oo'' in ‘b'''oo'''t’
|-
|-
|colspan=3| '''''Diphthongs'''''
!colspan=3| ''Diphthongs''
|-
|-
| '''ai''' || /aɪ̯/ || as ''i'' in ‘b'''i'''te’
| '''ai''' || /aɪ̯/ || as ''i'' in ‘b'''i'''te’
Line 278: Line 362:
each seeing character representing a Brooding sound. The blind characters are logograms used in various ways.
each seeing character representing a Brooding sound. The blind characters are logograms used in various ways.


These “faces” (called ''[[Contionary: gawbren#Brooding|gawbren'') may be used in various props, illustrations,  
These “faces” (called ''[[Contionary: gawbren#Brooding|gawbren]]'') may be used in various props, illustrations,  
or even mimicked by actors to tell a “story within a story.” The angle of the head may also be manipulated to  
or even mimicked by actors to tell a “story within a story.” The angle of the head may also be manipulated to  
create dual meanings. On the left are two examples of a clue which could mean “Gate of Faces”  
create dual meanings. On the left are two examples of a clue which could mean “Gate of Faces”  
Line 985: Line 1,069:


Adjectives directly follow the nouns they modify. For more details on adjectives, see the [[Brooding#Adjectives|Adjectives]] section.
Adjectives directly follow the nouns they modify. For more details on adjectives, see the [[Brooding#Adjectives|Adjectives]] section.
===== Participles =====
Participles cannot be used as adjectives directly as they may in many languages. In order to use a verbal participle as an adjective, you must create a miniature [[#Relative_Clauses|relative clause]].
'''''Present'''''
{| class="wikitable"
|+
| ''[[Contionary: duhpleek#Brooding|duhpleek]]''
| ''[[Contionary: ga#Brooding|ga]]''
| '''''[[Contionary: ai#Brooding|ai]]'''''
| ''[[Contionary: esaaf#Brooding|esaaf]]''
|-
| fool
| DEF
| REL/SUBJ
| sing
|-
|colspan=4| ‘The singing fool.’ ≃ ‘The fool who sings.’
|-
|}
'''''Past'''''
{| class="wikitable"
|+
| ''[[Contionary: geeth#Brooding|geeth]]''
| '''''[[Contionary: au#Brooding|au]]'''''
| ''[[Contionary: awaen#Brooding|aawaen]]''
|-
| tree
| REL.OBJ
| hide.PST
|-
|colspan=3| ‘A hidden tree.’ ≃ ‘A tree that is hidden.’
|-
|}
These relative clauses may also be rendered in the habitual or progressive aspects, lending some additional depth of meaning that is normally lost in participles.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
| ''[[Contionary: duhpleek#Brooding|duhpleek]]''
| ''[[Contionary: ga#Brooding|ga]]''
| '''''[[Contionary: ai#Brooding|ai]]'''''
| ''[[Contionary: esaaf#Brooding|aesaefaa]]''
|-
| fool
| DEF
| REL.SUBJ
| sing.PST.HAB
|-
|colspan=4| ‘The fool who used to sing.’
|-
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+
| ''[[Contionary: geeth#Brooding|geeth]]''
| '''''[[Contionary: au#Brooding|au]]'''''
| ''[[Contionary: awaen#Brooding|aawaenaa]]''
|-
| tree
| REL.OBJ
| hide.PRG
|-
|colspan=3| ‘A that is (in the process of) being hidden.’
|-
|}


==== Possessives ====
==== Possessives ====


Sometimes you want to say something belongs to something else. You turn a noun into a possessive noun to do so. If we have someone named ''[[Contionary: klaid#Brooding|Klaid]]'' (Clyde in English), we make it a possessive by inserting an ‹l› after the last vowel. ''[[Contionary: klaid#Brooding|Klaid]]'' becomes ''[[Contionary: klaild#Brooding|Klaild]]''. So ‘Cylde’s tree’ is translated as ''[[Contionary: geeth#Brooding|geeth]] [[Contionary: klaild#Brooding|Klaild]]''.
Sometimes you want to say something belongs to something else. You turn a noun into a possessive noun to do so. If we have someone named ''[[Contionary: klaid#Brooding|Klaid]]'' (Clyde in English), we make it a possessive by inserting an ‹l› after the last vowel. ''[[Contionary: Klaid#Brooding|Klaid]]'' becomes ''[[Contionary: Klaild#Brooding|Klaild]]''. So ‘Cylde’s tree’ is translated as ''[[Contionary: geeth#Brooding|geeth]] [[Contionary: Klaild#Brooding|Klaild]]''.


If the noun you want to turn into a possessive has a final consonant of ‹l› or ‹r›, you'll have to add ‹-li-› for all forms that end in ‹l›, and for the singular form that ends in ‹r›. E.g. ''[[Contionary: nool#Brooding|nool]]'' ‘world’ → ''[[Contionary: noolil#Brooding|noolil]]'' ‘world’s’, ''[[Contionary: dar#Brooding|dar]]'' ‘crowd’ → ''[[Contionary: dalir#Brooding|dalir]]'' ‘crowd’s’.
If the noun you want to turn into a possessive has a final consonant of ‹l› or ‹r›, you'll have to add ‹-li-› for all forms that end in ‹l›, and for the singular form that ends in ‹r›. E.g. ''[[Contionary: nool#Brooding|nool]]'' ‘world’ → ''[[Contionary: noolil#Brooding|noolil]]'' ‘world’s’, ''[[Contionary: dar#Brooding|dar]]'' ‘crowd’ → ''[[Contionary: dalir#Brooding|dalir]]'' ‘crowd’s’.
Line 1,058: Line 1,209:
| [[Contionary: ga#Brooding|''ga'']] || that, the || (there)
| [[Contionary: ga#Brooding|''ga'']] || that, the || (there)
|-
|-
| [[Contionary: klau#Brooding|''klau'']] || that || (distant)
| [[Contionary: khau#Brooding|''khau'']] || that || (distant)
|}
|}


Line 1,313: Line 1,464:
====Translating ‘of’====
====Translating ‘of’====


* Where an English speaker would use ‘of’ to describe an association or something being characterized by something else, a Brooding speaker would use the preposition '''''[[Contionary: e#Brooding|e]]'''''. This would include phrases like “weapon of choice,” “friend of mine,” and “man of wealth and taste.”
* Where an English speaker would use ‘of’ to describe an association or something being characterized by something else, a Brooding speaker would use the preposition '''''[[Contionary: e#Brooding|e]]'''''. This would include phrases like '''''[[Contionary: eshleskazaet#Brooding|eshleskazaet]] [[Contionary: e#Brooding|e]] [[Contionary: endthaig#Brooding|endthaig]]''''' ‘weapon of choice’, '''''[[Contionary: bawding#Brooding|bawding]] [[Contionary: e#Brooding|e]] [[Contionary: leed#Brooding|leed]]''''' ‘friend of mine’, and '''''[[Contionary: railed#Brooding|railed]] [[Contionary: e#Brooding|e]] [[Contionary: skooraid#Brooding|skooraid]] [[Contionary: ee#Brooding|ee]] [[Contionary: tuhnging#Brooding|tuhnging]]''''' ‘man of wealth and taste’.
 
* When an English speaker would use ‘of’ to indicate something that is comprised of something, the Brooding speaker would use '''''[[Contionary: ese#Brooding|ese]]''''', like '''''[[Contionary: broshoor#Brooding|broshoor]] [[Contionary: ese#Brooding|ese]] [[Contionary: daaplith#Brooding|daaplithi]]''''' ‘book of words’ or '''''[[Contionary: brood#Brooding|brood]] [[Contionary: ese#Brooding|ese]] [[Contionary: ailtlaak#Brooding|ailtlaakaa]]''''' ‘band of thieves’. Also use '''''[[Contionary: ese#Brooding|ese]]''''' with adjectives, translating phrases such as '''''[[Contionary: staita#Brooding|staita]] [[Contionary: ese#Brooding|ese]] [[Contionary: staezkhleedee#Brooding|staezkhleedee]]''''' ‘full of eels’ or '''''[[Contionary: tai#Brooding|tai]] [[Contionary: ese#Brooding|ese]] [[Contionary: staezkhleedee#Brooding|staezkhleedee]]''''' ‘tired of eels’.
* When an English speaker would use ‘of’ to indicate something that is comprised of something, like “book of words” or “band of thieves,” the Brooding speaker would use '''''[[Contionary: ese#Brooding|ese]]'''''.
* In indicating origin a Brooding speaker would use '''''[[Contionary: se#Brooding|se]]''''', as in '''''Rabin [[Contionary: se#Brooding|se]] Laksleeh''''' ‘Robin of Locksley’, or '''''[[Contionary: yawbeth#Brooding|Yawbeth]] [[Contionary: ga#Brooding|ga]] [[Contionary: se#Brooding|se]] La Manchah''''' ‘The Man of La Mancha’.
 
* Brooding does not have a verbal infinitive, so in cases where an infinitive would be used in English, Brooding uses a construction with the nominalizer '''''[[Contionary: -nd-#Brooding|-nd-]]''''', e.g. ‘She is waiting to buy it’ would be translated as bashen afigrama eendtoon basheln '''''[[Contionary: oofruh#Brooding|oofruh]]''''' tluht, which more literally translates to something like “She is waiting for her buying of it.” The “of” found in this construction is translated using the specialized preposition '''''[[Contionary: oofruh#Brooding|oofruh]]'''''.
* In indicating origin as in “Robin of Locksley,” a Brooding speaker would use '''''[[Contionary: se#Brooding|se]]'''''.
* Finally, where an English speaker would use ‘of’ to indicate possession (as an equivalent to the possessive ''’s''), the '''[[Brooding#Possessives|Possessive Case]]''' is used.
 
* Finally, where an English speaker would use ‘of’ to indicate possession (as an equivalent to the possessive ''’s''), the [[Brooding#Possessives|Possessive Case]] is used.


====Translating ‘from’====
====Translating ‘from’====


“From” is used in English to indicate origin, both in general (“I’m from the city”) and in specific “I came from
“From” is used in English to indicate origin, both in general (“I’m from the city”) and in specific (“I came from
inside.” Brooding uses different terms for these two usages.
the house.”) Brooding uses different terms for these two usages.
 
* To indicate origin of an action or motion, '''''[[Contionary: aazraw#Brooding|aazraw]]''''' is used.
 
* To indicate origin in general, the preposition '''''[[Contionary: se#Brooding|se]]''''' would be used instead.


* To indicate origin of an action or motion, '''''[[Contionary: aazraw#Brooding|aazraw]]''''' is used: '''''[[Contionary: leed#Brooding|Leed]] [[Contionary: oonathal#Brooding|onathal]] [[Contionary: aazraw#Brooding|aazraw]] [[Contionary: thlaenam#Brooding|thlaenam]] [[Contionary: ga#Brooding|ga]].''''' ‘I came from the house’
* To indicate origin in general, the preposition '''''[[Contionary: se#Brooding|se]]''''' would be used instead: '''''[[Contionary: leed#Brooding|Leed]] [[Contionary: aeram#Brooding|aeram]] [[Contionary: se#Brooding|se]] [[Contionary: taageez#Brooding|taageez]] [[Contionary: ga#Brooding|ga]].''''' ‘I am from the city.’
* For the more archaic use of “from” involving making something out of something else (as in “something from nothing”), using '''''[[Contionary: tichee#Brooding|tichee]]''''' (so literally “something using nothing”) is better.
* For the more archaic use of “from” involving making something out of something else (as in “something from nothing”), using '''''[[Contionary: tichee#Brooding|tichee]]''''' (so literally “something using nothing”) is better.


Line 1,337: Line 1,484:


* In situations involving motion, and the subject going somewhere, such as “going to the store,” Brooding uses the motion preposition of '''''[[Contionary: aa#Brooding|aa]]'''''.
* In situations involving motion, and the subject going somewhere, such as “going to the store,” Brooding uses the motion preposition of '''''[[Contionary: aa#Brooding|aa]]'''''.
* However, in those cases in English in which “to” would indicate a recipient of some sort for, Brooding uses '''''[[Contionary: pa#Brooding|pa]]'''''. For example “I hit the ball to her,” '''''[[Contionary: pa#Brooding|pa]]''''' is used to translate “to.” In English this is often referred to as the indirect object.
* However, in those cases in English in which “to” would indicate a recipient of some sort for, Brooding uses '''''[[Contionary: pa#Brooding|pa]]'''''. For example “I hit the ball to her,” '''''[[Contionary: pa#Brooding|pa]]''''' is used to translate “to.” In English this is often referred to as the indirect object.


Line 1,346: Line 1,492:


* For example, in “I made a cake for Jane,” “Jane” benefits from it, so '''''[[Contionary: skau#Brooding|skau]]''''' would be used.
* For example, in “I made a cake for Jane,” “Jane” benefits from it, so '''''[[Contionary: skau#Brooding|skau]]''''' would be used.
* In the case of a phrase like “I have a letter for Dave,” “Dave” is the recipient, and '''''[[Contionary: pa#Brooding|pa]]''''' would be used.
* In the case of a phrase like “I have a letter for Dave,” “Dave” is the recipient, and '''''[[Contionary: pa#Brooding|pa]]''''' would be used.
* In something like “for example,” you’d use an adverbial phrase (see [[Brooding#Adverbs|Adverbs]]) with '''''[[Contionary: otlai#Brooding|otlai]]''''' to something like “in the manner of an example.”
* In something like “for example,” you’d use an adverbial phrase (see [[Brooding#Adverbs|Adverbs]]) with '''''[[Contionary: otlai#Brooding|otlai]]''''' to something like “in the manner of an example.”


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* In Brooding, location would use '''''[[Contionary: cheema#Brooding|cheema]]''''' to mean “near” instead. (Use this if you can substitute “next to” or “beside.”)
* In Brooding, location would use '''''[[Contionary: cheema#Brooding|cheema]]''''' to mean “near” instead. (Use this if you can substitute “next to” or “beside.”)
* To describe means, as in “by hook or by crook,” Brooding uses '''''[[Contionary: tichee#Brooding|tichee]]'''''. (Use this if you can substitute “using” or “by means of.”)
* To describe means, as in “by hook or by crook,” Brooding uses '''''[[Contionary: tichee#Brooding|tichee]]'''''. (Use this if you can substitute “using” or “by means of.”)
* To describe a path of motion, as in “by way of,” Brooding uses '''''[[Contionary: aati#Brooding|aati]]'''''. (Use this if you can substitute “by way of” or “via.”)
* To describe a path of motion, as in “by way of,” Brooding uses '''''[[Contionary: aati#Brooding|aati]]'''''. (Use this if you can substitute “by way of” or “via.”)
* To describe authorship or creation of a product, as in “a play by William Shakespeare,” use '''''[[Contionary: se#Brooding|se]]'''''.
* To describe authorship or creation of a product, as in “a play by William Shakespeare,” use '''''[[Contionary: se#Brooding|se]]'''''.


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* ''[[Contionary: awtaefuhng#Brooding|awtaefuhng]]'' - to become happy
* ''[[Contionary: awtaefuhng#Brooding|awtaefuhng]]'' - to become happy


'''Causative''': prefix ''[[Contionary: ootawn#Brooding|oo-]]'' and suffix ''[[Contionary: ootawn#Brooding|-tawn]]''
'''Causation''': prefix ''[[Contionary: ootawn#Brooding|oo-]]'' and suffix ''[[Contionary: ootawn#Brooding|-tawn]]''


To say that a subject is causing an object to gain the quality that the adjective describes, a process similar to Noun Incorporation takes place with the verb ''[[Contionary: ootawn#Brooding|ootawn]]'' (‘to cause, to make’).  
To say that a subject is causing an object to gain the quality that the adjective describes, a process similar to Noun Incorporation takes place with the verb ''[[Contionary: ootawn#Brooding|ootawn]]'' (‘to cause, to make’).  
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The tricky part in compounding relates to respecting the forms of Brooding words in the process. Here are some guidelines.
The tricky part in compounding relates to respecting the forms of Brooding words in the process. Here are some guidelines.
<!--
* When compounding words leads to two vowels in a row in a word, drop the first vowel. For example: ''[[Contionary: na#Brooding|na]]'' + ''[[Contionary: ethaig#Brooding|ethaig]]'' → ''[[Contionary: nathaig#Brooding|nathaig]]''
* When compounding words leads to two vowels in a row in a word, drop the first vowel. For example: ''[[Contionary: na#Brooding|na]]'' + ''[[Contionary: ethaig#Brooding|ethaig]]'' → ''[[Contionary: nathaig#Brooding|nathaig]]''
--This is completely wrong, and directly contradicts two other rules: 1) V+V > VyV ("nayethaig"), and 2) verb + na > KV-na-verb ("enathaig")--
-->
* When compounding words leads to two duplicate sounds in a row, drop one of the duplicates.
* When compounding words leads to two duplicate sounds in a row, drop one of the duplicates.
** If adding a verbal infix to change the part of speech results in a duplicate, add ''-uh-''; e.g. ''[[Contionary: aetol#Brooding|aetol]]'' ‘to laugh (with)’, + ''[[Contionary: -t-|-t-]]'' ‘(nominalization)’ → ''[[Contionary: aetuhtol#Brooding|aetuhtol]]'' ‘communal laughter’, not **''aettol''.
** If adding a verbal infix to change the part of speech results in a duplicate, add ''-uh-''; e.g. ''[[Contionary: aetol#Brooding|aetol]]'' ‘to laugh (with)’, + ''[[Contionary: -t-|-t-]]'' ‘(nominalization)’ → ''[[Contionary: aetuhtol#Brooding|aetuhtol]]'' ‘communal laughter’, not **''aettol''.
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** When compounding a verb with an adjective, the order is the same as with a noun (verb then adjective), but ''[[Contionary: -ng#Brooding|-ng]]'' is added to the end of the word to satisfy the verb form.
** When compounding a verb with an adjective, the order is the same as with a noun (verb then adjective), but ''[[Contionary: -ng#Brooding|-ng]]'' is added to the end of the word to satisfy the verb form.


=== Special compound noun forms ===
=== Special Compound Noun Forms ===


There are a few special compound forms with specific meanings that work with noun-noun compounds.
There are a few special compound forms with specific meanings that work with noun-noun compounds.


==== Possessive compounds ====
==== Possessive Compounds ====


To make compounds that indicate a noun in possession of a noun, you compound the core word with the possessive form of the possessor noun. For example, “cow’s foot” would be ''[[Contionary: foolshem#Brooding|foolshem]]'' (possessive form of ''[[Contionary: foos#Brooding|foos]]'': ''[[Contionary: fools#Brooding|fools]]'' + ''[[Contionary: hem#Brooding|hem]]''). Note that the word is pronounced ''fools-hem'', not ''fool-shem''.
To make compounds that indicate a noun in possession of a noun, you compound the core word with the possessive form of the possessor noun. For example, “cow’s foot” would be ''[[Contionary: foolshem#Brooding|foolshem]]'' (possessive form of ''[[Contionary: foos#Brooding|foos]]'': ''[[Contionary: fools#Brooding|fools]]'' + ''[[Contionary: hem#Brooding|hem]]''). Note that the word is pronounced ''fools-hem'', not ''fool-shem''.


==== Conjunctive compounds ====
==== Attributive Noun Compounds ====
 
Similarly, two nouns may be joined together if one of them is converted to an adjective. For instance, ''[[Contionary: foolshem#Brooding|foolshem]]'', above, may also be rendered as ''[[Contionary: foos#Brooding|foos]]'' + ''[[Contionary: -ee#Brooding|-ee]]'' + ''[[Contionary: hem#Brooding|hem]]'': ‘“cow-ish” or bovine foot’. (This isn't always an alternative to the possessive form, so use with care!).
 
Another common example of attributive compounds is the word for ‘moonlight’: In this case, the word for ‘light’ or ‘brightness’, ''[[Contionary: spaad#Brooding|spaad]]'', is already derived from an adjective, ''[[Contionary: spaa#Brooding|spaa]]'', so you only need to remove the nominalizer '''d''' to adjectivize it:  ''[[Contionary: spaazool#Brooding|spaazool]]''; rather than adding an additional adjectivizer **''spaadeezool''. Don’t worry, though: Although it is not the most efficient or concise form, and it might not be “technically” (the best kind of) correct, it is not going to change the meaning or lead to any kind of confusion. It is not very different from back-forming verbs like “orientate” or “conversate” in English. All manner of things will be okay.
 
It is also technically correct to render ‘moonlight’ as ''zoolil-spaad'' using the possessive compounding formula above, but frequent combinations usually have set forms and may sound odd, just as “moon’s-light” sounds a bit strange in English compared to “moonlight”.
 
==== Conjunctive Compounds ====


There is a special way of compounding nouns to mean x and y. It’s similar to English constructions like ‘salt and pepper’, but packing it into a single word. You connect the words with the i sound. You can use regular conjunctions, of course. However, by building a single compound word, the two concepts are tied very tightly.
There is a special way of compounding nouns to mean x and y. It’s similar to English constructions like ‘salt and pepper’, but packing it into a single word. You connect the words with the i sound. You can use regular conjunctions, of course. However, by building a single compound word, the two concepts are tied very tightly.
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