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Carpathian ablaut: Difference between revisions
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Some roots exist as doublets — words with similar or identical meaning but different vowel grade. Various dialects preserve different doublets, many of which have a tendency to appear either in Western or Eastern Carpathian exclusively, for example: Western ''kalaušas'' — Eastern ''kilušas'' “hearing”, ''beberas'' “beaver”, ''kateras'' “which”, ''kerna'' “shrub” — Eastern ''kilušas'', ''babaras'', ''kataras'', ''kirna''. | Some roots exist as doublets — words with similar or identical meaning but different vowel grade. Various dialects preserve different doublets, many of which have a tendency to appear either in Western or Eastern Carpathian exclusively, for example: Western ''kalaušas'' — Eastern ''kilušas'' “hearing”, ''beberas'' “beaver”, ''kateras'' “which”, ''kerna'' “shrub” — Eastern ''kilušas'', ''babaras'', ''kataras'', ''kirna''. | ||
==The qualitative ablaut== | |||
The qualitative form of Carpathian ablaut most commonly presents as '''e-o'''-alternations. In Proto-Indo-European it operated in the root, suffixes and theme morphemes, both in inflectional and derivational morphology. In Carpathian, however, the former is reduced to ending alternations: nominative ''neb'''a''''' — genitive ''neb'''e'''sis'' “sky”, consonant-stem noun. The alternation is present in some derivational suffixes: ''kateras'' “which (of two)” — dialectal ''kataras'', although this may be explained by vowel assimilation. In verb roots qualitative ablaut has been preserved in many verbs: ''n'''e'''ig'''e'''tei'' “to need” — ''n'''a'''ig'''a'''tas'' “which is needed”, but such ablaut is no longer productive. | |||
However, qualitative ablaut is still visible and productive in several derivational categories: | |||
*[[w:Noun|Substantives]] with an "a"-vowel in their roots, derived from verbs without suffixes with an "e"-vowel, denoting action or agent: ''rektei'' “to say” — ''rakas'' “law”, ''bergetei'' “to protect” — ''bargas'' “protection”. Some words have undergone semantic drift or became obsolete: ''garmas'' “thunder” from dial. ''germetei'' “to mutter” (the zero-grade ''girmētei'' “to thunder” still exists though); ''gadas'' “meeting, gathering” from ''*gʰedʰ-'', though the "e"-grade verb did not survive. | |||
==Lengthened grade== | ==Lengthened grade== | ||
===ū- and ī-grades=== | ===ū- and ī-grades=== | ||